Crystalline methamphetamine use and methamphetamine‐related harms in Australia
Abstract
Introduction and Aims: Concerns about crystal methamphetamine use and harm have increased in multiple countries. This paper describes how changes in the availability and use of crystal methamphetamine have impacted on methamphetamine‐related harms in Australia. Design and Methods: Data on methamphetamine use were obtained from population‐level surveys, health service data and surveys of drug use among sentinel groups of ecstasy users and people who inject drugs. Data were obtained on seizures, arrests, clandestine laboratory detections, hospital separations, mental health unit admissions, drug telephone helpline calls and drug treatment episodes. Segmented linear regression models were fitted to identify changes in these series using log‐transformed data where appropriate. Results: The availability of crystal methamphetamine has increased as evidenced by increased laboratory detections, domestic seizures and purity of the seized drug. Population surveys do not report an increase in the number of people who used at least once in the past year. However, more users report using crystal methamphetamine rather than lower‐purity powder methamphetamine and more regular use. Indicators of methamphetamine‐related harms have increased in parallel with this change. Amphetamine‐related helpline calls, drug treatment, arrests and hospital admissions for amphetamine disorders and psychosis all peaked in the mid‐2000s, declined for several years and have increased steeply since 2010. Discussion and Conclusions: The increased availability and use of crystal methamphetamine have been associated with increased regular use and harms. Treatment is required for those experiencing problems and the capacity of health services to provide care needs to be enhanced.[Degenhardt L, Sara G, Connor JP, McKetin R, Roxburgh A, Dobbins T, Farrell M, Burns L, Hall WD. Crystalline methamphetamine use and methamphetamine‐related harms in Australia. Drug Alcohol Rev 2017;36:160–170]
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Methamphetamine use, when regular, is associated with harms including injecting and sexual risk-taking behaviour, symptoms of mental ill health (psychosis, aggression, depression, anxiety), psychomotor, social and cognitive impairment, criminal activity, and sometimes death by overdose.
“Methamphetamine (MA) is a psychostimulant that when used regularly is associated with harms such as injecting and sexual risk-taking behaviour, symptoms of mental ill health (eg, psychosis, aggression, depression and/or anxiety), psychomotor, social and cognitive impairment, criminal activity and sometimes death caused by overdose.1–7”
Increased production and availability of methamphetamine has influenced regular use, consequently increasing drug-related harms.
“Increased production and availability of the drug has influenced regular use, consequently increasing drug-related harms.7”
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Self-citationEffects of Methamphetamine Exposure on Fear Learning and Memory in Adult and Adolescent Rats
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Self-citationMethamphetamine dependence in Australia–why is ‘ice’ (crystal meth) so addictive?
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20-year trends in Australian methamphetamine-related deaths, 2001–2020
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Epidemiology of acute infections in people who inject drugs in Australia
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Emotion Recognition and Impulsive Choice in Relation to Methamphetamine Use and Psychosis Symptoms
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Evaluation of a Digital Health Initiative in Illicit Substance Use: Cross-sectional Survey Study
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Variations in the oral microbiome and metabolome of methamphetamine users
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A Review of Methods Used to Detect Methamphetamine from Indoor Air and Textiles in Confined Spaces
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Self-citationMedia reporting on alcohol and other drugs in Australia and the Mindframe guidelines: Baseline data
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Methamphetamine (Mkpulummiri) use in eastern Nigeria: A new addition to drug users’ repertoire
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Predictors of methamphetamine use in a longitudinal birth cohort
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Self-citationUnlocking work-life balance: the impact of participative leadership on reducing emotional exhaustion
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“Increased production and availability of the drug has influenced regular use, consequently increasing drug-related harms.(7) Substance use accounts for an increasing proportion of the global burden of disease.”
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Narcotics Anonymous members in recovery from methamphetamine use disorder
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Crystal methamphetamine and its effects on mental and oral health: A narrative review
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- Authors
- Degenhardt, L., Sara, G., McKetin, R., Roxburgh, A., Dobbins, T., Farrell, M., Burns, L., & Hall, W. D.
- Affiliations
- UNSW Sydney (AU)
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- Curtin University (AU)
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre UNSW Australia Sydney Australia
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Degenhardt, Louisa
- ORCID
- Venue
- Drug and Alcohol Review
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2016-06-11
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 160-170
- ISSN
- 0959-5236 (ISSN-L)
- 1465-3362
- OpenAlex
- W2411724849
- Cited by
- 159
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 16.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Drug and Alcohol Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eSpace (Curtin University) (submittedVersion)
- Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › HIV, Drug Use, Sexual Risk
- Social Sciences › Demography › Youth, Drugs, and Violence
- Keywords
- crystal methamphetamine, drug purity, drug-related harm, drug-related hospital admissions, drug arrests, people who inject drugs, drug use trends, Australia
- MeSH terms
- Australia, Crime, Hospitalization, Humans, Methamphetamine, Surveys and Questionnaires, Illicit Drugs, Hotlines, Linear Models, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Amphetamine-Related Disorders
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