Glycaemic responses to glucose and rice in people of Chinese and European ethnicity
Abstract
Aims Diabetes rates are especially high in China. Risk of Type 2 diabetes increases with high intakes of white rice, a staple food of Chinese people. Ethnic differences in postprandial glycaemia have been reported. We compared glycaemic responses to glucose and five rice varieties in people of European and Chinese ethnicity and examined possible determinants of ethnic differences in postprandial glycaemia. Methods Self-identified Chinese (n = 32) and European (n = 31) healthy volunteers attended on eight occasions for studies following ingestion of glucose and jasmine, basmati, brown, Doongara(®) and parboiled rice. In addition to measuring glycaemic response, we investigated physical activity levels, extent of chewing of rice and salivary α-amylase activity to determine whether these measures explained any differences in postprandial glycaemia. Results Glycaemic response, measured by incremental area under the glucose curve, was over 60% greater for the five rice varieties (P Conclusions Glycaemic responses following ingestion of glucose and several rice varieties are appreciably greater in Chinese compared with Europeans, suggesting the need to review recommendations regarding dietary carbohydrate amongst rice-eating populations at high risk of diabetes.
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The effect of habitual mastication and the degree of particle size reduction on glucose responses of a single food has been investigated in previous studies.
“The effect of habitual mastication and the degree of particle size reduction on glucose responses of a single food has been investigated in previous studies [16,17,18].”
From Effect of Cold Storage and Reheating of Parboiled Rice on Postprandial Glycaemic Response, Satiety, Palatability and Chewed Particle Size Distribution (2017) · cites this paper as [18]
Longer chewing time is associated with a slower glycaemic response.
“Others have also found that a longer chewing time is associated with the slower glycaemic response [18,29].”
From Effect of Cold Storage and Reheating of Parboiled Rice on Postprandial Glycaemic Response, Satiety, Palatability and Chewed Particle Size Distribution (2017) · cites this paper as [18]
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Insulin sensitivity differs among ethnic groups with a compensatory response in beta-cell function.
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Yip, W., Sequeira, I., Plank, L., & Poppitt, S. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9111273 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
“For example, it has been shown that the postprandial glycaemic responses after the ingestion of glucose and five varieties of rice in an Asian Chinese population was far greater than a European Caucasian group, matched for gender and age [32].”
BackgroundLu, L., Venn, B., Lu, J., Monro, J., & Rush, E. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9050475 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“One theory is that increasing chewing time can increase both the time of the food in oral cavity and oral amylase action [18,29].”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe role of digestive factors in determining glycemic response in a multiethnic Asian population
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Individual variations in glycemic responses to carbohydrates and underlying metabolic physiology
Wu, Y., Ehlert, B., Metwally, A. A., Perelman, D., Park, H., Brooks, A. W., Abbasi, F., Michael, B., Celli, A., Bejikian, C., et al. (2025) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-025-03719-2 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
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- Authors
- Kataoka, M., Venn, B. J., Williams, S. M., Te Morenga, L. A., Heemels, I. M., & Mann, J. I.
- Affiliations
- Riddet Institute (NZ)
- University of Otago (NZ)
- Department of Human Nutrition University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
- Corresponding author
- Mann, J. I.
- Venue
- Diabetic Medicine
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2013-02-20
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- e101-7
- ISSN
- 0742-3071 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-5491
- OpenAlex
- W2058460408
- Cited by
- 96
- References
- 4
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 6.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Diabetic Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Riddet Institute
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Food composition and properties
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diet, Metabolism, and Disease
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Keywords
- postprandial glycaemia, rice, white rice, glucose, glycemic index, ethnic differences, Chinese ethnicity, type 2 diabetes risk, rice varieties, basmati rice, parboiled rice, brown rice, jasmine rice, salivary amylase, mastication, physical activity, dietary carbohydrates
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Blood Glucose, China, Female, Glucose, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, New Zealand, Oryza, Sweetening Agents, Age Distribution, Postprandial Period, Area Under Curve, Glycemic Index, White People, Asian People, Young Adult
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