Meta‐analyses of randomized controlled trials reporting the effect of home foot temperature monitoring, patient education or offloading footwear on the incidence of diabetes‐related foot ulcers
Open accessAbstract
Aim: The aim of this study was to perform an up‐to‐date systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) examining the efficacy of home foot temperature monitoring, patient education and offloading footwear in reducing the incidence of diabetes‐related foot ulcers. Methods: A literature search was performed using MEDLINE, PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus and Cochrane databases to identify relevant original studies. Meta‐analyses were performed using intention‐to‐treat principals for worst (main analysis) and best (sub‐analysis) case scenarios. Leave‐one‐out sensitivity analyses were used to assess the consistency of findings. Results: Of 7575 unique records, 17 RCTs involving 2729 participants were included. Four tested home foot temperature monitoring (n = 468), six examined patient education (n = 823) and seven assessed offloading footwear (n = 1438). Participants’ who performed home foot temperature monitoring [odds ratio (OR) 0.51, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.31 to 0.84;n = 468] and those provided offloading footwear (OR 0.48, 95% CI 0.29 to 0.80;n = 1438) were less likely to develop a diabetes‐related foot ulcer. Patient education programmes did not significantly reduce diabetes‐related foot ulcer incidence (OR 0.59, 95% CI 0.29 to 1.20;n = 823). Sensitivity analyses suggested that offloading footwear findings were consistent, but home foot temperature findings were dependent on the individual inclusion of one trial. All RCTs had either high or unclear risk of bias. Conclusion: This meta‐analysis suggests that offloading footwear is effective in reducing the incidence of diabetes‐related foot ulcers. Home foot temperature monitoring also appears beneficial but larger trials are needed (PROSPERO registration no.: CRD42019135226).
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Protocol and registration information was reported in only three included studies.
“Particularly, the protocol and registration information were reported in only three studies [37, 41, 42] and the data accessibility was inadequately reported, with only two studies specifying data retrieval pathways [25, 38].”
From Effectiveness of Wearable Devices for Diabetes Management: An Overview of Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (2026) · cites this paper as [41]
Home foot-temperature monitoring significantly reduced foot ulcer risk.
“Two reviews [40, 41] demonstrated that therapeutic offloading footwear and home foot‐temperature monitoring significantly reduced foot ulcer risk, with evidence quality rated as low in both cases.”
From Effectiveness of Wearable Devices for Diabetes Management: An Overview of Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (2026) · cites this paper as [41]
Therapeutic offloading footwear significantly reduced foot ulcer risk.
“Two reviews [40, 41] demonstrated that therapeutic offloading footwear and home foot‐temperature monitoring significantly reduced foot ulcer risk, with evidence quality rated as low in both cases.”
From Effectiveness of Wearable Devices for Diabetes Management: An Overview of Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (2026) · cites this paper as [41]
Therapeutic footwear and foot temperature monitoring devices significantly reduce the incidence of diabetic foot ulcers.
“Regarding complication prevention, therapeutic footwear and foot temperature monitoring devices have been shown to significantly reduce the incidence of diabetic foot ulcers [40, 41]”
From Effectiveness of Wearable Devices for Diabetes Management: An Overview of Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (2026) · cites this paper as [41]
Among high-risk populations for diabetic foot complications, therapeutic footwear and foot temperature monitoring devices reduce ulcer risk by 51% and 49%, respectively.
“Among high‐risk populations for diabetic foot complications, therapeutic footwear and foot temperature monitoring devices reduce ulcer risk by 51% and 49%, respectively [40, 41], warranting broader adoption.”
From Effectiveness of Wearable Devices for Diabetes Management: An Overview of Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (2026) · cites this paper as [41]
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“10,11 A recent overview of systematic reviews in this field even found that more systematic reviews than RCTs exist on the topic of ulcer prevention.”
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Talaiti, M., Liao, X., Abulimiti, N., Zeng, M., & Wang, Y. (2026) · Journal of Diabetes Research · doi:10.1155/jdr/1464982
- Authors
- Alahakoon, C., Fernando, M., Galappaththy, C., Matthews, E. O., Lazzarini, P., Moxon, J. V., & Golledge, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Peradeniya (LK)
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine (AU)
- Ulcer and Wound Healing Consortium (UHEAL) Queensland Research Centre for Peripheral Vascular Disease College of Medicine and Dentistry Townsville Australia
- Queensland University of Technology (AU)
- Townsville Hospital (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Golledge, J.
- Venue
- Diabetic Medicine
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2020-06-08
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1266-1279
- ISSN
- 0742-3071 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-5491
- OpenAlex
- W3027516941
- Cited by
- 56
- References
- 67
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 2
- FWCI
- 1.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- eprints.qut.edu.au
- Licence
- Locations
- Diabetic Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- QUT ePrints (Queensland University of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- ResearchOnline at James Cook University (James Cook University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- James Cook University
- Queensland Government
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetic Foot Ulcer Assessment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Skin Diseases and Diabetes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Foot and Ankle Surgery
- Keywords
- diabetic foot ulcer, patient education, ulcer prevention, diabetes complications, foot care
- MeSH terms
- Body Temperature, Foot, Humans, Patient Education as Topic, Self Care, Shoes, Odds Ratio, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Weight-Bearing, Diabetic Foot
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