Diabetic foot ulcers and their recurrence
Open accessAbstract
Foot ulceration is the most common lower-extremity complication in patients with diabetes mellitus. This review considers the pathogenesis, treatment, and management of diabetic foot ulcers, including prevention of recurrence.
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Autonomic neuropathy leads to viscoelastic changes in the skin, such as skin dryness.
“Sensory neuropathy leads to loss of protective sensation; motor neuropathy causes foot deformity and biomechanical abnormalities, while autonomic neuropathy leads to vis-coelastic changes in the skin, such as skin dryness. 2”
From Diabetic Foot Ulcers (2023) · cites this paper as [2]
The pathogenesis diagram in the Callus formation section includes autonomic neuropathy, decreased sweating, and dry skin, supporting the skin-dryness part of the claim. Our copy does not describe these as viscoelastic changes. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPooled data from 8 prospective studies, 1 retrospective study, and the usual care groups of 9 randomized clinical trials reported that the risk of recurrence of a diabetic foot ulcer was 42% at 1 year, 58% at 3 years, and 65% at 5 years.
“Pooled data from 8 prospective studies with 1738 participants, 1 retrospective study with 46 participants, and the usual care groups of 9 randomized clinical trials with 636 participants reported that the risk of recurrence of a diabetic foot ulcer was 42% at 1 year, 58% at 3 years, and 65% at 5 years. 2”
From Diabetic Foot Ulcers (2023) · cites this paper as [2]
The ‘Ulcer Recurrence and Remission’ section estimates recurrence at roughly 40% within 1 year, almost 60% within 3 years, and 65% within 5 years, broadly consistent with the cited rates. The figure description in ‘Reducing the Risk of Recurrence’ says the data came from nine prospective follow-up studies, not eight, plus one retrospective study and the usual-care groups of nine trials. Our copy does not give the claimed participant totals or the exact 42% and 58% figures. (LLM, conf=0.89)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredOther mechanisms by which diabetic foot ulcers develop include constant low pressure (e.g., from tight shoes causing tissue necrosis) or extremely high pressure (e.g., a sharp object causing direct mechanical damage).
“Other mechanisms by which diabetic foot ulcers develop include constant low pressure, eg, from tight shoes causing tissue necrosis, or extremely high pressure, such as a sharp object causing direct mechanical damage. 2”
From Diabetic Foot Ulcers (2023) · cites this paper as [2]
The paper says diabetic foot ulcers are commonly caused by repetitive vertical or shear stress in people with peripheral neuropathy (opening text labelled Abstract in our copy), and its discussion on p. 2372 says properly fitting shoes help prevent recurrence. It does not describe constant low pressure from tight shoes causing tissue necrosis or extremely high pressure from a sharp object causing direct mechanical damage as the two mechanisms claimed. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMinor trauma and inflammation from repetitive impact of the foot while weight-bearing can cause hemorrhage beneath the callus that presents as a full-thickness ulcer on removal of the callus.
“Minor trauma and inflammation from repetitive impact of the foot while weight-bearing can cause hemorrhage beneath the callus that presents as a full-thickness ulcer (ie, damage extends below the epidermis and dermis into the subcutaneous tissue)on removal of the callus.2”
From Diabetic Foot Ulcers (2023) · cites this paper as [2]
The “Callus formation” diagram links repetitive minor trauma, subcutaneous hemorrhage, and foot ulceration. “Strategy for Overall Preventive Management” also says hemorrhagic callus and repetitive stress can precede an ulcer. Neither passage says that removing the callus reveals a full-thickness ulcer extending into subcutaneous tissue. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe recurrence rate of diabetic foot ulcers after treatment of any kind is estimated to be 42% at 1 year, 58% at 3 years, and 65% at 5 years.
“The recurrence rate of diabetic foot ulcers after treatment of any kind is estimated to be 42% at 1 year and 65% at 5 years. 2”
From Diabetic Foot Ulcers (2023) · cites this paper as [2]
The “Ulcer Recurrence and Remission” section estimates recurrence after ulcer healing at roughly 40% within 1 year, almost 60% within 3 years, and 65% within 5 years. These approximate the claimed rates, but the paper does not give 42% or 58% as exact estimates or establish a rate after treatment of any kind. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Callus formation frequently results from these changes.
“Callus formation frequently results from these changes (Figure1).2”
From Diabetic Foot Ulcers (2023) · cites this paper as [2]
Diabetic foot ulcers develop as a result of diabetic sensory, motor, and autonomic neuropathy.
“Diabetic foot ulcers develop as a result of diabetic sensory, motor, and autonomic neuropathy.”
From Diabetic Foot Ulcers (2023) · cites this paper as [2]
Motor neuropathy causes foot deformity and biomechanical abnormalities.
“Sensory neuropathy leads to loss of protective sensation; motor neuropathy causes foot deformity and biomechanical abnormalities, while autonomic neuropathy leads to vis-coelastic changes in the skin, such as skin dryness. 2”
From Diabetic Foot Ulcers (2023) · cites this paper as [2]
Sensory neuropathy leads to loss of protective sensation.
“Sensory neuropathy leads to loss of protective sensation; motor neuropathy causes foot deformity and biomechanical abnormalities, while autonomic neuropathy leads to vis-coelastic changes in the skin, such as skin dryness. 2”
From Diabetic Foot Ulcers (2023) · cites this paper as [2]
In a cohort study with 125 674 participants, the presence of microvascular disease such as retinopathy, nephropathy, or neuropathy independently increased the risk of amputation.
“In a cohort study with 125 674 participants, the presence of microvascular disease such as retinopathy, nephropathy, or neuropathy independently increased the risk of amputation.754”
From 2023 ESC guidelines for the management of cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. (2023) · cites this paper as [754]
Patients with microangiopathy are at increased risk of CLTI and major amputation.
“Moreover, patients with microangiopathy are at increased risk of CLTI and major amputation.754,755”
From 2023 ESC guidelines for the management of cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. (2023) · cites this paper as [754]
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Comment on: Bernstein. Reducing Foot Wounds in Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2013;36:e48
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Exploring the Value of a Podiatric Consult in Palliative Wound Care
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Self-citation2023 ESC guidelines for the management of cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes.
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“4,6 In general, persons without any of these risk factors are considered not to be at risk for ulceration.”
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- Authors
- Armstrong, D. G., Boulton, A. J. M., & Bus, S. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Arizona (US)
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 2017-06-15
- Volume
- 376
- Issue
- 24
- Pages
- 2367-2375
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- OpenAlex
- W2626354203
- Cited by
- 4,376
- References
- 80
- Citations by year
- 2026: 701 · 2025: 675 · 2024: 696 · 2023: 611 · 2022: 556 · 2021: 424 · 2020: 346 · 2019: 205 · 2018: 132 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 1 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 28.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- pure.amsterdamumc.nl
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetic Foot Ulcer Assessment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Skin Diseases and Diabetes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Wound Healing and Treatments
- Keywords
- diabetic foot ulcer, ulcer recurrence, diabetes mellitus, lower extremity complications, pathogenesis, ulcer treatment, ulcer prevention, wound care
- MeSH terms
- Foot, Humans, Patient Compliance, Recurrence, Risk Factors, Shoes, Wound Healing, Incidence, Diabetic Foot, Secondary Prevention
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