Imaging actinic keratosis by high‐definition optical coherence tomography. Histomorphologic correlation: a pilot study
Abstract
With the continued development of non‐invasive therapies for actinic keratosis such as PDT and immune therapies, the non‐invasive diagnosis and monitoring become increasingly relevant. High‐definition optical coherence tomography is a high‐resolution imaging tool, with micrometre resolution in both transversal and axial directions, enable to visualize individual cells up to a depth of around 570 μm filling the imaging gap between conventional optical coherence tomography and reflectance confocal microscopy. We sought to determine the feasibility of detecting and grading of actinic keratosis by this technique using criteria defined for reflectance confocal microscopy compared to histology. In this pilot study, skin lesions of 17 patients with a histologically proven actinic keratosis were imaged by high‐definition optical coherence tomography just before excision and images analysed qualitatively. The surrounding normal looking skin has been used as control group. In lesional skin, dyskeratotic and atypical keratinocytes could be noticed with this new technique. An atypical honeycomb pattern in variable degree or a disarranged epidermal pattern could be observed. A good correlation between the dimension of atypia and/or disarrangement of the spinous–granular layer on en face images and the histopathological grading could be demonstrated. Relevant cross‐sectional imaging criteria could be defined for the different histopathological variants of actinic keratoses. The surrounding skin displayed features of photodamage. Using features already suggested by reflectance confocal microscopy, the study implies that high‐definition optical coherence tomography facilitates in vivo diagnosis of actinic keratosis and allows the grading of different actinic keratosis lesions for increased clinical utility.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The majority of studies on OCT imaging of AK do not mention skin color, likely due to the perception that AK only affects people with light skin.
“the majority of studies do not mention skin color and this is likely due to the perception that AK only affects people with light skin.99–104”
From Effect of skin color on optical properties and the implications for medical optical technologies: a review (2024) · cites this paper as [99]
OCT has been shown to accurately image the development of actinic keratosis (AK) in patients of FST I-III.
“Although OCT has been shown to accurately image the development of actinic keratosis (AK), a precursor to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), in patients of FST I–III”
From Effect of skin color on optical properties and the implications for medical optical technologies: a review (2024) · cites this paper as [99]
Cites
Braakhuis, B. J. M., Tabor, M. P., Kummer, J. A., Leemans, C. R., & Brakenhoff, R. H. (2003) · PubMed · Cited by 1,208 · see citing works
Reduction of Solar Keratoses by Regular Sunscreen Use
Thompson, S., Jolley, D., & Marks, R. (1993) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199310143291602 · Cited by 782 · see citing works
From keratinocyte to cancer: the pathogenesis and modeling of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma
Ratushny, V., Gober, M. D., Hick, R. W., Ridky, T. W., & Seykora, J. T. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci57415 · Cited by 548 · see citing works
Actinic keratosis is an early in situ squamous cell carcinoma: a proposal for reclassification
Röwert‐Huber, J., Patel, M. J., Forschner, T., Ulrich, C., Eberle, J., Kerl, H., Sterry, W., & Stockfleth, E. (2007) · British Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.07860.x · Cited by 381 · see citing works
Zalaudek, I., Argenziano, G., Leinweber, B., Citarella, L., Hofmann‐Wellenhof, R., Malvehy, J., Puig, S., Pizzichetta, M. A., Thomas, L., Soyer, H. P., et al. (2004) · British Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2004.05924.x · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Mogensen, M., & Jemec, G. B. E. (2007) · Dermatologic Surgery · doi:10.1111/j.1524-4725.2007.33251.x · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Self-citationOCT imaging of skin cancer and other dermatological diseases
Mogensen, M., Thrane, L., Jørgensen, T. M., Andersen, P. E., & Jemec, G. B. E. (2009) · Journal of Biophotonics · doi:10.1002/jbio.200910020 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Self-citationReflectance Confocal Microscopy Criteria for Squamous Cell Carcinomas and Actinic Keratoses
Rishpon, A., Kim, N. H., Scope, A., Porges, L., Oliviero, M., Braun, R. P., Marghoob, A. A., Alessi‐Fox, C., & Rabinovitz, H. S. (2009) · Archives of Dermatology · doi:10.1001/archdermatol.2009.134 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Morphology and Epidermal Thickness of Normal Skin Imaged by Optical Coherence Tomography
Mogensen, M., Morsy, H. A., Thrane, L., et al. (2008) · Dermatology · doi:10.1159/000118508 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Dermoscopy of facial nonpigmented actinic keratosis
Zalaudek, I., Giacomel, J., Argenziano, G., Hofmann‐Wellenhof, R., Micantonio, T., Stefani, A. D., Oliviero, M., Rabinovitz, H. S., Soyer, H. P., & Peris, K. (2006) · British Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2006.07426.x · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Ulrich, M., Krueger-Corcoran, D., Roewert-Huber, J., et al. (2009) · Dermatology · doi:10.1159/000254893 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
The nature of solar keratosis: A critical review in historical perspective
Heaphy, M. R., & Ackerman, A. B. (2000) · Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology · doi:10.1067/mjd.2000.107497 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Guidelines for the management of actinic keratoses.
Stockfleth, E., & Kerl, H. (2007) · PubMed · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Boone, M. A. L. M., Norrenberg, S., Jemec, G. B. E., & del Mármol, V. (2012) · British Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2012.11194.x · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Self-citationSolar Keratosis Is Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Ackerman, A. B. (2003) · Archives of Dermatology · doi:10.1001/archderm.139.9.1216 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Discrimination of Actinic Keratoses from Normal Skin with Reflectance Mode Confocal Microscopy
HORN, M., Gerger, A., Ahlgrimm‐Siess, V., et al. (2008) · Dermatologic Surgery · doi:10.1111/j.1524-4725.2008.34195.x · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Boone, M. A. L. M., Jemec, G. B. E., & del Mármol, V. (2012) · Experimental Dermatology · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0625.2012.01569.x · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Self-citationCockerell, C. J., & Wharton, J. R. (2006) · PubMed · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Koehler, M. J., Speicher, M., Lange‐Asschenfeldt, S., Stockfleth, E., Metz, S., Elsner, P. U., Kaatz, M., & König, K. (2011) · Experimental Dermatology · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0625.2011.01279.x · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Clinical Recognition of Actinic Keratoses in a High-Risk Population
Venna, S. S., Lee, D. M., Stadecker, M. J., et al. (2005) · Archives of Dermatology · doi:10.1001/archderm.141.4.507 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
PROLIFERATIVE ACTINIC KERATOSIS
Goldberg, L. H., Joseph, A. K., & Tschen, J. A. (1994) · International Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-4362.1994.tb01065.x · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Non‐invasive diagnosis and monitoring of actinic cheilitis with reflectance confocal microscopy
Ulrich, M., González, S., Lange‐Asschenfeldt, B., et al. (2010) · Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology · doi:10.1111/j.1468-3083.2010.03777.x · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Longo, C., Casari, A., Pace, B. D., Simonazzi, S., Mazzaglia, G., & Pellacani, G. (2012) · Skin Research and Technology · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0846.2012.00623.x · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Wurm, E. M. T., Curchin, C., Lambie, D., et al. (2011) · Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2011.02.040 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Prieto, V. G., Casal, M., & McNutt, N. S. (1993) · Journal of Cutaneous Pathology · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0560.1993.tb00231.x · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Ortonne, J., Gupta, G., Ortonne, N., et al. (2010) · Experimental Dermatology · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0625.2009.01047.x · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Hypertrophic actinic keratosis
Billano, R. A., & Little, W. P. (1982) · Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology · doi:10.1016/s0190-9622(82)80251-x · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Advances in optical coherence tomography in dermatology—a review
Olsen, J., Holmes, J., & Jemec, G. B. E. (2018) · Journal of Biomedical Optics · doi:10.1117/1.jbo.23.4.040901 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Self-citationSetchfield, K., Gorman, A., Simpson, A. H. R. W., Somekh, M. G., & Wright, A. J. (2024) · Journal of Biomedical Optics · doi:10.1117/1.jbo.29.1.010901 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Actinic Keratosis and Non-Invasive Diagnostic Techniques: An Update
Casari, A., Chester, J., & Pellacani, G. (2018) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines6010008 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
- Authors
- Boone, M. A. L. M., Norrenberg, S., Jemec, G. B. E., & Del Marmol, V.
- Affiliations
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (BE)
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Dermatology Department Hôpital Erasme Université Libre de Bruxelles Brussels Belgium
- Corresponding author
- Boone, Marc A. L. M.
- Venue
- Experimental Dermatology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2013-01-10
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 93-97
- ISSN
- 0906-6705 (ISSN-L)
- 1600-0625
- OpenAlex
- W1984611953
- Cited by
- 55
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 3
- FWCI
- 5.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Experimental Dermatology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Dépôt institutionnel de l'Université libre de Bruxelles (Université Libre de Bruxelles) (submittedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer Studies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Optical Coherence Tomography Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Skin Protection and Aging
- Keywords
- actinic keratosis, high-definition optical coherence tomography, non-invasive diagnosis, histopathological grading, photodamage, in vivo skin imaging, reflectance confocal microscopy
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Pilot Projects, Precancerous Conditions, Skin, Reproducibility of Results, Microscopy, Confocal, Tomography, Optical Coherence, Keratosis, Actinic
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
