Authigenic iron oxide proxies for marine zinc over geological time and implications for eukaryotic metallome evolution
Abstract
Here, we explore enrichments in paleomarine Zn as recorded by authigenic iron oxides including Precambrian iron formations, ironstones, and Phanerozoic hydrothermal exhalites. This compilation of new and literature-based iron formation analyses track dissolved Zn abundances and constrain the magnitude of the marine reservoir over geological time. Overall, the iron formation record is characterized by a fairly static range in Zn/Fe ratios throughout the Precambrian, consistent with the shale record (Scott et al., 2013, Nature Geoscience, 6, 125-128). When hypothetical partitioning scenarios are applied to this record, paleomarine Zn concentrations within about an order of magnitude of modern are indicated. We couple this examination with new chemical speciation models to interpret the iron formation record. We present two scenarios: first, under all but the most sulfidic conditions and with Zn-binding organic ligand concentrations similar to modern oceans, the amount of bioavailable Zn remained relatively unchanged through time. Late proliferation of Zn in eukaryotic metallomes has previously been linked to marine Zn biolimitation, but under this scenario the expansion in eukaryotic Zn metallomes may be better linked to biologically intrinsic evolutionary factors. In this case, zinc's geochemical and biological evolution may be decoupled and viewed as a function of increasing need for genome regulation and diversification of Zn-binding transcription factors. In the second scenario, we consider Archean organic ligand complexation in such excess that it may render Zn bioavailability low. However, this is dependent on Zn-organic ligand complexes not being bioavailable, which remains unclear. In this case, although bioavailability may be low, sphalerite precipitation is prevented, thereby maintaining a constant Zn inventory throughout both ferruginous and euxinic conditions. These results provide new perspectives and constraints on potential couplings between the trajectory of biological and marine geochemical coevolution.
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The Cu concentration record for IFs and shales is relatively constant in abundance, reminiscent of the Zn record, raising the possibility of stabilisation of these trace metals by organic ligand complexation.
“Although the Cu concentration record presented by Chi Fru et al. (2016) for IFs and shales is relatively constant in terms of abundance reminiscent of the Zn record raising the possibility of stabilisation of these trace metals by organic ligand complexation (see Robbins et al., 2013; Scott et al., 2013) - there is a clear trend in the stable isotopes values of Cu.”
From Iron formations: A global record of Neoarchaean to Palaeoproterozoic environmental history (2017) · cites this paper as Robbins et al., 2013
An alternative model holds that organismal elemental requirements are driven almost entirely by cellular function, with biological requirements decoupled from environmental abundances.
“The leading alternative to this model is that organismal elemental requirements are driven almost entirely by utility, i.e., cellular function, with shifts in biological requirements decoupled from corresponding environmental abundances (Scott et al., 2013;Robbins et al., 2013;Stüeken et al., 2015a).”
From Trace elements at the intersection of marine biological and geochemical evolution (2016) · cites this paper as Robbins et al., 2013
Iron formations have proven useful as paleomarine proxies because trace metal content in least metamorphosed units is almost entirely derived from seawater.
“As iron-and silica-rich chemical sedimentary deposits, IF have proven useful because the trace metal content in the least metamorphosed units are almost entirely derived from seawater (see Bjerrum and Canfield, 2002;Konhauser et al., 2007;2009;2015;Robbins et al., 2013).”
From Trace elements at the intersection of marine biological and geochemical evolution (2016) · cites this paper as Robbins et al., 2013
In the case of Zn, enrichments in black shales and IFs suggest the oceanic Zn reservoir has been relatively constant since the Archean.
“In the case of Zn, the records of enrichments in both black shales and IFs suggest that the size of the oceanic Zn reservoir has been relatively constant since the Archean (Scott et al., 2013;Robbins et al., 2013).”
From Trace elements at the intersection of marine biological and geochemical evolution (2016) · cites this paper as Robbins et al., 2013
For elements like Zn, black shales yield independent data on seawater trace element reservoir evolution that supplements the iron formation record.
“For some trace elements, the black shale record provides valuable independent information about the evolution of seawater trace element reservoirs, such as Zn, complementing the IF record (c.f.Scott et al., 2013 andRobbins et al., 2013).”
From Trace elements at the intersection of marine biological and geochemical evolution (2016) · cites this paper as Robbins et al., 2013
Robbins et al. proposed that increased hydrothermal relative to riverine fluxes and transport of hydrothermal Fe- and Zn-rich fluids to distal environments in anoxic Archean and Paleoproterozoic oceans could have helped maintain a large marine Zn reservoir.
“Alternatively, Robbins et al. (2013) proposed that an increased proportion of hydrothermal fluxes relative to riverine fluxes and the transport of hydrothermal Fe-and Zn-rich fluids to more distal environments in anoxic Archean and Paleoproterozoic oceans could have helped maintain a large marine Zn reservoir.”
From Trace elements at the intersection of marine biological and geochemical evolution (2016) · cites this paper as Robbins et al., 2013
Robbins et al. found generally constant Zn enrichments through time in IF.
“This finding was bolstered by Robbins et al. (2013) who examined Zn concentrations and Zn/Fe ratios in IF (Fig. 7) and found generally constant Zn enrichments through time.”
From Trace elements at the intersection of marine biological and geochemical evolution (2016) · cites this paper as Robbins et al. (2013)
Some proxy records exhibit values more typical of hydrothermal fluids, possibly indicating a greater relative contribution from hydrothermal sources to early oceans.
“Some proxy records exhibit values more typical of hydrothermal fluids, possibly indicating a greater relative contribution from hydrothermal sources to the early oceans (e.g., Robbins et al., 2013).”
From Trace elements at the intersection of marine biological and geochemical evolution (2016) · cites this paper as Robbins et al., 2013
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Iron formations: A global record of Neoarchaean to Palaeoproterozoic environmental history
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- Authors
- Robbins, L. J., Lalonde, S. V., Saito, M. A., Planavsky, N. J., Mloszewska, A. M., Pecoits, E., Scott, C., Dupont, C. L., Kappler, A., & Konhauser, K. O.
- Affiliations
- University of Alberta (CA)
- Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (FR)
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (US)
- University of California, Riverside (US)
- Department of Earth & Atmospheric Sciences University of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada
- McGill University (CA)
- J. Craig Venter Institute (US)
- University of Tübingen (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Robbins, L. J.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Geobiology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2013-04-22
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 295-306
- ISSN
- 1472-4669 (ISSN-L)
- 1472-4677
- OpenAlex
- W2149599249
- Cited by
- 79
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 4.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Geobiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- Open Access Server of the Woods Hole Scientific Community (Woods Hole Scientific Community) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geochemistry and Petrology › Geochemistry and Elemental Analysis
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geophysics › Geological and Geochemical Analysis
- Keywords
- authigenic iron oxides, iron-formation, zinc bioavailability
- MeSH terms
- Biological Evolution, Ferric Compounds, Oceans and Seas, Seawater, Zinc, Geologic Sediments, Eukaryota
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