Recognizing and controlling airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in indoor environments
Open accessAbstract
Recognizing and controlling airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in indoor environmentsSharing indoor space has been confirmed as a major risk factor in transmission of SARS-CoV-2.A study of over 7000 cases found that all outbreaks involving three or more people occurred indoors. 1 Thus, identifying the dominant modes of transmission is an urgent public health priority so that appropriate control strategies can be selected and deployed.Here, we present three lines of evidence supporting the potential for airborne transmission and recommend steps to mitigate the risk in indoor environments.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Numerous publications have attempted to overturn mistaken ideas about transmission routes for respiratory infectious diseases and have initiated a paradigm shift towards more accurate definitions.
“Numerous publications have attempted to overturn mistaken ideas about transmission routes for respiratory infectious diseases,117, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143 and have initiated a paradigm shift towards more accurate definitions.117”
From The Lancet Commission on lessons for the future from the COVID-19 pandemic (2022) · cites this paper as [137]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Aerosol and surface stability of SARS-CoV-2 as compared with SARS-CoV-1
van Doremalen, N., Bushmaker, T., Morris, D. H., Holbrook, M. G., Gamble, A., Williamson, B. N., Tamin, A., Harcourt, J. L., Thornburg, N. J., Gerber, S. I., et al. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmc2004973 · Cited by 9,951 · see citing works
Ong, S. W. X., Tan, Y. K., Chia, P. Y., Lee, T. H., Ng, O. T., Wong, M. S. Y., & Marimuthu, K. (2020) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2020.3227 · Cited by 2,140 · see citing works
Aerodynamic Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 in Two Wuhan Hospitals
Liu, Y., Ning, Z., Chen, Y., Guo, M., Liu, Y., Gali, N. K., Sun, L., Duan, Y., Cai, J., Westerdahl, D., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2271-3 · Cited by 1,872 · see citing works
Modality of human expired aerosol size distributions
Johnson, G. R., Morawska, L., Ristovski, Z., Hargreaves, M. H., Mengersen, K. L., Chao, C. Y. H., Wan, M. P., Li, Y., Xie, X., Katoshevski, D., et al. (2011) · Journal of Aerosol Science · doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2011.07.009 · Cited by 641 · see citing works
Indoor transmission of SARS‐CoV‐2
Qian, H., Miao, T., Liu, L., Zheng, X., Luo, D., & Li, Y. (2020) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/ina.12766 · Cited by 549 · see citing works
Infectious virus in exhaled breath of symptomatic seasonal influenza cases from a college community
Yan, J., Grantham, M., Pantelic, J., Bueno de Mesquita, P. J., Albert, B., Liu, F., Ehrman, S., Milton, D. K., EMIT Consortium, Adamson, W., et al. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1716561115 · Cited by 534 · see citing works
Short-range airborne route dominates exposure of respiratory infection during close contact
Chen, W., Zhang, N., Wei, J., Yen, H.-L., & Li, Y. (2020) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.106859 · Cited by 371 · see citing works
Lin, K., & Marr, L. C. (2019) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.9b04959 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Self-citationInfluenza Virus Infectivity Is Retained in Aerosols and Droplets Independent of Relative Humidity
Kormuth, K. A., Lin, K., Prussin, A. J., Vejerano, E. P., Tiwari, A. J., Cox, S. S., Myerburg, M. M., Lakdawala, S. S., & Marr, L. C. (2018) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiy221 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Self-citationAsymptomatic and Human-to-Human Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in a 2-Family Cluster, Xuzhou, China
Li, C., Ji, F., Wang, L., Wang, L., Hao, J., Dai, M., Liu, Y., Pan, X., Fu, J., Li, L., et al. (2020) · Emerging infectious diseases · doi:10.3201/eid2607.200718 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Environmental Persistence of Influenza Viruses Is Dependent upon Virus Type and Host Origin
Kormuth, K. A., Lin, K., Qian, Z., Myerburg, M. M., Marr, L. C., & Lakdawala, S. S. (2019) · mSphere · doi:10.1128/msphere.00552-19 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [12]Woelfel R, Corman VM, Guggemos W, et al. Clinical presentation and virological assessment of hospitalized cases of coronavirus disease 2019 in a travel‐associated transmission cluster. medRxiv. 2020:2020.2003.2005.20030502.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Lancet Commission on lessons for the future from the COVID-19 pandemic
Sachs, J. D., Karim, S. S. A., Aknin, L., Allen, J., Brosbøl, K., Colombo, F., Barron, G. C., Espinosa, M. F., Gaspar, V., Gaviria, A., et al. (2022) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(22)01585-9 · Cited by 842 · see citing works
Self-citationTang, J. W., Bahnfleth, W. P., Bluyssen, P. M., Buonanno, G., Jimenez, J. L., Kurnitski, J., Li, Y., Miller, S., Sekhar, C., Morawska, L., et al. (2021) · Journal of Hospital Infection · doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2020.12.022 · Cited by 350 · see citing works
Self-citationInward and Outward Effectiveness of Cloth Masks, a Surgical Mask, and a Face Shield
Pan, J., Harb, C., Leng, W., & Marr, L. C. (2021) · Aerosol Science and Technology · doi:10.1080/02786826.2021.1890687 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Allen, J. G., & Marr, L. C.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Virginia Tech (US)
- Corresponding author
- Marr, Linsey C.
- Venue
- Indoor Air
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2020-06-19
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 557-558
- ISSN
- 0905-6947 (ISSN-L)
- 1600-0668
- PMC
- PMC7323102
- OpenAlex
- W3036882929
- Cited by
- 136
- References
- 13
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Indoor Air (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- VTechWorks (Virginia Tech) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
- Research Committee, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Infection Control and Ventilation
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Indoor Air Quality and Microbial Exposure
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › COVID-19 impact on air quality
- Keywords
- SARS-CoV-2, airborne transmission, indoor environment, transmission control strategy, COVID-19 pandemic
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, China, Humans, Pneumonia, Viral, Coronavirus Infections, Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus, Pandemics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review