Dismantling myths on the airborne transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)
Open accessAbstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused untold disruption throughout the world. Understanding the mechanisms for transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is key to preventing further spread, but there is confusion over the meaning of 'airborne' whenever transmission is discussed. Scientific ambivalence originates from evidence published many years ago which has generated mythological beliefs that obscure current thinking. This article collates and explores some of the most commonly held dogmas on airborne transmission in order to stimulate revision of the science in the light of current evidence. Six 'myths' are presented, explained and ultimately refuted on the basis of recently published papers and expert opinion from previous work related to similar viruses. There is little doubt that SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted via a range of airborne particle sizes subject to all the usual ventilation parameters and human behaviour. Experts from specialties encompassing aerosol studies, ventilation, engineering, physics, virology and clinical medicine have joined together to produce this review to consolidate the evidence for airborne transmission mechanisms, and offer justification for modern strategies for prevention and control of COVID-19 in health care and the community.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
There is little direct evidence for the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 by any specific route.
“There is little direct evidence for the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 by any specific route [35].”
From The protective performance of reusable cloth face masks, disposable procedure masks, KN95 masks and N95 respirators: Filtration and total inward leakage (2021) · cites this paper as [35]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Respiratory virus shedding in exhaled breath and efficacy of face masks
Leung, N. H. L., Chu, D. K. W., Shiu, E. Y. C., Chan, K.-H., McDevitt, J. J., Hau, B. J. P., Yen, H.-L., Li, Y., Ip, D. K. M., Peiris, J. S. M., et al. (2020) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-020-0843-2 · Cited by 2,270 · see citing works
Self-citationAirborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2: The world should face the reality
Morawska, L., & Cao, J. (2020) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2020.105730 · Cited by 1,728 · see citing works
Self-citationHow can airborne transmission of COVID-19 indoors be minimised?
Morawska, L., Tang, J. W., Bahnfleth, W., Bluyssen, P. M., Boerstra, A., Buonanno, G., Cao, J., Dancer, S., Floto, A., Franchimon, F., et al. (2020) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2020.105832 · Cited by 1,343 · see citing works
Self-citationEvidence of Airborne Transmission of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Virus
Yu, I. T. S., Li, Y., Wong, T. W., Tam, W., Chan, A., Lee, J. H. W., Leung, D. Y. C., & Ho, T. (2004) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa032867 · Cited by 1,255 · see citing works
Self-citationIt is time to address airborne transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
Morawska, L., & Milton, D. K. (2020) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa939 · Cited by 1,189 · see citing works
Self-citationBourouiba, L. (2020) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2020.4756 · Cited by 1,066 · see citing works
How far droplets can move in indoor environments ? revisiting the Wells evaporation?falling curve
Xie, X., Li, Y., Chwang, A. T., Ho, P., & Seto, W. (2007) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0668.2007.00469.x · Cited by 971 · see citing works
Self-citationAerosol and surface contamination of SARS-CoV-2 observed in quarantine and isolation care
Santarpia, J. L., Rivera, D. N., Herrera, V. L., Morwitzer, M. J., Creager, H. M., Santarpia, G. W., Crown, K. K., Brett‐Major, D. M., Schnaubelt, E. R., Broadhurst, M. J., et al. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-69286-3 · Cited by 922 · see citing works
COVID-19 Outbreak Associated with Air Conditioning in Restaurant, Guangzhou, China, 2020
Lu, J., Gu, J., Li, K., Xu, C., Su, W., Lai, Z., DeQian, Z., Yu, C., Xu, B., & Yang, Z. (2020) · Emerging infectious diseases · doi:10.3201/eid2607.200764 · Cited by 880 · see citing works
Review of Aerosol Transmission of Influenza A virus
Tellier, R. (2006) · Emerging Infectious Diseases · doi:10.3201/eid1211.060426 · Cited by 803 · see citing works
Self-citationRecognition of aerosol transmission of infectious agents: a commentary
Tellier, R., Li, Y., Cowling, B. J., & Tang, J. W.-T. (2019) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-019-3707-y · Cited by 745 · see citing works
Self-citationTransmission of influenza A in human beings
Brankston, G., Gitterman, L., Hirji, Z., Lemieux, C., & Gardam, M. A. (2007) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(07)70029-4 · Cited by 743 · see citing works
Miller, S. L., Nazaroff, W. W., Jimenez, J. L., Boerstra, A., Buonanno, G., Dancer, S. J., Kurnitski, J., Marr, L. C., Morawska, L., & Noakes, C. (2021) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/ina.12751 · Cited by 734 · see citing works
Self-citationViable SARS-CoV-2 in the air of a hospital room with COVID-19 patients
Lednicky, J. A., Lauzardo, M., Fan, Z. H., Jutla, A., Tilly, T. B., Gangwar, M., Usmani, M., Shankar, S. N., Mohamed, K., Eiguren-Fernandez, A., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.09.025 · Cited by 683 · see citing works
Milton, D. K., Fabian, M. P., Cowling, B. J., Grantham, M. L., & McDevitt, J. J. (2013) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1003205 · Cited by 669 · see citing works
Hamner, L., Dubbel, P., Capron, I., Ross, A., Jordan, A., Lee, J., Lynn, J., Ball, A., Narwal, S., Russell, S., et al. (2020) · MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report · doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6919e6 · Cited by 633 · see citing works
Clustering and superspreading potential of SARS-CoV-2 infections in Hong Kong
Adam, D. C., Wu, P., Wong, J. Y., Lau, E. H. Y., Tsang, T. K., Cauchemez, S., Leung, G. M., & Cowling, B. J. (2020) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-020-1092-0 · Cited by 629 · see citing works
Particle Sizes of Infectious Aerosols: Implications for Infection Control
Fennelly, K. P. (2020) · The Lancet Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/s2213-2600(20)30323-4 · Cited by 621 · see citing works
Transmission routes of respiratory viruses among humans
Kutter, J. S., Spronken, M. I., Fraaij, P. L., Fouchier, R. A., & Herfst, S. (2018) · Current Opinion in Virology · doi:10.1016/j.coviro.2018.01.001 · Cited by 611 · see citing works
AN OUTBREAK OF INFLUENZA ABOARD A COMMERCIAL AIRLINER
MOSER, M. R., Bender, T. R., Margolis, H. S., Noble, G. R., Kendal, A. P., & RITTER, D. G. (1979) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112781 · Cited by 606 · see citing works
Aerosol transmission of influenza A virus: a review of new studies
Tellier, R. (2009) · Journal of The Royal Society Interface · doi:10.1098/rsif.2009.0302.focus · Cited by 587 · see citing works
Self-citationCharacterizing exhaled airflow from breathing and talking
Gupta, J., Lin, C., & Chen, Q. (2009) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0668.2009.00623.x · Cited by 563 · see citing works
Infectious virus in exhaled breath of symptomatic seasonal influenza cases from a college community
Yan, J., Grantham, M., Pantelic, J., Bueno de Mesquita, P. J., Albert, B., Liu, F., Ehrman, S., Milton, D. K., EMIT Consortium, Adamson, W., et al. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1716561115 · Cited by 534 · see citing works
Self-citationTesting the Efficacy of Homemade Masks: Would They Protect in an Influenza Pandemic?
Davies, A., Thompson, K.-A., Giri, K., Kafatos, G., Walker, J., & Bennett, A. (2013) · Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness · doi:10.1017/dmp.2013.43 · Cited by 498 · see citing works
Influenza Virus in Human Exhaled Breath: An Observational Study
Fabian, P., McDevitt, J. J., DeHaan, W. H., Fung, R. O. P., Cowling, B. J., Chan, K. H., Leung, G. M., & Milton, D. K. (2008) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002691 · Cited by 496 · see citing works
Methods for Sampling of Airborne Viruses
Verreault, D., Moineau, S., & Duchaine, C. (2008) · Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews · doi:10.1128/mmbr.00002-08 · Cited by 472 · see citing works
Coronavirus Disease Outbreak in Call Center, South Korea
Park, S. Y., Kim, Y., Yi, S., Lee, S., Na, B.-J., Kim, C. B., Kim, J.-I., Kim, H. S., Kim, Y. B., Park, Y., et al. (2020) · Emerging infectious diseases · doi:10.3201/eid2608.201274 · Cited by 468 · see citing works
van der Sande, M., Teunis, P., & Sabel, R. (2008) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002618 · Cited by 458 · see citing works
Simultaneous Detection of Influenza Viruses A and B Using Real-Time Quantitative PCR
van Elden, L. J. R., Nijhuis, M., Schipper, P. J., Schuurman, R., & van Loon, A. M. (2001) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.39.1.196-200.2001 · Cited by 456 · see citing works
Marr, L. C., Tang, J. W.-T., Mullekom, J. V., & Lakdawala, S. S. (2019) · Journal of The Royal Society Interface · doi:10.1098/rsif.2018.0298 · Cited by 430 · see citing works
Self-citationCommunity Outbreak Investigation of SARS-CoV-2 Transmission Among Bus Riders in Eastern China
Shen, Y., Li, C., Dong, H., Wang, Z., Martínez, L., Sun, Z., Handel, A., Chen, Z., Chen, E., Ebell, M. H., et al. (2020) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.5225 · Cited by 429 · see citing works
Self-citationBooth, T. F., Kournikakis, B., Bastien, N., Ho, J., Kobasa, D., Stadnyk, L. L., Li, Y., Spence, M., Paton, S., Henry, B., et al. (2005) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/429634 · Cited by 425 · see citing works
Self-citationEffects of room furnishings and air speed on particle deposition rates indoors
Thatcher, T. L., Lai, A. C. K., Moreno-Jackson, R., Sextro, R. G., & Nazaroff, W. W. (2002) · Atmospheric Environment · doi:10.1016/s1352-2310(02)00157-7 · Cited by 416 · see citing works
Self-citationAirborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2
Prather, K. A., Marr, L. C., Schooley, R. T., McDiarmid, M. A., Wilson, M. E., & Milton, D. K. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abf0521 · Cited by 405 · see citing works
Self-citationAn overview of filtration efficiency through the masks: Mechanisms of the aerosols penetration
Tcharkhtchi, A., Abbasnezhad, N., Zarbini Seydani, M., Zirak, N., Farzaneh, S., & Shirinbayan, M. (2021) · Bioactive Materials · doi:10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002 · Cited by 395 · see citing works
Airborne Transmission of SARS-CoV-2
Klompas, M., Baker, M. A., & Rhee, C. (2020) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2020.12458 · Cited by 394 · see citing works
Short-range airborne route dominates exposure of respiratory infection during close contact
Chen, W., Zhang, N., Wei, J., Yen, H.-L., & Li, Y. (2020) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.106859 · Cited by 371 · see citing works
Self-citationShort-range airborne transmission of expiratory droplets between two people
Liu, L., Li, Y., Nielsen, P. V., Wei, J., & Jensen, R. L. (2016) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/ina.12314 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
Self-citationBjørn, E., & Nielsen, P. V. (2002) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1034/j.1600-0668.2002.08126.x · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Self-citationAirflow Dynamics of Human Jets: Sneezing and Breathing - Potential Sources of Infectious Aerosols
Tang, J. W.-T., Nicolle, A. D., Klettner, C. A., Pantelic, J., Wang, L., Suhaimi, A. B., Tan, A. Y. L., Ong, G. W. X., Su, R., Sekhar, C., et al. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0059970 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Self-citationZhou, J., Otter, J. A., Price, J. R., Cimpeanu, C., Garcia, D. M., Kinross, J. K., Boshier, P. R., Mason, S., Bolt, F., Holmes, A. H., et al. (2020) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa905 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Kim, S., Chang, S. Y., Sung, M., Park, J. H., Kim, H. B., Lee, H.-Y., Choi, J., Choi, W. S., & Min, J.-Y. (2016) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciw239 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Viable SARS-CoV-2 in the air of a hospital room with COVID-19 patientsPreprint
Lednicky, J. A., Lauzardo, M., Fan, Z. H., et al. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.08.03.20167395 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Olmedo, I., Nielsen, P. V., de Adana, M. R., Jensen, R. L., & Grzelecki, P. (2011) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0668.2011.00736.x · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Self-citationHobday, R. A., & Dancer, S. J. (2013) · Journal of Hospital Infection · doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2013.04.011 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Self-citationTransport of particulate and gaseous pollutants in the vicinity of a human body
Rim, D., & Novoselac, A. (2008) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2008.12.009 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Miller, S. L., Nazaroff, W. W., Jimenez, J. L., et al. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.06.15.20132027 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Self-citationAerosol penetration and leakae characteristics of masks used in the health care industry
Weber, A. M., Willeke, K., Marchloni, R., Myojo, T., McKay, R. T., Donnelly, J., & Liebhaber, F. B. (1993) · American Journal of Infection Control · doi:10.1016/0196-6553(93)90027-2 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Kulkarni, H., Smith, C. M., Lee, D. D. H., Hirst, R. A., Easton, A. J., & O’Callaghan, C. (2016) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.201509-1833oc · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Potential sources, modes of transmission and effectiveness of prevention measures against SARS-CoV-2
Kampf, G., Brüggemann, Y., Kaba, H. E. J., Steinmann, J., Pfaender, S., Scheithauer, S., & Steinmann, E. (2020) · Journal of Hospital Infection · doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2020.09.022 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Recognizing and controlling airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in indoor environments
Allen, J. G., & Marr, L. C. (2020) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/ina.12697 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Self-citationEffectiveness of surgical masks against influenza bioaerosols
Makison Booth, C., Clayton, M., Crook, B., & Gawn, J. M. (2013) · Journal of Hospital Infection · doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2013.02.007 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
A Rosetta Stone for Understanding Infectious Drops and Aerosols
Milton, D. K. (2020) · Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society · doi:10.1093/jpids/piaa079 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Wei, Z., Mcevoy, M., Razinkov, V. I., Polozova, A., Li, E., Casas‐Finet, J. R., Tous, G. I., Balu, P., Pan, A. A., Mehta, H. B., et al. (2007) · Journal of Virological Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jviromet.2007.04.008 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Human convective boundary layer and its interaction with room ventilation flow
Licina, D., Melikov, A., Sekhar, C., & Tham, K. W. (2015) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/ina.12120 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Self-citationAirborne transmission and precautions: facts and myths
Seto, W. (2014) · Journal of Hospital Infection · doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2014.11.005 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Measuring the exhaled breath of a manikin and human subjects
Xu, C., Nielsen, P. V., Gong, G., Liu, L., & Jensen, R. L. (2014) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/ina.12129 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Self-citationThe risk of airborne cross-infection in a room with vertical low-velocity ventilation
Olmedo, I., Nielsen, P. V., de Adana, M. R., & Jensen, R. L. (2012) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0668.2012.00794.x · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Self-citationde Man, P., Paltansing, S., Ong, D. S. Y., Vaessen, N., van Nielen, G., & Koeleman, J. G. M. (2020) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa1270 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Bluyssen, P. M., Ortiz, M. A., & Zhang, D. (2020) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.107475 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citationLicina, D., Melikov, A., Pantelic, J., Sekhar, C., & Tham, K. W. (2015) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/ina.12177 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Self-citationInfluence of pulmonary ventilation rate and breathing cycle period on the risk of cross‐infection
Ai, Z., Hashimoto, K., & Melikov, A. K. (2019) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/ina.12589 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citationConly, J. M., Seto, W., Pittet, D., Holmes, A. H., Chu, M., Hunter, P. R., Conly, J. M., Cookson, B., Pittet, D., Holmes, A. H., et al. (2020) · Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control · doi:10.1186/s13756-020-00779-6 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Brown, J. R., Tang, J. W.-T., Pankhurst, L. J., Klein, N. J., Gant, V. A., Lai, K. M., McCauley, J. W., & Breuer, J. (2015) · Journal of Hospital Infection · doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2015.08.004 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationTHE RECENT OUTBREAK OF SMALLPOX IN MESCHEDE, WEST GERMANY1
Gelfand, H. M., & Posch, J. L. (1971) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121251 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Aerosol-Transmitted Infections—a New Consideration for Public Health and Infection Control Teams
Tang, J. W.-T., Wilson, P., Shetty, N., & Noakes, C. J. (2015) · Current treatment options in infectious diseases/Current treatment options in infectious disease · doi:10.1007/s40506-015-0057-1 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationNguyen‐Van‐Tam, J. S., Killingley, B., Enstone, J. E., Hewitt, M., Pantelic, J., Grantham, M. L., de Mesquita, P. J. B., Lambkin‐Williams, R., Gilbert, A., Mann, A., et al. (2020) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1008704 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationTransmission of influenza A in human beings
Tang, J. W.-T., & Li, Y. (2007) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(07)70268-2 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 69 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Ten scientific reasons in support of airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2
Greenhalgh, T., Jimenez, J. L., Prather, K. A., Tufekci, Z., Fisman, D., & Schooley, R. (2021) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00869-2 · Cited by 930 · see citing works
Self-citationExhaled CO 2 as a COVID-19 Infection Risk Proxy for Different Indoor Environments and Activities
Peng, Z., & Jimenez, J. L. (2021) · Environmental Science & Technology Letters · doi:10.1021/acs.estlett.1c00183 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
Self-citationPeng, Z., Rojas, A. L. P., Kropff, E., Bahnfleth, W. P., Buonanno, G., Dancer, S. J., Kurnitski, J., Li, Y., Loomans, M. G. L. C., Marr, L. C., et al. (2022) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.1c06531 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Self-citationThe size and culturability of patient-generated SARS-CoV-2 aerosol
Santarpia, J. L., Herrera, V. L., Rivera, D. N., Ratnesar-Shumate, S., Reid, S. P., Ackerman, D. N., Denton, P. W., Martens, J. W. S., Fang, Y., Conoan, N., et al. (2022) · Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology · doi:10.1038/s41370-021-00376-8 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
COVID-19 has redefined airborne transmission
Tang, J. W., Marr, L. C., Li, Y., & Dancer, S. J. (2021) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.n913 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Self-citationRespiratory aerosols and droplets in the transmission of infectious diseases
Pöhlker, M. L., Pöhlker, C., Krüger, O. O., Förster, J., Berkemeier, T., Elbert, W., Fröhlich‐Nowoisky, J., Pöschl, U., Bagheri, G., Bodenschatz, E., et al. (2023) · Reviews of Modern Physics · doi:10.1103/revmodphys.95.045001 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
CO2 in indoor environments: From environmental and health risk to potential renewable carbon source
López, L. R., Dessì, P., Cabrera‐Codony, A., Rocha-Melogno, L., Kraakman, B., Naddeo, V., Balaguer, M. D., & Puig, S. (2022) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159088 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Long distance airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2: rapid systematic review
Duval, D., Palmer, J. C., Tudge, I., Pearce-Smith, N., O’Connell, E., Bennett, A., & Clark, R. (2022) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj-2021-068743 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Ding, E., Zhang, D., & Bluyssen, P. M. (2021) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.108484 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Self-citationJimenez, J. L., Marr, L. C., Randall, K., Ewing, E. T., Tüfekçi, Z., Greenhalgh, T., Milton, D. K., Tellier, R., Tang, J. W.-T., Li, Y., et al. (2022) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/ina.13070 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Self-citationDinoi, A., Feltracco, M., Chirizzi, D., Trabucco, S., Conte, M., Gregoris, E., Barbaro, E., Bella, G. L., Ciccarese, G., Belosi, F., et al. (2021) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151137 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Contagion dynamics on higher-order networks
de Arruda, G. F., Aleta, A., & Moreno, Y. (2024) · Nature Reviews Physics · doi:10.1038/s42254-024-00733-0 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Elsaid, A. M., Mohamed, H. A., Abdelaziz, G. B., & Ahmed, M. S. (2021) · Process Safety and Environmental Protection · doi:10.1016/j.psep.2021.09.021 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Masks and respirators for prevention of respiratory infections: a state of the science review
Greenhalgh, T., MacIntyre, C. R., Baker, M. G., Bhattacharjee, S., Chughtai, A. A., Fisman, D. N., Kunasekaran, M. P., Kvalsvig, A., Lupton, D. A., Oliver, M., et al. (2024) · Clinical Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1128/cmr.00124-23 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Li, X., Lester, D. R., Rosengarten, G., Aboltins, C. A., Patel, M. J., & Cole, I. S. (2021) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152592 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Aganović, A., Bi, Y., Cao, G., Drangsholt, F., Kurnitski, J., & Wargocki, P. L. (2021) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.108278 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Self-citationTang, J. W.-T., Caniza, M. A., Dinn, M., Dwyer, D. E., Héraud, J., Jennings, L., Kok, J., Kwok, K. O., Li, Y., Loh, T. P., et al. (2022) · Interface Focus · doi:10.1098/rsfs.2021.0079 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Self-citationDuncan, S., Bodurtha, P., & Naqvi, S. (2021) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0258191 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Monitoring carbon dioxide to quantify the risk of indoor airborne transmission of COVID-19
Bazant, M. Z., Kodio, O., Cohen, A. E., Khan, K., Gu, Z., & Bush, J. W. M. (2021) · Flow · doi:10.1017/flo.2021.10 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Indoor Aerosol Science Aspects of SARS-CoV-2 Transmission
Nazaroff, W. W. (2022) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/ina.12970 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citationDisparities in COVID-19 fatalities among working Californians
Cummings, K. J., Beckman, J., Frederick, M., Harrison, R., Nguyen, A. D., Snyder, R. E., Chan, E., Gibb, K., Rodriguez, A., Wong, J., et al. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0266058 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Mohamed, H., Nayak, G., Rendine, N., Wigdahl, B. L., Krebs, F. C., Bruggeman, P., & Miller, V. (2021) · Frontiers in Physics · doi:10.3389/fphy.2021.683118 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Bu, Y., Ooka, R., Kikumoto, H., & Oh, W. (2021) · Sustainable Cities and Society · doi:10.1016/j.scs.2021.103106 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
The efficacy of ultraviolet light-emitting technology against coronaviruses: a systematic review
Chiappa, F., Frascella, B., Vigezzi, G. P., Moro, M., Diamanti, L., Gentile, L., Lago, P., Clementi, N., Signorelli, C., Mancini, N., et al. (2021) · Journal of Hospital Infection · doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2021.05.005 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
What is the risk of acquiring SARS-CoV-2 from the use of public toilets?
Dancer, S. J., Li, Y., Hart, A. J., Tang, J. W.-T., & Jones, D. L. (2021) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148341 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citationInfectious SARS-CoV-2 Is Emitted in Aerosol Particles
Hawks, S. A., Prussin, A. J., Kuchinsky, S. C., Pan, J., Marr, L. C., & Duggal, N. K. (2021) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.02527-21 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-citationNielsen, P. V., & Xu, C. (2021) · Indoor and Built Environment · doi:10.1177/1420326x211048539 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citationYan, S., Wang, L. L., Birnkrant, M. J., Zhai, Z. J., & Miller, S. L. (2022) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109184 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationBak, A., Mugglestone, M. A., Ratnaraja, N., Wilson, J. A., Rivett, L., Stoneham, S. M., Bostock, J., Moses, S. E., Price, J. R., Weinbren, M. J., et al. (2021) · Journal of Hospital Infection · doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2021.04.027 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
How covid-19 spreads: narratives, counter narratives, and social dramas
Greenhalgh, T., Özbilgin, M. F., & Tomlinson, D. (2022) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj-2022-069940 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Muelas, Á., Remacha, P., Pina, A., Tizné, E., El-Kadmiri, S., Ruiz, A.-M. J., Aranda, D., & Ballester, J. M. (2022) · Atmospheric Environment · doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2022.119176 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Fisman, D. N., Amoako, A., & Tuite, A. R. (2022) · Canadian Medical Association Journal · doi:10.1503/cmaj.212105 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Rodrı́guez, D., Urbieta, I. R., Velasco, Á., Campano, M. Á., & Jiménez, E. (2022) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109717 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Identification of SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA in healthcare heating, ventilation, and air conditioning units
Horve, P. F., Dietz, L. G., Fretz, M., Constant, D. A., Wilkes, A., Townes, J. M., Martindale, R. G., Messer, W. B., & Wymelenberg, K. G. V. D. (2021) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/ina.12898 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Revisiting physical distancing threshold in indoor environment using infection-risk-based modeling
Liu, F., Luo, Z., Li, Y., Zheng, X., Zhang, C., & Qian, H. (2021) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2021.106542 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationBuising, K. L., Schofield, R., Irving, L. B., Keywood, M., Stevens, A., Keogh, N., Skidmore, G. M., Wadlow, I., Kevin, K., Rismanchi, B., et al. (2021) · Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology · doi:10.1017/ice.2021.284 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Multizonal modeling of SARS-CoV-2 aerosol dispersion in a virtual office building
Shrestha, P. M., DeGraw, J. W., Zhang, M., & Liu, X. (2021) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.108347 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Local Exhaust Ventilation to Control Dental Aerosols and Droplets
Allison, J. R., Dowson, C., Pickering, K., Červinskytė, G., Durham, J., Jakubovics, N. S., & Holliday, R. (2021) · Journal of Dental Research · doi:10.1177/00220345211056287 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Increased airborne transmission of COVID-19 with new variants, Implications for health policies
Rowe, B. R., Canosa, A., Meslem, A., & Rowe, F. (2022) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109132 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Ang, A., Luhung, I., Ahidjo, B. A., Drautz‐Moses, D. I., Tambyah, P. A., Mok, C. K., Lau, K. J., Tham, S. M., Chu, J. J. H., Allen, D. M., et al. (2021) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/ina.12930 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Parhizkar, H., Dietz, L. G., Olsen-Martinez, A., Horve, P. F., Barnatan, L., Northcutt, D., & Wymelenberg, K. G. V. D. (2022) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciac006 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Cheng, V. C., Lung, D. C., Wong, S., Au, A. K.-W., Wang, Q., Chen, H., Li, X., Chu, A. W., Ip, J. D., Chan, W.-M., et al. (2022) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128504 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationAirborne concentrations of SARS-CoV-2 in indoor community environments in Italy
Conte, M., Feltracco, M., Chirizzi, D., Trabucco, S., Dinoi, A., Gregoris, E., Barbaro, E., Bella, G. L., Ciccarese, G., Belosi, F., et al. (2021) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-021-16737-7 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Rando, H. M., MacLean, A. L., Lee, A. J., Lordan, R., Ray, S., Bansal, V., Skelly, A. N., Sell, E., Dziak, J. J., Shinholster, L., et al. (2021) · mSystems · doi:10.1128/msystems.00095-21 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Wolkoff, P. (2023) · International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2023.114313 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
UV222 disinfection of SARS-CoV-2 in solution
Robinson, R., Mahfooz, N., Mejia, O. R., Liu, Y., & Hull, N. M. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-18385-4 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Dancer, S. J. (2021) · Surgery (Oxford) · doi:10.1016/j.mpsur.2021.10.003 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationDeana, N. F., Seiffert, A., Aravena‐Rivas, Y., Alonso‐Coello, P., Muñoz‐Millán, P., Espinoza‐Espinoza, G., Pineda, P., & Zaror, C. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph181910059 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Alcaraz, J., Coq, L. L., Pourchez, J., Thomas, D., Chazelet, S., Boudry, I., Barbado, M., Silvent, S., Dessale, C., Antoine, F., et al. (2021) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132364 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
SARS‐CoV ‐2 air sampling: A systematic review on the methodologies for detection and infectivity
da Silva, P. G., Branco, P. T. B. S., Soares, R. R. G., Mesquita, J. R., & Sousa, S. I. V. (2022) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/ina.13083 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Ratliff, K., Oudejans, L., Archer, J., Calfee, M. W., Gilberry, J., Hook, D. A., Schoppman, W. E., Yaga, R., Brooks, L. R., & Ryan, S. (2022) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109804 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Identification of the source events for aerosol generation during oesophago-gastro-duodenoscopy
Gregson, F. K. A., Shrimpton, A. J., Hamilton, F., Cook, T. M., Reid, J. P., Pickering, A. E., Pournaras, D. J., Bzdek, B. R., & Brown, J. M. (2021) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2021-324588 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Olmedo, I., Sánchez-Jiménez, J. L., Peci, F., & de Adana, M. R. (2022) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109497 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Hidden hazards of SARS‐CoV‐2 transmission in hospitals: A systematic review
Ribaric, N. L., Vincent, C. A., Jonitz, G., Hellinger, A., & Ribaric, G. (2021) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/ina.12968 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Greenhalgh, T., Özbilgin, M. F., & Contandriopoulos, D. (2021) · Wellcome Open Research · doi:10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16855.3 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Ishmatov, A. N. (2021) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2021.112116 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Increased close proximity airborne transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant
Mikszewski, A., Stabile, L., Buonanno, G., & Morawska, L. (2021) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151499 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationComputational fluid dynamics simulation of SARS-CoV-2 aerosol dispersion inside a grocery store
Zhang, M., Shrestha, P. M., Liu, X., Turnaoglu, T., DeGraw, J. W., Schafer, D., & Love, N. (2021) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.108652 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Fantozzi, F., Lamberti, G., Leccese, F., & Salvadori, G. (2022) · Architectural Science Review · doi:10.1080/00038628.2022.2080637 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Safe distancing in the time of COVID-19
Fischetti, M., Fischetti, M., & Stoustrup, J. (2021) · European Journal of Operational Research · doi:10.1016/j.ejor.2021.07.010 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Barbosa, B. P. P., & Brum, N. D. C. L. (2021) · Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering · doi:10.1007/s40430-021-03029-x · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Cheng, V. C., Wong, S., Au, A. K.-W., Zhang, C., Chen, J. H.-K., So, S. Y.-C., Li, X., Wang, Q., Lu, K. K., Lung, D. C., et al. (2022) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109323 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationAlexander, R. W., Tian, J., Haddrell, A. E., Oswin, H. P., Neal, E., Hardy, D., Otero-Fernandez, M., Mann, J. F. S., Cogan, T. A., Finn, A. H. R., et al. (2022) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v14091856 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
A quantitative evaluation of aerosol generation during supraglottic airway insertion and removal
Shrimpton, A. J., Gregson, F. K. A., Brown, J., Cook, T. M., Bzdek, B. R., Hamilton, F., Reid, J. P., Pickering, A. E., & the AERATOR study group (2021) · Anaesthesia · doi:10.1111/anae.15542 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Infection Prevention during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic
Reich, P. J., & Elward, A. M. (2022) · Infectious Disease Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.idc.2021.12.002 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Lim, W.-Y., Tan, G. S. E., Htun, H. L., Phua, H. P., Kyaw, W. M., Guo, H., Cui, L., Mak, T. M., Poh, B. F., Wong, J. C. C., et al. (2022) · Journal of Hospital Infection · doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2021.12.011 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Measuring interpersonal transmission of expiratory droplet nuclei in close proximity
Fu, L., Nielsen, P. V., Wang, Y., & Liu, L. (2021) · Indoor and Built Environment · doi:10.1177/1420326x211029689 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationLaurent, M. R., & Frans, J. (2021) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151349 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Horve, P. F., Dietz, L. G., Northcutt, D., Stenson, J., & Wymelenberg, K. G. V. D. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0257689 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Kaushik, A. K., & Dhau, J. S. (2022) · Applied Surface Science Advances · doi:10.1016/j.apsadv.2022.100236 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Hu, N., Feng, Y., Gram, A., Yao, R., & Sadrizadeh, S. (2023) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2023.110994 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Hyde, Z. (2021) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciab183 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Healthcare-associated infection impact with bioaerosol treatment and COVID-19 mitigation measures
Ereth, M. H., Fine, J., Stamatatos, F., Mathew, B., Hess, D. H., & Simpser, E. F. (2021) · Journal of Hospital Infection · doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2021.07.006 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Modeling the filtration efficiency of a woven fabric: The role of multiple lengthscales
de Anda, I. R., Wilkins, J. W., Robinson, J. F., Royall, C. P., & Sear, R. P. (2022) · Physics of Fluids · doi:10.1063/5.0074229 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Zhang, Y., Hui, F. K. P., Duffield, C. F., & Saeed, A. M. (2022) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109347 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Salinas, J. S., Krishnaprasad, K. A., Zgheib, N., & Balachandar, S. (2022) · Physical Review Fluids · doi:10.1103/physrevfluids.7.064309 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Cheong, K., Chen, S., Teng, B., Veeraperumal, S., Zhong, S., & Tan, K. (2023) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph16060860 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Andrup, L., Krogfelt, K. A., Stephansen, L., Hansen, K. S., Graversen, B. K., Wolkoff, P., & Madsen, A. M. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1332078 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Usman, M., Farooq, M., Farooq, M., & Anastopoulos, I. P. (2021) · Water · doi:10.3390/w13040436 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Modelling the direct virus exposure risk associated with respiratory events
Wang, J., Barba, F. D., Roccon, A., Sardina, G., Soldati, A., & Picano, F. (2022) · Journal of The Royal Society Interface · doi:10.1098/rsif.2021.0819 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
A CFD-based framework to assess airborne infection risk in buildings
Vita, G., Woolf, D., Avery-Hickmott, T., & Rowsell, R. (2023) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2023.110099 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Xie, C., Su, W., Sia, S. F., Choy, K.-T., Morrell, S., Zhou, J., Peiris, M. J. S., Bloom, J. D., & Yen, H. (2021) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiab286 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Oksanen, L., Auvinen, M., Kuula, J., Malmgren, R., Romantschuk, M., Hyvärinen, A., Laitinen, S., Maunula, L., Sanmark, E., Geneid, A., et al. (2022) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/ina.13165 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Covid-19: What do we know about airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2?
Baraniuk, C. (2021) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.n1030 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Utility of Three Nebulizers in Investigating the Infectivity of Airborne Viruses
Niazi, S., Philp, L. K., Spann, K. M., & Johnson, G. R. (2021) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.00497-21 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Peptide‐Based Inhibitors for SARS‐CoV‐2 and SARS‐CoV
Panchal, D., Kataria, J., Patel, K., Crowe, K. M., Pai, V., Azizogli, A., Kadian, N., Sanyal, S., Roy, A., Dodd‐o, J., et al. (2021) · Advanced Therapeutics · doi:10.1002/adtp.202100104 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Browne, K. (2021) · Applied Microbiology · doi:10.3390/applmicrobiol1030035 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Transmission Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 That Hinder Effective Control
Bae, S., Lim, J. S., Kim, J. Y., Jung, J., & Kim, S. (2021) · Immune Network · doi:10.4110/in.2021.21.e9 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Avella, F., Gupta, A., Peretti, C., Fulici, G., Verdi, L., Belleri, A., & Babich, F. (2021) · Heritage · doi:10.3390/heritage4040191 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Evidence of Air and Surface Contamination with SARS-CoV-2 in a Major Hospital in Portugal
da Silva, P. G., Gonçalves, J., Lopes, A. I. B., Esteves, N. A., Bamba, G. E. E., Nascimento, M. S. J., Branco, P. T. B. S., Soares, R. R. G., Sousa, S. I. V., & Mesquita, J. R. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19010525 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Persistence of SARS-CoV-2 on surfaces and relevance to the food industry
Baker, C. A., & Gibson, K. E. (2022) · Current Opinion in Food Science · doi:10.1016/j.cofs.2022.100875 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Systematic Review of the Key Factors Influencing the Indoor Airborne Spread of SARS-CoV-2
d’Heysselaer, S. D. C., Parisi, G., Lisson, M., Bruyère, O., Donneau, A., Fontaine, S., Gillet, L., Bureau, F., Darcis, G., Thiry, É., et al. (2023) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens12030382 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Moreno, T., & Gibbons, W. (2021) · Geoscience Frontiers · doi:10.1016/j.gsf.2021.101282 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Greenhalgh, T. (2021) · Interface Focus · doi:10.1098/rsfs.2021.0017 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Kinahan, S., Silcott, D. B., Silcott, B. E., Silcott, R. M., Silcott, P. J., Silcott, B. J., Distelhorst, S. L., Herrera, V. L., Rivera, D. N., Crown, K. K., et al. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0246916 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Wong, S., Chen, J. H., Yuen, L. L.-H., Chan, V. W.-M., AuYeung, C. H.-Y., Leung, S. S.-M., So, S.-Y., Chan, B. W.-K., Li, X., Leung, J., et al. (2022) · Journal of Hospital Infection · doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2022.02.012 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
HEPA filters of portable air cleaners as a tool for the surveillance of SARS‐CoV ‐2
de Mera, I. G. F., Granda, C., Villanueva, F., Sánchez‐Sánchez, M., Moraga‐Fernández, A., Gortázar, C., & de la Fuente, J. (2022) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/ina.13109 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Zonal modeling of air distribution impact on the long-range airborne transmission risk of SARS-CoV-2
Aganović, A., Cao, G., Kurnitski, J., Melikov, A. K., & Wargocki, P. L. (2022) · Applied Mathematical Modelling · doi:10.1016/j.apm.2022.08.027 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationA quantitative evaluation of aerosol generation during supraglottic airway insertion and removal
Shrimpton, A. J., Brown, J., Cook, T. M., & Pickering, A. E. (2021) · Anaesthesia · doi:10.1111/anae.15572 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Understanding lifetime and dispersion of cough-emitted droplets in air
Lordly, K., Kober, L., Jadidi, M., Antoun, S., Dworkin, S. B., & Karataş, A. E. (2022) · Indoor and Built Environment · doi:10.1177/1420326x221098753 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
- Authors
- Tang, J. W., Bahnfleth, W. P., Bluyssen, P. M., Buonanno, G., Jimenez, J. L., Kurnitski, J., Li, Y., Miller, S., Sekhar, C., Morawska, L., Marr, L. C., Melikov, A. K., Nazaroff, W. W., Nielsen, P. V., Tellier, R., Wargocki, P., & Dancer, S. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Leicester (GB)
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- Delft University of Technology (NL)
- Università degli studi di Cassino e del Lazio Meridionale (IT)
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (US)
- Tallinn University of Technology (EE)
- University of Hong Kong (HK)
- University of Colorado Boulder (US)
- National University of Singapore (SG)
- Queensland University of Technology (AU)
- Virginia Tech (US)
- Technical University of Denmark (DK)
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Aalborg University (DK)
- McGill University (CA)
- Edinburgh Napier University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Dancer, S.J.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Hospital Infection
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-04
- Volume
- 110
- Pages
- 89-96
- ISSN
- 0195-6701 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7805396
- OpenAlex
- W3120172871
- Cited by
- 350
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 46 · 2022: 96 · 2021: 122
- FWCI
- 11.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Hospital Infection (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- VBN Forskningsportal (Aalborg Universitet) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Edinburgh Napier Research Repository (Edinburgh Napier University) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- QUT ePrints (Queensland University of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- National University of Singapore (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- The HKU Scholars Hub (University of Hong Kong) (submittedVersion)
- Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca - Università degli Studi di Cassino (submittedVersion)
- Edinburgh Napier Research Repository (Edinburgh Napier University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU Orbit (Technical University of Denmark, DTU) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Research Repository (Delft University of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Infection Control and Ventilation
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › General Dentistry › Dental Research and COVID-19
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › COVID-19 impact on air quality
- Keywords
- SARS-CoV-2, airborne transmission, COVID-19 pandemic, ventilation, infection control, healthcare settings, community transmission
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adult, Aerosols, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Air Microbiology, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Ventilation, Infection Control, Pandemics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
