Cited by 533melanin and skin pigmentationHair Growth and DisordersMelanoma and MAPK Pathways

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Hair Follicle Pigmentation

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Slominski, Andrzej, Wortsman, Jacobo, Plonka, Przemyslaw M., Schallreuter, Karin U., Paus, Ralf, Tobin, Desmond J.·2005·Journal of Investigative Dermatology

DOI 10.1111/j.0022-202x.2004.23528.xPMC PMC1201498

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Abstract

Hair shaft melanin components (eu- or/and pheomelanin) are a long-lived record of precise interactions in the hair follicle pigmentary unit, e.g., between follicular melanocytes, keratinocytes, and dermal papilla fibroblasts. Follicular melanogenesis (FM) involves sequentially the melanogenic activity of follicular melanocytes, the transfer of melanin granules into cortical and medulla keratinocytes, and the formation of pigmented hair shafts. This activity is in turn regulated by an array of enzymes, structural and regulatory proteins, transporters, and receptors and their ligands, acting on the developmental stages, cellular, and hair follicle levels. FM is stringently coupled to the anagen stage of the hair cycle, being switched-off in catagen to remain absent through telogen. At the organ level FM is precisely coupled to the life cycle of melanocytes with changes in their compartmental distribution and accelerated melanoblast/melanocyte differentiation with enhanced secretory activity. The melanocyte compartments in the upper hair follicle also provides a reservoir for the repigmentation of epidermis and, for the cyclic formation of new anagen hair bulbs. Melanin synthesis and pigment transfer to bulb keratinocytes are dependent on the availability of melanin precursors, and regulation by signal transduction pathways intrinsic to skin and hair follicle, which are both receptor dependent and independent, act through auto-, para- or intracrine mechanisms and can be modified by hormonal signals. The important regulators are MC1 receptor its and adrenocorticotropic hormone, melanocyte stimulating hormone, agouti protein ligands (in rodents), c-Kit, and the endothelin receptors with their ligands. Melanin itself has a wide range of bioactivities that extend far beyond its determination of hair color.

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Melanin pigmentation in mammalian skin and its hormonal regulation
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Background
Promotion of Hair Regrowth in Androgenetic Alopecia with Supplemented Erzhi Wan: Exploring Its Mechanism Using Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking
Ji, C., Ma, J., Feng, C., Zhu, H., Gao, Y., Huang, J. C., Shen, H., & Wei, Y. (2023) · Clinical Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology · doi:10.2147/ccid.s425295 · Cited by 5
“11 Therefore, we hypothesize that EZW not only can deepen hair color but also can promote hair growth.”
Background
Determination of the coordination environment of Cu(II) in human hair and its possible relevance to health and hair care treatments
Worasith, N., & Goodman, B. A. (2013) · International Journal of Cosmetic Science · doi:10.1111/ics.12058 · Cited by 5
Anatomía microscópica del folículo piloso
Restrepo, R. (2010) · Revista de la Asociación Colombiana de Dermatología y Cirugía Dermatológica · Cited by 5
Healthy Hair (Anatomy, Biology, Morphogenesis, Cycling, and Function)
Hirt, P. A., & Paus, R. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-54825-0.00001-6 · Cited by 6
Transcriptome sequencing of black and white hair follicles in the giant panda
Zheng, Y., Zhou, Y., Huang, Y., Haoqi, W. A. N. G., Guo, H., Yuan, B., & Zhang, J. (2022) · Integrative Zoology · doi:10.1111/1749-4877.12652 · Cited by 5
Pigmented Caruncular Apocrine Hidrocystoma With Oncocytic Features
Jakobiec, F. A., Stagner, A. M., & Colby, K. A. (2015) · Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery · doi:10.1097/iop.0000000000000441 · Cited by 5
Downregulation of c-Kit/MITF-M in Graying Hair of Juvenile Poliosis
Feng, H., Sun, Y., & Wang, Q. (2014) · Acta Dermato Venereologica · doi:10.2340/00015555-1763 · Cited by 5
The Biology of Pigmentation
Dobry, A. S., & Fisher, D. E. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-7322-0_24-1 · Cited by 5
The distribution of melanocytes and the degradation of melanosomes in fetal hair follicles
Li, X., Zhang, R., & Zhu, W. (2019) · Micron · doi:10.1016/j.micron.2019.01.010 · Cited by 5
Melanocyte Chitosan/Gelatin Composite Fabrication with Human Outer Root Sheath-Derived Cells to Produce Pigment
Zhou, X., Ma, Y., Liu, F., Gu, C., Wang, X., Xia, H., Zhou, G., Huang, J., Luo, X., & Yang, J. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-41611-5 · Cited by 5
T-oligos as differential modulators of human scalp hair growth and pigmentation: a new “time lapse system” for studying human skin and hair follicle biology in vitro?
Hadshiew, I., Barre, K., Bodó, E., Funk, W., & Paus, R. (2008) · Archives of Dermatological Research · doi:10.1007/s00403-008-0833-6 · Cited by 6
“licle remains in anagen VI (due to a decline in follicular melanogenesis, accumulation of melanocyte damage, and exhaustion of the follicular melanocyte stem cell pool [13, 17, 18].”
Background
Identifying the active components and mechanisms of Persicae Semen in treating androgenetic alopecia: Insights from network pharmacology and experimental evaluations
Li, X., Liu, X., Li, B., Liu, Z., Guo, S., Xiong, S., Xiao, T., Jiao, S., Chen, Y., & Xu, Y. (2025) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2025.119755 · Cited by 4
A Multifaceted View on Ageing of the Hair and Scalp
Lim, Y. S., Nizard, C., Pays, K., Brun, C., & Kurfürst, R. (2025) · Cosmetics · doi:10.3390/cosmetics12060284 · Cited by 4
The Anti-Melanogenic Effects of Ganodermanontriol from the Medicinal Mushroom Ganoderma lucidum through the Regulation of the CREB and MAPK Signaling Pathways in B16F10 Cells
Park, C.-H., Oh, Y.-L., Shin, J.-H., & Park, Y. (2024) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules29163976 · Cited by 5
Melanocytic Panfolliculoma: A Case Report of a Rare Benign Follicular Tumor
Preston, A., West, C., McCollough, M., & Hosler, G. A. (2021) · American Journal of Dermatopathology · doi:10.1097/dad.0000000000002120 · Cited by 4
Clinical validation and study of stem cell transplantation in treatment of vitiligo
Liu, J., Liu, S., Guo, M. A., Miao, Y., & Hu, Z. (2023) · Archives of Dermatological Research · doi:10.1007/s00403-023-02692-5 · Cited by 4
“The new method for treating vitiligo invented by our team has been granted patents by the China Patent (Invention Patent) [2] (Technical Method for Treating Leucoderma Based on Hair Follicle Melanocyte Stem Cell Transplantation, Patent No.”
Method
Specific Melanin Content in Human Hairs and Mitochondrial DNA Typing Success
Linch, C. A., Champagne, J. R., Bonnette, M. D., & Cruz, T. D. (2009) · American Journal of Forensic Medicine & Pathology · doi:10.1097/paf.0b013e3181873c69 · Cited by 4
“It should be noted that blond hairs were not included in this study because they can have near equivalent amounts of pheomelanosomes and eumelanosomes in the hair shaft.(11) The hairs for analysis were selected microscopically by a qualified hair examiner and met a baseline diameter and length size (n 30, from 14 indi…”
BackgroundMethod
Dermal Delivery of Constructs Encoding Cre Recombinase to Induce Skin Tumors in PtenLoxP/LoxP;BrafCA/+ Mice
Deken, M. A., Song, J., Gadiot, J., Bins, A. D., Kroon, P., Verbrugge, I., & Blank, C. U. (2016) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms17122149 · Cited by 4
“Furthermore, specifically in the anagen phase of the hair cycle, hair follicles are accompanied by a large amount of melanocytes [31,32].”
Layer 4 barrel cortex neurons retain their response properties during whisker replacement
Maier, E., & Brecht, M. (2018) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00333.2018 · Cited by 4
“Here and in the other 11 analyzed putative young whiskers all signs of anagen phase were visible (Jahoda and Oliver 1984; Kim et al. 2011; Slominski et al. 2005; Young and Oliver 1976): a prominent Fig.”
Background
Biology of Melanocytes and Primary Melanoma
Zaidi, M. R., Fisher, D. E., & Rizos, H. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-46029-1_42-1 · Cited by 5
Generation of Pmel‐dependent conditional and inducible Cre‐driver mouse line for melanocytic‐targeted gene manipulation
Nasrin, M., Ahmed, O., Han, X., Nojebuzzaman, M., Abo‐Ahmed, A. I., Yazawa, S., & Osawa, M. (2022) · Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research · doi:10.1111/pcmr.13074 · Cited by 4
“These melanocytes undergo apoptosis and are eliminated from the hair follicles during the regression (catagen) and resting (telogen) phases of the hair cycle (Slominski et al., 2005).”
Background
Clinical effect of stem cell transplantation combined with 308‐nm excimer laser therapy for 56 cases of vitiligo
Liu, J., & Chen, Q. (2023) · Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology · doi:10.1111/jocd.15833 · Cited by 5
The Aging Hair Pigmentary Unit
Tobin, D. J. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-02636-2_9 · Cited by 4
Impact of Homozygosity of R151C Variant of MC1r in Human Hair Follicle Melanocytes
Commo, S., Gaillard, O., Rees, J. L., & Bernard, B. A. (2007) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1038/sj.jid.5701181 · Cited by 4
Blood Supply--Susceptible Formation of Melanin Pigment in Hair Bulb Melanocytes of Mice
Maeda, S., Ueda, K., Yamana, H., Tashiro‐Yamaji, J., Ibata, M., Mikura, A., Okada, M., Yasuda, E., Shibayama, Y., Yoshino, M., et al. (2015) · Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery Global Open · doi:10.1097/gox.0000000000000284 · Cited by 4
Skin, Hair, and Nails
Sundberg, J. P., King, L. E., & Kuiper, R. (2021) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119624608.ch10 · Cited by 4
Beyond the Skin Surface: Melanocyte Biology and the Spectrum of Health Inequities
Abbas, A. A., Dlova, N. C., & Higgins, C. A. (2025) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.jid.2025.06.1586 · Cited by 4
Valorization of Unconventional Hair Waste: Unlocking Opportunities in Materials and Chemical Engineering
Zafeer, M. K., Raza, S., Junaid, L., & Bhat, K. S. (2025) · Journal of Natural Fibers · doi:10.1080/15440478.2025.2586392 · Cited by 3
“Variations in the types and amounts of eumelanin (brown-black pigment) and pheomelanin (red-yellow pigment) create a wide range of hair colors, from blonde to black and red (Slominski et al. 2005).”
SOX18 Promotes the Proliferation of Dermal Papilla Cells via the Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway
He, M., Lv, X., Cao, X., Yuan, Z., Getachew, T., Li, Y., Wang, S., & Sun, W. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms242316672 · Cited by 3
“These cells cooperate in facilitating the proper growth and development of hair follicles [4–8].”
Background
One-pot synthesis of black biopolymeric eumelanin pigment by indigenous salt-tolerant Pseudomonas stutzeri SGM-1
Mahajan, S. G., Nandre, V., Kodam, K. M., & Kulkarni, M. V. (2024) · Materials Advances · doi:10.1039/d2ma01097f · Cited by 3
Science and Technology of Hair Fibers
Neelima, T. K., Riyamol, K. R., & Harikumar, N. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-6727-8_52 · Cited by 3
Functional Performance and Safety Evaluation of Optimized Plant-Based Dye Mixtures for Intense Hair Coloration
Lueadnakrob, K., Juntrapirom, S., Rongthong, T., Kanjanakawinkul, W., & Chaiyana, W. (2025) · Cosmetics · doi:10.3390/cosmetics12020078 · Cited by 3
“Gray hair develops due to a decrease in melanin, which is a pigment produced by melanocytes located in the hair follicles [4,5].”
Effect of UV Radiation on Scalp and Hair Growth
Piérard-Franchimont, C., Quatresooz, P., & Pierard, G. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-02636-2_12 · Cited by 4
Pigmentation and Photoaging
Tobin, D. J. (2019) · Royal Society of Chemistry eBooks · doi:10.1039/9781788015981-00145 · Cited by 3
Formulation of Nano-sized dispersion from Calendula Officinalis: A Natural gateway to preparation of a Hair Dye
Louis, D., & Rashad, A. (2023) · Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology · doi:10.52711/0974-360x.2023.00298 · Cited by 3
col1a2 + fibroblasts/muscle progenitors finetune xanthophore countershading by differentially expressing csf1a/1b in embryonic zebrafish
Chen, J., Wang, H., Wu, S., Zhang, A., Qiu, Z., Huang, P., Qu, J. Y., & Xu, J. (2024) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adj9637 · Cited by 3

Authors: Slominski, A., Wortsman, J., Plonka, P. M., Schallreuter, K. U., Paus, R., & Tobin, D. J.
Affiliations: University of Tennessee Health Science Center (US)
SIU Medicine (US)
Jagiellonian University (PL)
University of Bradford (GB)
University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (DE)
Corresponding author: Slominski, Andrzej
ORCID: Slominski, Andrzej
Plonka, Przemyslaw M.
Paus, Ralf
Tobin, Desmond J.
Venue: Journal of Investigative Dermatology
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2005-01
Volume: 124
Issue: 1
Pages: 13-21
ISSN: 0022-202X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1111/j.0022-202x.2004.23528.x
PMC: PMC1201498
OpenAlex: W2072657606
Cited by: 532
References: 68
Citations by year: 2026: 17 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 38 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 29 · 2012: 19
FWCI: 1.57
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 3987 d)
Locations: Journal of Investigative Dermatology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Jagiellonian University Repository (Jagiellonian University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Funders: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (1R01-AR047079, R01AR047079)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › melanin and skin pigmentation
Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Hair Growth and Disorders
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Melanoma and MAPK Pathways
Keywords: hair follicle pigmentation, melanocytes, keratinocytes, dermal papilla, anagen, hair cycle, melanocyte differentiation, MC1 receptor, ACTH, melanocyte-stimulating hormone, agouti protein, CD117, endothelin receptors, melanin precursors, signal transduction, hair color
MeSH terms: Animals, Hair Color, Humans, Melanocytes, Hair Follicle

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