Melanin pigmentation in mammalian skin and its hormonal regulation
Abstract
Cutaneous melanin pigment plays a critical role in camouflage, mimicry, social communication, and protection against harmful effects of solar radiation. Melanogenesis is under complex regulatory control by multiple agents interacting via pathways activated by receptor-dependent and -independent mechanisms, in hormonal, auto-, para-, or intracrine fashion. Because of the multidirectional nature and heterogeneous character of the melanogenesis modifying agents, its controlling factors are not organized into simple linear sequences, but they interphase instead in a multidimensional network, with extensive functional overlapping with connections arranged both in series and in parallel. The most important positive regulator of melanogenesis is the MC1 receptor with its ligands melanocortins and ACTH, whereas among the negative regulators agouti protein stands out, determining intensity of melanogenesis and also the type of melanin synthesized. Within the context of the skin as a stress organ, melanogenic activity serves as a unique molecular sensor and transducer of noxious signals and as regulator of local homeostasis. In keeping with these multiple roles, melanogenesis is controlled by a highly structured system, active since early embryogenesis and capable of superselective functional regulation that may reach down to the cellular level represented by single melanocytes. Indeed, the significance of melanogenesis extends beyond the mere assignment of a color trait.
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Slominski (2012) · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-19683-6_1 · Cited by 461 · see citing works
How UV Light Touches the Brain and Endocrine System Through Skin, and Why
Slominski, A. T., Zmijewski, M. A., Plonka, P. M., Szaflarski, J. P., & Paus, R. (2018) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2017-03230 · Cited by 452 · see citing works
Self-citationThe cutaneous serotoninergic/melatoninergic system: securing a place under the sun
Slominski, A., Wortsman, J., & Tobin, D. J. (2005) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.04-2079rev · Cited by 402 · see citing works
Self-citationKey role of CRF in the skin stress response system
Slominski, A. T., Zmijewski, M. A., Zbytek, B., Tobin, D. J., Theoharides, T. C., & Rivier, J. (2013) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2012-1092 · Cited by 400 · see citing works
Self-citationSteroidogenesis in the skin: Implications for local immune functions
Slominski, A., Zbytek, B., Nikolakis, G., Manna, P. R., Skobowiat, C., Zmijewski, M., Li, W., Janjetovic, Z., Postlethwaite, A., Zouboulis, C. C., et al. (2013) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.02.006 · Cited by 369 · see citing works
Self-citationRegulation of melanogenesis – controversies and new concepts
Schallreuter, K. U., Kothari, S., Chavan, B., & Spencer, J. D. (2008) · Experimental Dermatology · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0625.2007.00675.x · Cited by 352 · see citing works
Skin Senescence: Mechanisms and Impact on Whole-Body Aging
Franco, A. C., Aveleira, C., & Cavadas, C. (2022) · Trends in Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2021.12.003 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
Del Bino, S., Duval, C., & Bernerd, F. (2018) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms19092668 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Differential expression of HPA axis homolog in the skin
Slominski, A., Wortsman, J., Tuckey, R. C., & Paus, R. (2007) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2006.12.012 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Self-citationCutaneous hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis homolog: regulation by ultraviolet radiation
Skobowiat, C., Dowdy, J. C., Sayre, R. M., Tuckey, R. C., & Slominski, A. (2011) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00217.2011 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Self-citationRegulation of human skin pigmentation and responses to ultraviolet radiation
Miyamura, Y., Coelho, S. G., Wolber, R., Miller, S. A., Wakamatsu, K., Zmudzka, B. Z., Ito, S., Smuda, C., Passeron, T., Choi, W., et al. (2007) · Pigment Cell Research · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0749.2006.00358.x · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Lao, O., de Gruijter, J. M., van Duijn, K., Navarro, A., & Kayser, M. (2007) · Annals of Human Genetics · doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2006.00341.x · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Arbutin as a Skin Depigmenting Agent with Antimelanogenic and Antioxidant Properties
Boo, Y. C. (2021) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox10071129 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Nasti, T. H., & Timares, L. (2015) · Photochemistry and Photobiology · doi:10.1111/php.12335 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
CRH stimulation of corticosteroids production in melanocytes is mediated by ACTH
Slominski, A., Zbytek, B., Szczesniewski, A., Semak, I., Kaminski, J., Sweatman, T., & Wortsman, J. (2005) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00519.2004 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Self-citationGarcía‐Borrón, J. C., Abdel‐Malek, Z., & Jiménez‐Cervantes, C. (2014) · Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research · doi:10.1111/pcmr.12257 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Melanogenesis affects overall and disease-free survival in patients with stage III and IV melanoma
Brożyna, A. A., Jóźwicki, W., Carlson, J. A., & Slominski, A. T. (2013) · Human Pathology · doi:10.1016/j.humpath.2013.02.022 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Self-citationSlominski, A. T., Kim, T.-K., Li, W., Yi, A.-K., Postlethwaite, A., & Tuckey, R. C. (2014) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.10.012 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Self-citationJanjetovic, Z., Jarrett, S. G., Lee, E. F., Duprey, C., Reiter, R. J., & Slominski, A. T. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-01305-2 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Self-citationCorticotropin releasing hormone and the skin
Slominski, A. (2006) · Frontiers in bioscience · doi:10.2741/1966 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Self-citationSkin whitening cosmetics: feedback and challenges in the development of natural skin lighteners
Burger, P., Landreau, A., Azoulay, S., Michel, T., & Fernandez, X. (2016) · Cosmetics · doi:10.3390/cosmetics3040036 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Chaiprasongsuk, A., Janjetovic, Z., Kim, T.-K., Jarrett, S. G., D'Orazio, J. A., Holick, M. F., Tang, E. K. Y., Tuckey, R. C., Panich, U., Li, W., et al. (2019) · Redox Biology · doi:10.1016/j.redox.2019.101206 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Self-citationSlominski, A. T., Brożyna, A. A., Zmijewski, M. A., Jóźwicki, W., Jetten, A. M., Mason, R. S., Tuckey, R. C., & Elmets, C. A. (2017) · Laboratory Investigation · doi:10.1038/labinvest.2017.3 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Self-citationThe genetic and evolutionary basis of colour variation in vertebrates
Hofreiter, M., & Schöneberg, T. (2010) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-010-0333-7 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Singh, S. K., Kurfurst, R., Nizard, C., Schnebert, S., Perrier, E., & Tobin, D. J. (2010) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.10-159046 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Self-citationExpression of vitamin D receptor decreases during progression of pigmented skin lesions
Brożyna, A. A., Jozwicki, W., Janjetovic, Z., & Slominski, A. T. (2011) · Human Pathology · doi:10.1016/j.humpath.2010.09.014 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Self-citationBoo, Y. C. (2019) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox8090332 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Skin as an endocrine organ: implications for its function
Slominski, A., Wortsman, J., Paus, R., Elias, P. M., Tobin, D. J., & Feingold, K. R. (2008) · Drug Discovery Today Disease Mechanisms · doi:10.1016/j.ddmec.2008.04.004 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Self-citationDuval, C., Cohen, C., Chagnoleau, C., Flouret, V., Bourreau, E., & Bernerd, F. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0114182 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Stress-linked cortisol concentrations in hair: what we know and what we need to know
Sharpley, C. F., McFarlane, J. R., & Slominski, A. (2012) · revneuro · doi:10.1515/rns.2011.058 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Self-citationJanjetovic, Z., Brozyna, A. A., Tuckey, R. C., Kim, T.-K., Nguyen, M. N., Jozwicki, W., Pfeffer, S. R., Pfeffer, L. M., & Slominski, A. T. (2011) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/bjc.2011.458 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Self-citationThe pleiotropic roles of autophagy regulators in melanogenesis
Ho, H., & Ganesan, A. K. (2011) · Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research · doi:10.1111/j.1755-148x.2011.00889.x · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Slominski, A. T., Kim, T.-K., Hobrath, J. V., Janjetovic, Z., Oak, A. S. W., Postlethwaite, A., Lin, Z., Li, W., Takeda, Y., Jetten, A. M., et al. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-10202-7 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Self-citationCutaneous glucocorticosteroidogenesis: securing local homeostasis and the skin integrity
Slominski, A. T., Manna, P. R., & Tuckey, R. C. (2014) · Experimental Dermatology · doi:10.1111/exd.12376 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Slominski, A. T., Janjetovic, Z., Kim, T.-K., Wasilewski, P., Rosas, S., Hanna, S., Sayre, R. M., Dowdy, J. C., Li, W., & Tuckey, R. C. (2015) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.01.014 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Self-citationNovel vitamin D photoproducts and their precursors in the skin
Slominski, A., Kim, T.-K., Zmijewski, M. A., Janjetovic, Z., Li, W., Chen, J., Kusniatsova, E. I., Semak, I., Postlethwaite, A., Miller, D. D., et al. (2013) · Dermato-Endocrinology · doi:10.4161/derm.23938 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Self-citationSlominski, A. (2009) · British Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08958.x · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Self-citationBrożyna, A. A., Jóźwicki, W., Janjetovic, Z., & Slominski, A. T. (2013) · Human Pathology · doi:10.1016/j.humpath.2012.03.031 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citationAutism prevalence in the united states with respect to solar UV-B doses: An ecological study
Grant, W. B., & Cannell, J. J. (2013) · Dermato-Endocrinology · doi:10.4161/derm.22942 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Burgoyne, T., O'Connor, M. N., Seabra, M. C., Cutler, D. F., & Futter, C. E. (2015) · Journal of Cell Science · doi:10.1242/jcs.164400 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Zbytek, B., Wortsman, J., & Slominski, A. (2006) · Molecular Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/me.2006-0116 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citationHyter, S., Coleman, D. J., Ganguli‐Indra, G., Merrill, G. F., Ma, S., Yanagisawa, M., & Indra, A. K. (2013) · Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research · doi:10.1111/pcmr.12063 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Yakimov, B. P., Shirshin, E. A., Schleusener, J., Allenova, A. S., Fadeev, V. V., & Darvin, M. E. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-71220-6 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Kvaskoff, M., Mesrine, S., Clavel-Chapelon, F., & Boutron-Ruault, M.-C. (2009) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyp175 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Progress in melanoma modelling in vitro
Marconi, A., Quadri, M., Saltari, A., & Pincelli, C. (2018) · Experimental Dermatology · doi:10.1111/exd.13670 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Zmijewski, M. A., Li, W., Chen, J., Kim, T.-K., Zjawiony, J. K., Sweatman, T. W., Miller, D. D., & Slominski, A. T. (2011) · Steroids · doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2010.10.009 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationKovacs, D., Flori, E., Maresca, V., Ottaviani, M., Aspite, N., Dell'Anna, M. L., Panzella, L., Napolitano, A., Picardo, M., & d'Ischia, M. (2012) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1038/jid.2011.457 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Advances in Melanocyte Basic Science Research
Schallreuter, K. U. (2007) · Dermatologic Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.det.2007.04.010 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Mignon, C., Tobin, D. J., Zeitouny, M., & Uzunbajakava, N. E. (2018) · Biomedical Optics Express · doi:10.1364/boe.9.000852 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationGenetic variation of the cutaneous HPA axis: an analysis of UVB-induced differential responses
Skobowiat, C., Nejati, R., Lu, L., Williams, R. W., & Slominski, A. T. (2013) · Gene · doi:10.1016/j.gene.2013.08.035 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationE-cadherin mediates ultraviolet radiation- and calcium-induced melanin transfer in human skin cells
Singh, S. K., Baker, R., Sikkink, S. K., Nizard, C., Schnebert, S., Kurfurst, R., & Tobin, D. J. (2017) · Experimental Dermatology · doi:10.1111/exd.13395 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationJoly-Tonetti, N., Wibawa, J. I. D., Bell, M., & Tobin, D. J. (2018) · British Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1111/bjd.16926 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationHandoko, H. Y., Rodero, M. P., Boyle, G. M., Ferguson, B., Engwerda, C., Hill, G., Konrad Muller, H., Khosrotehrani, K., & Walker, G. J. (2013) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1038/jid.2013.9 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Downie, A. T., Wu, N. C., Cramp, R. L., & Franklin, C. E. (2023) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.16848 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Russo, I., Caroppo, F., & Alaibac, M. (2015) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers7030841 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Are some melanomas caused by artificial light?
Kvaskoff, M., & Weinstein, P. (2010) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2010.03.010 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
López, S., Alonso, S., García de Galdeano, A., & Smith‐Zubiaga, I. (2015) · Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine · doi:10.1111/phpp.12169 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Wood, J. M., & Schallreuter, K. U. (2008) · Experimental Dermatology · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0625.2008.00754.x · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Molecular Characterization of Coat Color Gene in Sahiwal versus Karan Fries Bovine
Goud, T. S., Upadhyay, R. C., Pichili, V. B. R., Onteru, S. K., & Chadipiralla, K. (2021) · Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology · doi:10.1186/s43141-021-00117-2 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Proietti, I., Guida, S., Dybala, A., Spagnoli, A., & Potenza, C. (2024) · Cosmetics · doi:10.3390/cosmetics11030101 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Melatoninergic System in the Skin
Slominski, A. T., Zmijewski, M. A., Skobowiat, C., Zbytek, B., Slominski, R. M., & Steketee, J. D. (2012) · Advances in Anatomy, Embryology and Cell Biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-19683-6_3 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationde Boer, F., Kezic, S., van der Lelie, G., Motazedi, E., Rustemeyer, T., van Dijk, A., Almasian, M., Jakasa, I., & van der Molen, H. F. (2025) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.jid.2025.01.024 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Katona, G., Jovanovic Ljeskovic, N., Strahinic, I., Stanisavljevic, N., Vojvodic, S., Djuris, J., & Pavic, A. (2025) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules30204134 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Slominski, A., Tobin, D. J., Shibahara, S., & Wortsman, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center (US)
- Venue
- Physiological Reviews
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 2004-10
- Volume
- 84
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1155-1228
- ISSN
- 0031-9333 (ISSN-L)
- 1522-1210
- OpenAlex
- W2043584813
- Cited by
- 2,015
- References
- 944
- Citations by year
- 2026: 65 · 2025: 106 · 2024: 107 · 2023: 91 · 2022: 129 · 2021: 132 · 2020: 124 · 2019: 118 · 2018: 131 · 2017: 123 · 2016: 110 · 2015: 94 · 2014: 120 · 2013: 97 · 2012: 93
- FWCI
- 2.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Physiological Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Autism Speaks (AS 47079-01)
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (R01AR047079)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › melanin and skin pigmentation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Melanoma and MAPK Pathways
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Dermatologic Treatments and Research
- Keywords
- melanin pigmentation, melanogenesis, skin pigmentation, hormonal regulation, MC1 receptor, melanocortin peptides, ACTH, agouti protein, melanocytes, UV protection, camouflage
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Hormones, Humans, Melanins, Melanocytes, Skin Pigmentation, Signal Transduction, Hair Follicle, Melanosomes
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