Cited by 2,015melanin and skin pigmentationMelanoma and MAPK PathwaysDermatologic Treatments and Research

Melanin pigmentation in mammalian skin and its hormonal regulation

Slominski, Andrzej, Tobin, Desmond J., Shibahara, Shigeki, Wortsman, Jacobo·2004·Physiological Reviews

Abstract

Cutaneous melanin pigment plays a critical role in camouflage, mimicry, social communication, and protection against harmful effects of solar radiation. Melanogenesis is under complex regulatory control by multiple agents interacting via pathways activated by receptor-dependent and -independent mechanisms, in hormonal, auto-, para-, or intracrine fashion. Because of the multidirectional nature and heterogeneous character of the melanogenesis modifying agents, its controlling factors are not organized into simple linear sequences, but they interphase instead in a multidimensional network, with extensive functional overlapping with connections arranged both in series and in parallel. The most important positive regulator of melanogenesis is the MC1 receptor with its ligands melanocortins and ACTH, whereas among the negative regulators agouti protein stands out, determining intensity of melanogenesis and also the type of melanin synthesized. Within the context of the skin as a stress organ, melanogenic activity serves as a unique molecular sensor and transducer of noxious signals and as regulator of local homeostasis. In keeping with these multiple roles, melanogenesis is controlled by a highly structured system, active since early embryogenesis and capable of superselective functional regulation that may reach down to the cellular level represented by single melanocytes. Indeed, the significance of melanogenesis extends beyond the mere assignment of a color trait.

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Crossref · 10.1152/physrev.00044.2003

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944 of 944 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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Authors
Slominski, A., Tobin, D. J., Shibahara, S., & Wortsman, J.
Affiliations
University of Tennessee Health Science Center (US)
Venue
Physiological Reviews
Published
2004-10
Volume
84
Issue
4
Pages
1155-1228
ISSN
  • 0031-9333 (ISSN-L)
  • 1522-1210
OpenAlex
W2043584813
Cited by
2,015
References
944
Citations by year
2026: 65 · 2025: 106 · 2024: 107 · 2023: 91 · 2022: 129 · 2021: 132 · 2020: 124 · 2019: 118 · 2018: 131 · 2017: 123 · 2016: 110 · 2015: 94 · 2014: 120 · 2013: 97 · 2012: 93
FWCI
2.58
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Physiological Reviews (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • Autism Speaks (AS 47079-01)
  • National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (R01AR047079)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › melanin and skin pigmentation
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Melanoma and MAPK Pathways
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Dermatologic Treatments and Research
Keywords
melanin pigmentation, melanogenesis, skin pigmentation, hormonal regulation, MC1 receptor, melanocortin peptides, ACTH, agouti protein, melanocytes, UV protection, camouflage
MeSH terms
Animals, Hormones, Humans, Melanins, Melanocytes, Skin Pigmentation, Signal Transduction, Hair Follicle, Melanosomes

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