The DOI matches its Crossref record; 21 of the 21 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Intelligence Predicts Health and Longevity, but Why?
Abstract
Large epidemiological studies of almost an entire population in Scotland have found that intelligence (as measured by an IQ-type test) in childhood predicts substantial differences in adult morbidity and mortality, including deaths from cancers and cardiovascular diseases. These relations remain significant after controlling for socioeconomic variables. One possible, partial explanation of these results is that intelligence enhances individuals' care of their own health because it represents learning, reasoning, and problem-solving skills useful in preventing chronic disease and accidental injury and in adhering to complex treatment regimens.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Journal of personality and social psychology
Armstrong, J. S. (1988) · International Journal of Forecasting · doi:10.1016/0169-2070(88)90126-4 · Cited by 10,485
Why g matters: The complexity of everyday life
Gottfredson, L. S. (1997) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/s0160-2896(97)90014-3 · Cited by 1,408
Self-citationWilliams, M. V., Baker, D. W., Parker, R. M., & Nurss, J. R. (1998) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.158.2.166 · Cited by 1,157
Inadequate Functional Health Literacy Among Patients at Two Public Hospitals
Williams, M. V. (1995) · JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association · doi:10.1001/jama.1995.03530210031026 · Cited by 1,068
Deary, I. J., Whiteman, M. C., Starr, J. M., Whalley, L. J., & Fox, H. C. (2004) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.86.1.130 · Cited by 809
Self-citationGottfredson, L. S. (2004) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.86.1.174 · Cited by 580
Self-citationLongitudinal cohort study of childhood IQ and survival up to age 76
Whalley, L. J., & Deary, I. J. (2001) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.322.7290.819 · Cited by 496
Self-citationIntelligence: A Very Short Introduction
Deary, I. J. (2020) · doi:10.1093/actrade/9780198796206.001.0001 · Cited by 253
Self-citationThe General Factor of Intelligence: How General Is It?
(2002) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410613165 · Cited by 233
Hart, C. L., Taylor, M. D., Davey Smith, G., Whalley, L. J., Starr, J. M., Hole, D. J., Wilson, V., & Deary, I. J. (2003) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000088584.82822.86 · Cited by 221
Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Gottfredson L.S, 1998, Scientific American Presents, 9, 24
- Gottfredson L.S., Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Cited by
Our future: a Lancet commission on adolescent health and wellbeing
Patton, G. C., Sawyer, S. M., Santelli, J. S., Ross, D. A., Afifi, R., Allen, N. B., Arora, M., Azzopardi, P., Baldwin, W., Bonell, C., et al. (2016) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)00579-1 · Cited by 3,785
Improving fluid intelligence with training on working memory
Jaeggi, S. M., Buschkuehl, M., Jonides, J., & Perrig, W. J. (2008) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0801268105 · Cited by 2,187
Understanding differences in health behaviors by education
Cutler, D. M., & Lleras-Muney, A. (2010) · Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2009.10.003 · Cited by 1,920
Education and cognitive functioning across the life span
Lövdén, M., Fratiglioni, L., Glymour, M. M., Lindenberger, U., & Tucker-Drob, E. M. (2020) · Psychological Science in the Public Interest · doi:10.1177/1529100620920576 · Cited by 1,224
U.S. Disparities in Health: Descriptions, Causes, and Mechanisms
Adler, N. E., & Rehkopf, D. H. (2008) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.29.020907.090852 · Cited by 1,212
Metadata
- Authors
- Gottfredson, L. S., & Deary, I. J.
- Venue
- Current Directions in Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2004-02
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-4
- ISSN
- 0963-7214 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-8721
- OpenAlex
- W2140125999
- Cited by
- 623
- References
- 21
- FWCI
- 24.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Intelligence Predicts Health and Longevity, but Why? https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1111/j.0963-7214.2004.01301001.x
- The paper
- Gottfredson, L. S., & Deary, I. J. (2004). Intelligence Predicts Health and Longevity, but Why? Current Directions in Psychological Science. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-7214.2004.01301001.x
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.