Understanding differences in health behaviors by education
Open accessAbstract
Using a variety of data sets from two countries, we examine possible explanations for the relationship between education and health behaviors, known as the education gradient. We show that income, health insurance, and family background can account for about 30 percent of the gradient. Knowledge and measures of cognitive ability explain an additional 30 percent. Social networks account for another 10 percent. Our proxies for discounting, risk aversion, or the value of future do not account for any of the education gradient, and neither do personality factors such as a sense of control of oneself or over one's life.
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Social determinants of health are key drivers of mortality.
“this finding is supported by many studies showing that social determinants of health are key drivers of mortality,50, 51, 52, 53, 54”
From Global age-sex-specific mortality, life expectancy, and population estimates in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1950–2021, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 (2024) · cites this paper as [51]
Among US adults, the prevalence of several risk behaviors is generally higher among those with fewer than nine years of formal education, begins to decline among those with nine to 12 years, and continues to decline with additional years of education.
“the prevalence of several risk behaviors is generally higher among those with fewer than nine years of formal education, begins to decline among those who have nine to 12 years of formal education, and continues to decline with additional years of education”
From Education improves public health and promotes health equity (2015) · cites this paper as [28]
There is strong evidence of a dose response between years of education and many health-related risk and protective behaviors among US adults.
“There is also strong evidence of a dose response between years of education and many health-related risk and protective behaviors among US adults.”
From Education improves public health and promotes health equity (2015) · cites this paper as [28]
Similar results are found by Cutler and Lleras-Muney, who use different sources to assess associations between educational attainment, health behaviors, and mortality in the United States and Great Britain.
“Similar results are found by Cutler and Lleras-Muney,28 who use different sources to assess associations between educational attainment, health behaviors, and mortality in the United States and Great Britain.”
From Education improves public health and promotes health equity (2015) · cites this paper as [28]
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- Elias JJ The Effects of Ability and Family Background on Non-Monetary Returns to Education Ph.D. dissertation 2004 University of Chicago
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“Furthermore, education can enhance the acquisition of knowledge, values and priorities as well as the capacity to plan for the future and to allocate resources efficiently (Cutler & Lleras-Muney, 2010; Kenkel, 1991).”
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“They have generally found both a substantial causal role of schooling and a strong tendency for schooling to select for factors such as cognitive ability and early life stability that also drive smoking rates.(7,8) Poverty”
BackgroundSocioeconomic Status and Health: Dimensions and Mechanisms
Cutler, D., Lleras‐Muney, A., & Vogl, T. (2008) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w14333 · Cited by 382 · see citing works
“Individuals of greater wealth and education enjoy better health not because of some process affecting the individual in 24 Interestingly, Maccini and Yang (2007) do not find evidence of this effect for men. isolation but rather because of the individual’s position in a social hierarchy.25 These theories posit that low…”
InfluentialSelf-citationReturns to Education: The Causal Effects of Education on Earnings, Health, and Smoking
Heckman, J. J., Humphries, J. E., & Veramendi, G. F. (2018) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/698760 · Cited by 367 · see citing works
“5 For example, Cutler and Lleras-Muney (2010) apply model (1) to estimate the causal effect of education on health.”
The Causal Effect of Education on Health: What is the Role of Health Behaviors?
Brunello, G., Fort, M., Schneeweis, N. E., & Winter‐Ebmer, R. (2012) · Health Economics · doi:10.1002/hec.3141 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
“There is abundant evidence that a gradient exists (Cutler and Lleras-Muney, 2010).”
Non-Production Benefits of Education: Crime, Health, and Good Citizenship
Lochner, L. (2011) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w16722 · Cited by 343 · see citing works
“Despite these findings, evidence by Kenkel (1991) and Cutler and Lleras-Muney (2010) suggests that differences in health-specific knowledge by education account for only small differences in behavior.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialAn economy of scales: A selective review of obesity's economic causes, consequences, and solutions
Cawley, J. (2015) · Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2015.03.001 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Goldrick‐Rab, S., Kelchen, R., Harris, D. N., & Benson, J. (2016) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/685442 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
The Benefits of Attending Community College: A Review of the Evidence
Belfield, C., & Bailey, T. (2011) · Community College Review · doi:10.1177/0091552110395575 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
“Using the National Health Interview Surveys from 1990 to 2000, Cutler and Lleras-Muney (2010) estimated the health impacts of additional years of education (controlling for covariates).”
MethodEducation, HIV, and Early Fertility: Experimental Evidence from Kenya
Duflo, E., Dupas, P., & Kremer, M. (2015) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.20121607 · Cited by 369 · see citing works
“[11] Cutler, David, and Adriana Lleras-Muney (2010).”
Fundamental Causality: Challenges of an Animating Concept for Medical Sociology
Jeremy Freese, A., & Lutfey, K. (2010) · Handbooks of sociology and social research · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-7261-3_4 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Changes in compulsory schooling and the causal effect of education on health: Evidence from Germany
Kemptner, D., Jürges, H., & Reinhold, S. (2011) · Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2011.01.004 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Friis, K., Lasgaard, M., Rowlands, G., Osborne, R. H., & Maindal, H. T. (2016) · Journal of Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10810730.2016.1201175 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
“For instance, individuals with low educational attainment may have poorer health behaviors because they face different constraints, have different beliefs about the impact of their behavior, or have different norms than individuals with higher levels of education (Cutler & Lleras-Muney, 2010).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialQin, X., Wang, S., & Hsieh, C. (2016) · China Economic Review · doi:10.1016/j.chieco.2016.04.001 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Akuoko, C. P., Armah, E., Sarpong, T., Quansah, D. Y., Amankwaa, I., & Boateng, D. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0171024 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Chankrajang, T., & Muttarak, R. (2017) · Ecological Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2016.09.015 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
“Furthermore, education enhances the acquisition of knowledge, values and priorities as well as the capacity to plan for the future and efficiency in allocation of resources (Cutler and Lleras-Muney, 2010; Kenkel, 1991).”
BackgroundFadlon, I., & Nielsen, T. H. (2019) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.20171993 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
“…we include education as the best predictor included in our data that has been shown to strongly correlate with this behavior (see, e.g., Cutler and Lleras-Muney 2010).20 Then, we match to each spouse a measure of his or her underlying risk based on the predicted probability of a…”
Hayward, M. D., Hummer, R. A., & Sasson, I. E. (2014) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.11.024 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Damiani, G., Basso, D., Acampora, A., Bianchi, C. B. N. A., Silvestrini, G., Frisicale, E. M., Sassi, F., & Ricciardi, W. (2015) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.09.011 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Estimating the relation between health and education: What do we know and what do we need to know?
Eide, E. R., & Showalter, M. H. (2011) · Economics of Education Review · doi:10.1016/j.econedurev.2011.03.009 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Education and Health: Insights from International Comparisons
Cutler, D., & Lleras‐Muney, A. (2012) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w17738 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Self-citationDrivers of the fatal drug epidemic
Ruhm, C. J. (2019) · Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2019.01.001 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Education Development in China: Education Return, Quality, and Equity
Guo, L., Huang, J., & You, Z. (2019) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su11133750 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
“There is abundant research studying the relationship between education and health, finding evidence that an ‘health–education gradient’ exists [22].”
BackgroundLife Course Pathways to Racial Disparities in Cognitive Impairment among Older Americans
Zhang, Z., Hayward, M. D., & Yu, Y.-L. (2016) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/0022146516645925 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Why Do College Graduates Behave More Healthfully Than Those Who Are Less Educated?
Lawrence, E. (2017) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/0022146517715671 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
The Impact of the Great Migration on Mortality of African Americans: Evidence from the Deep South
Black, D. A., Sanders, S., Taylor, E. J., & Taylor, L. J. (2015) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.20120642 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Lastrucci, V., Lorini, C., Caini, S., & Bonaccorsi, G. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0227007 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
“However, the entire pathway by which SES exerts its effect on health has not yet been completely elucidated [4].”
BackgroundMontez, J. K., Zajacova, A., Hayward, M. D., Woolf, S. H., Chapman, D. A., & Beckfield, J. (2019) · Demography · doi:10.1007/s13524-018-0750-z · Cited by 185 · see citing works
“Explanations for educational disparities in health and mortality typically point to the ways in which schooling provides individuals the agency and human capital to acquire resources and avoid risks for mortality (Cutler and Lleras-Muney 2010; Mirowsky and Ross 2003).”
Higher Education and Health Investments: Does More Schooling Affect Preventive Health Care Use?
Fletcher, J. M., & Frisvold, D. (2009) · Journal of Human Capital · doi:10.1086/645090 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Bonaccio, M., Castelnuovo, A. F. D., Costanzo, S., Lucia, F. D., Olivieri, M., Donati, M. B., de Gaetano, G., Iacoviello, L., & Bonanni, A. (2013) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2013.04.026 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Understanding the Relationship Between Education and Health
Zimmerman, E., & Woolf, S. H. (2014) · NAM Perspectives · doi:10.31478/201406a · Cited by 181 · see citing works
“Examining competing explanations for the education gradient in health behaviors, Cutler and Lleras-Muney (2010) find evidence for the importance of resources, cognitive ability (especially how one processes information), and social integration.”
BackgroundNeighborhood Sanitation and Infant Mortality
Geruso, M., & Spears, D. (2018) · American Economic Journal Applied Economics · doi:10.1257/app.20150431 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Health literacy and its effect on chronic disease prevention: evidence from China’s data
Liu, L., Qian, X., Chen, Z., & He, T. (2020) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-020-08804-4 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Cardiovascular diseases in Africa in the twenty-first century: Gaps and priorities going forward
Minja, N. W., Nakagaayi, D., Aliku, T. O., Zhang, W., Ssinabulya, I., Nabbaale, J., Amutuhaire, W., de Loizaga, S. R., Ndagire, E., Rwebembera, J., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2022.1008335 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
“In terms of risk factors, those with more years of schooling are less likely to be involved in risk behaviors such as excessive drinking and smoking (175).”
BackgroundUnderstanding the Early Origins of the Education–Health Gradient
Conti, G., & Heckman, J. J. (2010) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691610383502 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
“…& Friedman, 2008; Roberts, Harms, Smith, Wood, & Webb, 2006; and Roberts, Kuncel, Shiner, Caspi, & Goldberg, 2007), economists have just started to explore the effects of personality traits on health (Kaestner, 2009) and health-related behaviors (Cutler & Lleras-Muney, 2010; Heckman et al., 2006).”
Hammer, J. S., & Spears, D. (2016) · Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2016.03.003 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
“Health-education gradients have been documented in many contexts (Cutler and Lleras-Muney, 2010; Vogl, 2012).”
Mental health effects of education
Kondirolli, F., & Sunder, N. (2022) · Health Economics · doi:10.1002/hec.4565 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
“This is consistent with other studies estimating the causal impact of education on health ( Agüero & Bharadwaj, 2014; Cutler & Lleras-Muney, 2010 ) and mental health specifically ( Dursun & Cesur, 2016 ).”
ResultSocial Determinants and the Decline of Cardiovascular Diseases: Understanding the Links
Harper, S. B., Lynch, J. W., & Smith, G. D. (2011) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031210-101234 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
The Causal Effect of Education on Body Mass: Evidence from Europe
Brunello, G., Fabbri, D., & Fort, M. (2012) · Journal of Labor Economics · doi:10.1086/667236 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Energy poverty and public health: Global evidence
Pan, L., Biru, A. G., & Lettu, S. (2021) · Energy Economics · doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2021.105423 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
“This is consistent with our benchmark results, as well as the findings of Winkleby et al. (1992) and Cutler and Lleras-Muney (2010), who argue that early childhood education is beneficial for health outcomes.”
ResultNeve, J. D., Fink, G., Subramanian, S. V., Moyo, S. M., & Bor, J. H. (2015) · The Lancet Global Health · doi:10.1016/s2214-109x(15)00087-x · Cited by 161 · see citing works
High Risk of Depression in High-Income African American Boys
Assari, S., & Caldwell, C. H. (2017) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-017-0426-1 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Does children's education matter for parents’ health and cognition? Evidence from China
Ma, M. (2019) · Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2019.06.004 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Tanner, N. T., Gebregziabher, M., Halbert, C. H., Payne, E., Egede, L. E., & Silvestri, G. A. (2015) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.201502-0259oc · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Manne‐Goehler, J., Atun, R. A., Stokes, A. C., Goehler, A., Houinato, D. S., Houéhanou, C., Hambou, M. M. S., Mbenza, B. L., Sobngwi, E., Balde, N. M., et al. (2016) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(16)30181-4 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Parental Warmth and Flourishing in Mid-life
Chen, Y., Kubzansky, L., & VanderWeele, T. (2018) · Social Science & Medicine (1967) · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.10.026 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Rawshani, A., Svensson, A., Zethelius, B., Eliasson, B., Rosengren, A., & Guðbjörnsdóttir, S. (2016) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.2940 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Socioeconomic status. The relationship with health and autoimmune diseases
Calixto, O.-J., & Anaya, J. (2014) · Autoimmunity Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2013.12.002 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
“Educational attainment affects occupational class, which in turn contributes to income, and these differences in earnings could affect health [41,45].”
BackgroundFrom Child to Parent? The Significance of Children’s Education for Their Parents’ Longevity
Torssander, J. (2012) · Demography · doi:10.1007/s13524-012-0155-3 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
“At the individual level, it has been suggested that education increases individuals’ understanding of health issues, or at least that schooling improves skills that enable them to apply messages about health to their own lifestyles (Cutler and Lleras-Muney 2010).”
BackgroundEducation and Health: Redrawing the Preston Curve
Lutz, W., & Kebede, E. B. (2018) · Population and Development Review · doi:10.1111/padr.12141 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Education, HIV, and Early Fertility: Experimental Evidence from Kenya
Duflo, E., Pascaline Dupas, Y., & Kremer, M. R. (2014) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w20784 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Assari, S. (2016) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-016-0239-7 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Compulsory schooling reforms, education and mortality in twentieth century Europe
Gathmann, C., Jürges, H., & Reinhold, S. (2014) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.01.037 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
“For example, it is well-known that education shows a strong empirical correlation with various health measures and mortality (Grossman 2006; Cutler and Lleras-Muney, 2010).”
BackgroundEconomic Growth, Globalisation and Beer Consumption
Colen, L., & Swinnen, J. (2015) · Journal of Agricultural Economics · doi:10.1111/1477-9552.12128 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Why Is Infant Mortality Higher in the United States than in Europe?
Chen, A. J., Oster, E. F., & Williams, H. (2016) · American Economic Journal Economic Policy · doi:10.1257/pol.20140224 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Evaluating the 2014 sugar-sweetened beverage tax in Chile: An observational study in urban areas
Nakamura, R., Mirelman, A. J., Cuadrado, C., Silva-Illanes, N., Dunstan, J., & Suhrcke, M. (2018) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002596 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
“, that certain beverages are deemed unhealthy) [37].”
BackgroundEducational inequalities in longevity among OECD countries around 2016
Murtin, F., & Lübker, C. (2022) · OECD papers on well-being and inequalities · doi:10.1787/5faaa751-en · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Oates, G. R., Jackson, B. E., Partridge, E. E., Singh, K., Fouad, M. N., & Bae, S. (2016) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2016.09.004 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Galama, T. J., Lleras‐Muney, A., & van Kippersluis, H. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190625979.013.7 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
“Among poor countries, education is associated with higher weight, but the relationship becomes negative as countries get richer and fatter (Cutler and Lleras-Muney 2014). Thus the effect of education depends on the stage of the “nutrition transition": in countries where nutrition levels are low and infectious disease…”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe Economics of Risky Health Behaviors
Cawley, J., & Ruhm, C. J. (2011) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w17081 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Fleurbaey, M., & Schokkaert, E. (2011) · Handbook of health economics · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-53592-4.00016-5 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
“We also know that there is an education gradient in health behaviors, and that this gradient is explained to some extent by differences in cognitive abilities (Cutler and Lleras-Muney 2010).”
BackgroundWhen does education matter? The protective effect of education for cohorts graduating in bad times
Cutler, D., Huang, W., & Lleras‐Muney, A. (2014) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.07.056 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
“Education is associated with overall better mental health and higher rates of health-promoting behaviors (Cutler and Lleras-Muney 2010b): we hypothesize this association is larger for those graduating in bad times.”
Self-citationBraakmann, N. (2011) · Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2011.05.015 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Galama, T. J., Lleras‐Muney, A., & van Kippersluis, H. (2018) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w24225 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Self-citationEducational Differences in Healthy Behavior Changes and Adherence Among Middle-aged Americans
Margolis, R. (2013) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/0022146513489312 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
“E-mail: rachel.margolis@uwo.ca”
Early life exposure to malaria and cognition in adulthood: Evidence from Mexico
Venkataramani, A. S. (2012) · Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2012.06.003 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
The effect of college education on mortality
Buckles, K., Hagemann, A., Malamud, O., Morrill, M. S., & Wozniak, A. K. (2016) · Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2016.08.002 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
“However, there is substantial debate about whether these associations actually represent causal effects (see the reviews by Grossman, 2006, Cutler and Lleras-Muney, 2010, and Mazumder, 2012 ).”
BackgroundThe Economics of Risky Health Behaviors
Cawley, J., & Ruhm, C. J. (2011) · Handbook of health economics · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-53592-4.00003-7 · Cited by 450 · see citing works
Kraft, P., & Kraft, B. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.05.019 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Health Outcomes and Socio-economic Status Among the Elderly in China: Evidence from the CHARLS Pilot
Strauss, J., Lei, X., Park, A. F., Shen, Y. G., Smith, J. P., Yang, Z., & Zhao, Y. (2010) · Journal of Population Ageing · doi:10.1007/s12062-011-9033-9 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
“This view that the principal direction of causation flows almost exclusively from SES to health has been challenged (Cutler and Lleras-Muney 2010; Lleras-Muney 2005; Smith 1999; Strauss 1986, 1993; Strauss and Thomas 1995, 1998, 2008; Thomas and Strauss 1997; Thomas 2010).”
The developmental origins of health
Heckman, J. J. (2011) · Health Economics · doi:10.1002/hec.1802 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Does schooling affect health behavior? Evidence from the educational expansion in Western Germany
Jürges, H., Reinhold, S., & Salm, M. (2011) · Economics of Education Review · doi:10.1016/j.econedurev.2011.04.002 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
The Effect of Education on Adult Health and Mortality: Evidence from Britain
Clark, D., & Royer, H. (2010) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w16013 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
“Among those with exactly a high school degree, the analogous figure was 14.4 percent.3 As shown by Banks et al. (2006) and Cutler & Lleras-Muney (2007), similar patterns can be found in the UK.”
BackgroundInfluentialSmith, J. P., Strauss, J. A., & Zhao, Y. (2014) · The Journal of the Economics of Ageing · doi:10.1016/j.jeoa.2014.08.006 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Zhao, W., Ammous, F., Ratliff, S., Liu, J., Yu, M., Mosley, T. H., Kardia, S. L. R., & Smith, J. A. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16173141 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Silins, E., Fergusson, D. M., Patton, G. C., Horwood, L. J., Olsson, C. A., Hutchinson, D. M., Degenhardt, L. J., Tait, R. J., Borschmann, R., Coffey, C., et al. (2015) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.08.034 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
The socioeconomic gradient in physical inactivity: Evidence from one million adults in England
Farrell, L., Hollingsworth, B. P., Propper, C., & Shields, M. A. (2014) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.10.039 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
“Individuals who are better educated may also be more aware of the consequences of inactivity and bettermotivated to overcome the changes brought about by technological change (Cutler and Lleras-Muney, 2010).”
BackgroundCorsi, D. J., Boyle, M. H., Lear, S. A., Chow, C. K., Teo, K. K., & Subramanian, S. V. (2013) · Cancer Causes & Control · doi:10.1007/s10552-013-0307-9 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
A Theory of Socio-economic Disparities in Health over the Life Cycle
Galama, T. J., & van Kippersluis, H. (2018) · The Economic Journal · doi:10.1111/ecoj.12577 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
“Plausibly, this represents the dominant effect,25 consistent with wealthy individuals behaving healthier (e.g., Cutler and Lleras-Muney, 2010; Cutler, Lleras-Muney and Vogl, 2011; Cawley and Ruhm, 2012), and consistent with less affluent individuals responding more strongly to an unanticipated…”
Does more education lead to better health habits? Evidence from the school reforms in Australia
Li, J., & Powdthavee, N. (2014) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.07.021 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Deaths of Despair in Comparative Perspective
KING, L. P., Scheiring, G., & Nosrati, E. (2022) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev-soc-030320-031757 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Cannabis Use and Suicidal Ideation
OURS, J. C. V., Williams, J., Fergusson, D. M., & Horwood, L. J. (2012) · Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2013.02.002 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
“Given the enduring impact of education on health, the deficits induced non-fatal suicidal behaviors in youth are likely to have a long lived and cumulative impact on lifetime health and wellbeing (Cutler and Lleras-Muney, 2010).”
BackgroundHealth, Height, Height Shrinkage, and SES at Older Ages: Evidence from China()
Huang, W., Lei, X., Ridder, G., Strauss, J., & Zhao, Y. (2013) · PubMed Central · doi:10.1257/app.5.2.86 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
- Authors
- Cutler, D. M., & Lleras-Muney, A.
- Affiliations
- National Bureau of Economic Research (US)
- ORCID
- Cutler, David M.
- Venue
- Journal of Health Economics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-01
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-28
- ISSN
- 0167-6296 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2824018
- OpenAlex
- W2164662768
- Cited by
- 1,920
- References
- 72
- Citations by year
- 2026: 137 · 2025: 153 · 2024: 120 · 2023: 124 · 2022: 142 · 2021: 142 · 2020: 139 · 2019: 130 · 2018: 130 · 2017: 119 · 2016: 101 · 2015: 127 · 2014: 121 · 2013: 79 · 2012: 79
- FWCI
- 52.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Health Economics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (P01AG005842)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R24HD041022)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Intergenerational and Educational Inequality Studies
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Healthcare Policy and Management
- Keywords
- education gradient, health behavior, income, health insurance, family background, health knowledge, cognitive ability, social networks, risk aversion, discounting, perceived control, cross-national comparison
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Educational Status, Female, Humans, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Male, Middle Aged, United States, Health Behavior, Databases, Factual, Risk Reduction Behavior
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