Intelligence: is it the epidemiologists’ elusive “fundamental cause” of social class inequalities in health?

Gottfredson, Linda S.

doi:10.1037/0022-3514.86.1.174

Cited by 580Health disparities and outcomesPublic Health and Social InequalitiesCognitive Abilities and Testing

Intelligence: is it the epidemiologists’ elusive “fundamental cause” of social class inequalities in health?

Gottfredson, Linda S.·2004·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

DOI 10.1037/0022-3514.86.1.174

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Abstract

Virtually all indicators of physical health and mental competence favor persons of higher socioeconomic status (SES). Conventional theories in the social sciences assume that the material disadvantages of lower SES are primarily responsible for these inequalities, either directly or by inducing psychosocial harm. These theories cannot explain, however, why the relation between SES and health outcomes (knowledge, behavior, morbidity, and mortality) is not only remarkably general across time, place, disease, and kind of health system but also so finely graded up the entire SES continuum. Epidemiologists have therefore posited, but not yet identified, a more general "fundamental cause" of health inequalities. This article concatenates various bodies of evidence to demonstrate that differences in general intelligence (g) may be that fundamental cause.

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As children's intelligence predicts later socio-economic success better than parents' attributes, Glazer and Konrad's finding is consistent with the claim that altruism and IQ are related.
“As children's intelligence predicts later socio-economic success better than parents' attributes (Gottfredson, 2004), Glazer and Konrads W nding is consistent with our claim that altruism and IQ are related.”
From Altruistic behavior as a costly signal of general intelligence (2007) · cites this paper as Gottfredson, 2004

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Retracted
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Intelligence: Is It the Epidemiologists’ Elusive “Fundamental Cause
Gottfredson, L. S. (2004)
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Authors: Gottfredson, L. S.
Affiliations: University of Delaware (US)
Corresponding author: Gottfredson, Linda S.
ORCID: Gottfredson, Linda S.
Venue: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2004
Volume: 86
Issue: 1
Pages: 174-199
ISSN: 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
1939-1315
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.86.1.174
OpenAlex: W2141185279
Cited by: 580
References: 189
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 34 · 2013: 32 · 2012: 21
FWCI: 28.15
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
Social Sciences › Health › Public Health and Social Inequalities
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
Keywords: intelligence, socioeconomic status, health disparities, fundamental causes, psychosocial factors, material disadvantage
MeSH terms: Age Factors, Health Status, Humans, Intelligence, Social Class

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Intelligence: is it the epidemiologists’ elusive “fundamental cause” of social class inequalities in health?

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