The DOI matches its Crossref record; 31 of the 31 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 21 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Unemployment Alters the Set Point for Life Satisfaction
Open accessAbstract
According to set-point theories of subjective well-being, people react to events but then return to baseline levels of happiness and satisfaction over time. We tested this idea by examining reaction and adaptation to unemployment in a 15-year longitudinal study of more than 24,000 individuals living in Germany. In accordance with set-point theories, individuals reacted strongly to unemployment and then shifted back toward their baseline levels of life satisfaction. However, on average, individuals did not completely return to their former levels of satisfaction, even after they became reemployed. Furthermore, contrary to expectations from adaptation theories, people who had experienced unemployment in the past did not react any less negatively to a new bout of unemployment than did people who had not been previously unemployed. These results suggest that although life satisfaction is moderately stable over time, life events can have a strong influence on long-term levels of subjective well-being.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
22 Own result · 8 Sources not found · 8 Own interpretation · 6 Own method · 6 No basis given · 5 No full text of the sources · 4 Not checked yet
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the reaction phase added significantly to the prediction ( = .69,S.E.= .08,t = 9.09, p < .001)when both average baseline satisfaction and average reaction phase satisfaction were entered into the equation.”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Table 1 shows that, on average, people do not return to baseline levels long after the period of unemployment has ended”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the reaction parameter correlated .67 with the adaptation parameter”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“within-person changes in income had a significant and substantial positive effect on people's life satisfaction over the course of the study (a coefficient of .40)”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“even after controlling for this effect, people become over one-half of a point less satisfied during the reaction phase of unemployment.”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The moderator analyses show that none of the person-level characteristics influenced this within-person adaptation parameter.”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“people's average income moderates the effect of within-person changes in income -the higher a respondent's average income, the less changes in income influence life satisfaction.”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, on average, individuals did not completely return to their former levels of life satisfaction, even after they became re-employed.”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“People with higher incomes began the study with higher levels of life satisfaction”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, even individuals who dropped dramatically after unemployment showed some rebound toward baseline, not the pattern we would expect from a downward spiral due to internal causes.”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 23
- Probably not a substantial claim. 17
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, reactions to unemployment were similar regardless of sex, age, income, or length of time one remained unemployed.”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the individual level, people's set-point changed in that some individuals' life satisfaction increased slightly after adaptation to the unemployment experience, whereas other people's life satisfaction stayed substantially lower even after many years.”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Initial baseline levels of satisfaction correlated -.11 with the reactivity parameter and -.30 with the adaptation parameter.”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Within-person analyses showed, however, that there are considerable individual differences in reaction and adaptation to unemployment.”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“although the adaptation parameter is significantly smaller than the reaction parameter ( 2 = 6.57, df = 1, p < .05),which shows that people do start shifting back towards baseline during the adaptation phase”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Table 1 shows that the respondents who met our selection criteria were approximately onequarter of a point higher than average on life satisfaction before they became unemployed.”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“It is important to note, however, that an event such as unemployment does not have the same meaning or influence on everyone -there are clear individual differences in reactions to these events”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Discussion
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Satisfaction in the baseline period correlated .73 and .62 with satisfaction in the reactivity and adaptation periods, respectively.Satisfaction in the reactivity period correlated .80 with satisfaction in the adaptation phase.”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although there was substantial stability in life satisfaction over the years, unemployment did influence long-term levels, thus suggesting that in addition to personality, long-term subjective well-being can also be influenced by life circumstances.”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Abstract
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In accordance with set-point theory, individuals first reacted strongly to unemployment and then shifted back toward their former (or”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, prior to unemployment, the individuals who would eventually become unemployed reported a high level of life satisfaction, and did not show evidence of lower levels that would likely result from initial problems with alcohol, dysphoria, and so forth.”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Second, it should also be noted that Lucas, Clark, Georgellis, and Diener (2001) found that widows show a sharp decline in life satisfaction and do not on average return to their former levels even after five years”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Lucas, Clark, Georgellis, and Diener (2001)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Our data show strong temporal stability in life satisfaction, which is compatible with the idea of a strong temperament influence (Tellegen et al., 1988).”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Tellegen et al., 1988
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Research shows that these variables are moderately to strongly stable over time and often change only slightly following major life events.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Diener, Suh, Lucas, & Smith, 1999 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This indicates that although the baseline phase captures a substantial amount of variance in the adaptation level, satisfaction during the reaction phase adds variance to the prediction of one's eventual adaptation level.”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Results
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the aggregate level, people were less satisfied long after unemployment, suggesting that the event lowered the average set-point of these respondents.”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Discussion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because of certain trends in the data, we centered life satisfaction scores within each year of the survey and within four sub-samples of the larger population (West Germans, East Germans, immigrants to Germany, and foreigners living in Germany; see Lucas et al., for details).”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Method
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For example, longitudinal studies have shown that happiness prospectively predicts higher income levels (e.g., Diener, Nickerson, Lucas, & Sandvik, 2001;Marks & Fleming, 1999), better health (Danner & Snowdon, 2001), and the experience of various positive life events (Magnus, Diener, & Fujita, 1996).”
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“They found that people often showed incomplete adaptation to marital transitions.Furthermore, Lucas et al. demonstrated that there were considerable individual differences in these reactions, and that the strength with which one reacted to an event was strong predictor of whether or not he or she would ever completely adapt.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Lucas, Clark, Georgellis, and Diener (2001)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In a later study, Lykken and Tellegen (1996) concluded that about 80 percent of the variance in long-term levels of SWB could be attributed to inborn temperament.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lykken and Tellegen (1996) source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“participants were asked how satisfied they were with their lives at the time of the survey, using a scale that ranged from 0 to 10.”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Method
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Households were selected using multi-stage random sampling, and all members of each selected household were asked to participate.”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Method
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Haisken-De New & Frick, 1998
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Previous cross-sectional studies of unemployment have shown that unemployed individuals tend to be substantially less happy than employed individuals (Argyle, 2001;Clark and Oswald, 1994).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Argyle, 2001
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Clark and Oswald, 1994 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“According to this theory, people initially react to events, but then return to baseline levels of well-being that are determined by personality factors.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Headey & Wearing, 1992
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unfortunately, neither of these designs is ideal because pre-event levels of SWB are not known. Thus, these designs cannot determine whether people return to pre-event levels of SWB.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Researchers have therefore claimed that people have inborn SWB”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Headey & Wearing, 1992
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the multi-level modeling analytic technique allows participants to contribute to the estimate of parameters, even if they do not have complete data.Therefore, the 1,119 participants contribute to the fixed part of the model, but only the 669 participants with complete data contribute to the estimate of correlations among parameters.”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Method
plainn = 1,119- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Furthermore, personality and temperament variables seem to play a strong role in determining individuals' levels of SWB (Diener & Lucas, 1999).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Diener & Lucas, 1999 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We should note that this model requires that all participants contribute data for at least two years before and after their period of unemployment, a criterion that is more restrictive than our initial selection criterion.Six hundred sixty-nine respondents met this more restrictive selection criterion.”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Method
plainn = 669- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Tellegen et al. (1988), for example, used a twin study design to show that genes account for about half of the variance in positive and negative affect.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Tellegen et al. (1988)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Costa, McCrae, and Zonderman (1987) showed that the stability of SWB does not seem to be affected by the events that happen to people-individuals who experienced major life events exhibited similar long-term test-retest reliability on SWB measures as did those who experienced no such major life events.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Costa, McCrae, and Zonderman (1987) source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Surveys were conducted yearly using face-to-face interviews.”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Method
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Suh, Diener, and Fujita (1996) estimated that most life events affect SWB for less than two months”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Suh, Diener, and Fujita (1996) source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants were selected from the larger sample if they began the study employed, experienced one period of unemployment during the study, regained employment, and then stayed employed for the remainder of the study.”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Method
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“More specifically, SWB could be used to make a strong case for unemployment programmes given the significant reduction in SWB associated with any periods of unemployment (Clark et al., 2004;Clark, 2010).”
From Measuring Subjective Wellbeing: Recommendations on Measures for use by National Governments (2012) · cites this paper as Clark et al., 2004
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Employment may be associated with positive outcomes such as increased physical and mental health [11–13].”
From Supported employment: Meta-analysis and review of randomized controlled trials of individual placement and support (2019) · cites this paper as [11]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“| Intercept, 10 | -0.537 | 0.049 | 8.116 <0.001 | |”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Discussion
Reported 8.116 · recomputed -10.959184
Citations
Cites
Hierarchical Linear Models: Applications and Data Analysis Methods.
Longford, N. T., Bryk, A. S., & Raudenbush, S. W. (1993) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2075823 · Cited by 18,773
Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress.
Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. (1999) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.125.2.276 · Cited by 12,910
Self-citationWell-being : the foundations of hedonic psychology
Kahneman, D. J., Diener, E. F., & Schwarz, N. (1999) · Cited by 7,472
Self-citationHierarchical Linear Models: Applications and Data Analysis Methods.
Goldstein, H., Bryk, A. S., & Raudenbush, S. W. (1993) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2290750 · Cited by 3,320
Introducing Multilevel Modeling
Kreft, I., & de Leeuw, J. (1998) · doi:10.4135/9781849209366 · Cited by 2,997
Clark, A. E., & Oswald, A. J. (1994) · The Economic Journal · doi:10.2307/2234639 · Cited by 2,562
Self-citationLottery winners and accident victims: is happiness relative?
Brickman, P., Coates, D., & Janoff-Bulman, R. (1978) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.36.8.917 · Cited by 2,225
Happiness Is a Stochastic Phenomenon
Lykken, D., & Tellegen, A. (1996) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1996.tb00355.x · Cited by 1,719
Lottery winners and accident victims: Is happiness relative?
Brickman, P., Coates, D., & Janoff‐Bulman, R. (1978) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.36.8.917 · Cited by 1,707
Personality and Subjective Well-Being
Richard, E., & Diener, E. (2009) · Social indicators research series · doi:10.1007/978-90-481-2350-6_4 · Cited by 1,615
Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- Haisken-De New J.P., 1998, Desktop companion to the German Socio-Economic Panel Study (GSOEP)
- Headey B., 1992, Understanding happiness: A theory of subjective well-being
- Kahneman D., 1999, Well-being: The foundations of hedonic psychology, 3
- Raudenbush S.W., 2000, HLM 5
- Seligman M.E.P., 2002, Authentic happiness: Using the new positive psychology to realize your potential for lasting fulfillment
- Silver R.L., 1982, Coping with an undesirable life event: A study of early reactions to physical disability
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 1,001–1,100 of 1,254
Mertens, A., & Beblo, M. (2013) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2317091 · Cited by 1
“In this paper we ask whether the recent financial market crisis has caused a deterioration of satisfaction not only for the unemployed but also for those out of the labour force and especially those in employment.”
Moschion, J., & Powdthavee, N. (2017) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3088298 · Cited by 1
Happy planet, happy people? The impact of pro-environmental behaviour on psychological well-being
van Ginkel, S. (2020) · Carleton University's Institutional Repository (MacOdrum Library, Carleton University) · doi:10.22215/etd/2020-14079 · Cited by 1
History of Events and Life-satisfaction in Transition Countries
Dabalen, A., & Paul, S. (2011) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e596462012-001 · Cited by 1
Thompson, P. W. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-393768/v1 · Cited by 2
“Multiple studies have reported on the strong correlation between satisfaction with marriage and positive life satisfaction, and satisfaction with employment and positive life satisfaction (Schimmack and Lucas, 2006; Lucas et al., 2004).”
BackgroundThe Big Five Across Socioeconomic Status: Measurement Invariance, Relationships, and Age TrendsPreprint
Hughes, B. T., Costello, C. K., Pearman, J., et al. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/wkhfx · Cited by 1
At the intersection of adverse life course pathways: the effects on health by nativity
Loi, S., Li, P., & Myrskylä, M. (2022) · doi:10.4054/mpidr-wp-2022-018 · Cited by 1
“Among the events that can have large adverse effects on a person’s health are job loss (Paul and Moser 2009; Leopold, Leopold, and Lechner 2017; Lucas et al. 2004) and divorce (Lucas 2005).”
BackgroundSocial Desirability and Central Tendency Bias in the Survey and Variation of Life SatisfactionPreprint
Klement, J. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1906292/v1 · Cited by 1
What Determines Household Expectations?Preprint
Singh, A., & Mitra, A. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4189773 · Cited by 1
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.002.0003 · Cited by 1
Reid, C. A., Avellone, L., Iwanaga, K., et al. (2025) · Journal of Life Care Planning · doi:10.70385/001c.128041 · Cited by 1
Gielen, A. C., & OURS, J. C. V. (2012) · Economica · doi:10.1111/ecca.12089
“This points to incomplete habituation, where previous unemployment experiences have permanent negative effects on individual well-being (e.g. Clark et al. (2001); Lucas et al. (2004); Clark, 2006; Clark et al. (2008)).”
The determinants of perceived overall securityPreprint
Garrone, G., & Ortona, G. (2013) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics
Pitkittäistutkimus paluumuuttajien odotusten toteutumisen vaikutuksesta psykologiseen sopeutumiseen
Leinonen, E. (2011) · Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja
Lewis, A. (2008) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511490118.001
Work involvement in the valuation of unemployment
Zijlmans, T. (2009) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University)
What is the shadow price of crime and bereavement to well-being?
Frijters, P., Johnston, D. W., & Shields, M. A. (2008)
Investigating a dynamic modular framework for subjective well-being
Busseri, M. A. (2009) · Brock University Digital Repository (Brock University)
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LIFE SATISFACTION AND SELF-BENEFICIAL BEHAVIORS by
Caldwell, A. E. (2014)
Psychological Implications of a Small Changes Approach to Weight Loss
Errickson, M. (2011) · The Scholarship East Carolina University's Institutional Repository (East Carolina University)
Life satisfaction and unemployment: an analisys from the Eurobarometer Survey
Rossi, I. R. (2012) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja)
Zigante, V. (2013) · London School of Economics and Political Science Theses Online (London School of Economics and Political Science)
Zubiak, J. (2014) · eSource (Dublin Business School)
Setting the Set Point: Initial Predictors of Life Satisfaction in Early AdulthoodPreprint
Trzcinski, E., & Holst, E. (2006) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics
Niza, C. F. (2007) · Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT)
Inequalities in objective and subjective social wellbeing
Western, M., & Tomaszewski, W. (2014)
Onnellisuuden pysyvyyden ja elämäntapahtumien väliset yhteydet keskiaikuisuudessa
Haapa-aho, S., & Koivulahti, H. (2009) · Jyväskylä University Digital Archive (University of Jyväskylä)
Meeting the occupational needs of people with chronic pain
Robinson, C. T., & Harmon, D. C. (2012) · Arrow@dit (Dublin Institute of Technology) · doi:10.34961/10331
Motherhood Situation and Life Satisfaction: Are Reasons for Having No Children Important?
Gentzler, K. C. (2011) · Lincoln (University of Nebraska)
Wie zufrieden macht die Arbeit?
Knabe, A., & Rätzel, S. (2008) · VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-531-91062-8_4
Grinde, B. (2012) · SpringerBriefs in well-being and quality of life research · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-4393-9_3
Freeman, R. B. (2010) · Revue internationale du Travail · doi:10.1111/j.1564-9121.2010.00082.x
Happiness surveys: exclusive guides for policy?
Tichy, G. J. (2014) · European Journal of Economics and Economic Policies Intervention · doi:10.4337/ejeep.2014.03.07
“The impact, however, levels off gradually due to the ‘adaptation effect’ (Clark/Oswald 1994), but the previous level of satisfaction is never attained, even in subsequent employment (Lucas et al. 2004).”
BackgroundFreeman, R. B. (2010) · Revista Internacional del Trabajo · doi:10.1111/j.1564-9148.2010.00082.x
Walker, A. (2008) · K-State Research Exchange (Kansas State University)
Chrostek, P. (2013) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics
Das Sozio-Oekonomische Panel (SOEP) : Gewinn für interdisziplinäre und psychologische ForschungPreprint
Trommsdorff, G. (2008) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics
Lonska, J. (2014) · SHS Web of Conferences · doi:10.1051/shsconf/20141000022
“…and positive changes in the non-transition ones 00022-p.5 (Alesina, Di Tella and MacCulloch 2004, Sanfey and Teksoz 2008), inflation and unemployment also leave a negative effect on people’s subjective well-being (Di Tella et al. 2001, Di Tella et al. 2003; Lelkes 2006, Lucas et al. 2004).”
BackgroundLife Satisfaction of City Dwellers and Migrators to the Rural Areas
Hong, S., Kim, J.-H., Kim, J.-J., Chang, C.-Y., & Tae, Y.-L. (2013) · Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning · doi:10.7851/ksrp.2013.19.4.237
“즉 삶의 객관 적인 조건이 충분히 마련되어 있어도 개인의 기대수준이 나 욕구단계에 따라 삶의 만족도는 다르게 나타날 수 있 으며(박성복, 2011), 개인의 삶의 중요한 변화나 사건에 따라서도 삶의 만족도는 영향을 받을 수 있다(Lucas et al., 2004).”
The Relationship Between Primary and Secondary Control and Eating Behaviour
de Souza, M. (2008) · Figshare
Well-being under conditions of abundance: Ireland from 1990-2007
Delaney, L. D. (2009) · Arrow@dit (Dublin Institute of Technology)
The lived experience of organ transplantation: Miracle or medicine?
O’Brien, G. (2014) · Murdoch University Research Portal
Learning the Student's Happiness Model Project Progress Report
Unoma, N. P., & Zeng, X. (2013)
A Longitudinal Study of Satisfaction with Different Areas of Life
Powdthavee, N. (2008)
Abteilung, W. (2008)
THE PSYCHOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN
Witte, H. D., & Rothmann, S. (2012)
Essays on Job Search Assistance
Dimova, S. (2014)
SHOULD WE BLAME THE GRADUATES FOR THEIR UNEMPLOYMENT? A HAPPINESS APPROACH
Lim, H. E., & Duan, H. (2015) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · doi:10.15057/27602
Häikiö, J. (2007) · Jyväskylä University Digital Archive (University of Jyväskylä)
Psycho-social experiences of infertile women.
Joshi, N., & Kang, T. K. (2014) · ASIAN JOURNAL OF HOME SCIENCE
Lebensqualität und Lebenslauf – eine nützliche Verschränkung für eine soziale Lebenslaufpolitik?
Weidekamp-Maiche, M. (2010) · VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-531-92214-0_6
Personality development in older age : a quasi-experimental, longitudinal field study
Mühlig-Versen, A. (2008)
A Microeconomic Analysis of Happiness and Life Satisfaction: A Statistical Study in GermanyPreprint
Ming-tao, L. (2010) · SSRN Electronic Journal
Essays in environmental and happiness economics
Otrachshenko, V. (2013) · Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT)
The Unemployment Agenda in Mental Health Services: The Therapist's Perspective
Khanom, J. (2015) · UEL Research Repository (University of East London) · doi:10.15123/pub.4699
“Research also indicates that youth unemployment has a long-term impact on people’s lives, for example a higher likelihood of being unemployed throughout life and working in comparatively lower paid jobs (Bell & Blanchflower, 2011; Clark, Georgellis & Sanfeym, 2001; Gregg & Tominey, 2003; Lucas et al., 2004).”
BackgroundO Peso e o Bem-Estar: Índice de Massa Corporal, Bem- Estar Subjetivo e o Florescimento Em Adultos.
Baptista, A., & da Vida, C. (2014)
For whom money matters less : patterns of connectedness and psychosocial resilience
Richards, L. (2015) · Research Explorer (The University of Manchester)
Clark, A. E., & Georgellis, Y. (2010)
Self-citationHva er lykke? En kvalitativ undersøkelse av lekpersonsforståelser.
Næss, C. A. (2013) · NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives
Luhmann, M. (2010) · Universitätsbibliothek der FU Berlin Hochschulschriftenstelle u. Dokumentenserver · doi:10.17169/refubium-10556
“After the onset of unemployment, the mean levels of SWB were significantly below baseline, even if people became reemployed (Lucas et al., 2004).”
BackgroundMethodResultMarum, G. (2012) · BIBSYS Brage (BIBSYS (Norway))
SUBJECTIVE W ELL-BEING AND A GGREGATE U NEMPLOYMENT: FURTHER E VIDENCEPreprint
Ochsen, C. (2011) · SSRN Electronic Journal
Chapter 11 The Social Context of Well-Being: Policy Examples
Diener, E., Lucas, R. E., Schimmack, U., & Helliwell, J. F. (2009) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195334074.003.0011
Self-citationChapter 10 Work, the Economy, and Well-Being: Policy Examples
Diener, E., Lucas, R. E., Schimmack, U., & Helliwell, J. F. (2009) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195334074.003.0010
Self-citationChapter 4 Contributions of Well-Being Measures
Diener, E., Lucas, R. E., Schimmack, U., & Helliwell, J. F. (2009) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195334074.003.0004
Self-citationRyan, L. H. (2015) · The Encyclopedia of Adulthood and Aging · doi:10.1002/9781118521373.wbeaa280
Chapter 9 The Environment and Well-Being: Policy Examples
Diener, E., Lucas, R. E., Schimmack, U., & Helliwell, J. F. (2009) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195334074.003.0009
Self-citationChapter 7 The Desirability of Well-Being as a Guide for Policy
Diener, E., Lucas, R. E., Schimmack, U., & Helliwell, J. F. (2009) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195334074.003.0007
Self-citationHAPPINESS AND PUBLIC POLICY: A CHALLENGE TO
Layard, R. (2006)
What Is Success for a Communist Economic System?
Kemp, S. P. T. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-32780-8_3
RELIGIOSIDADE, OBJECTIVOS DE VIDA E BEM- ESTAR PSICOLÓGICO EM DESEMPREGADOS NA MEIA-IDADE
Psicologia, F. D. (2015)
Multiple Roles As Predictors of Subjective Well-being in African American Women
Davis, S.-R. M. (2016) · ScholarWorks (Walden University)
Well-Being Penalty for Employed Mothers? Parental Work Arrangements and Maternal Well-Being
Meier, A., Musick, K., Flood, S., & Dunifon, R. E. (2014)
Yordanova, B., Krastev, L., & Ivantchev, N. (2014) · Problems of Psychology in the 21st Century · doi:10.33225/ppc/14.08.26
The Economics of Happiness in the
González, M. C. (2011)
conceptualizations and evaluations
Plagnol, A. C. (2010)
Gómez, E. E. (2016) · Panorama · doi:10.15765/pnrm.v10i19.847 · Cited by 1
Why are managers happier than workers
Elena, A. P., d’Hombres, B., & Mascherini, M. (2010) · Joint Research Centre (European Commission) · doi:10.2788/47138
“This conclusion clearly matches the existing evidence on the importance of job security (Clark, 2001; Blanchflower & Oswald, 1999) and the negative effects of unemployment on job and life satisfaction (Clark & Oswald, 1994; Lucas et al., 2004).”
ResultSimmons, N. A. (2016) · Loughborough University Institutional Repository (Loughborough University)
Cisłak, A., & DZIUGIEŁ, I. (2016) · Civitas et Lex · doi:10.31648/cetl.2303
Europe in Times of Distress: Assessing Life Satisfaction from 2002 to 2012
Kucaba, K. (2017) · Leicester Research Archive (University of Leicester)
Happiness and unemployment: does the scarring effect of unemployment last into retirement?
van der Meer, P., & Mulder, N. (2016) · University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology)
How volunteer person-centered counselors feel they have been affected by not finding work
Karaoulani, I., Rodgers, B. C., & Hunt, N. C. (2017) · Person-Centered & Experiential Psychotherapies · doi:10.1080/14779757.2017.1298047
“This is consistent with studies by Clark and Oswald (1994), Goldsmith (Goldsmith et al., 1997, 1996a), and Lucas et al. (2004) which have identified decreased subjective well-being, lower self-esteem, reduced locus of control, and general lower life satisfaction as associated with unemployment.”
ResultHappiness: a Policy Perspective
Esperato-Martinez, A. (2014)
LE BONHEUR, BUT DES POLITIQUES PUBLIQUES?
Oishi, S., & Diener, E. (2017) · Revue québécoise de psychologie · doi:10.7202/1040078ar
Self-citationUnemployment and health in the UK: Exploring psychobiological pathways
Hughes, A. (2016) · UCL Discovery (University College London)
Labour Force Participation and Health-related Quality of Life in People Living with HIV
Rueda, S. (2012) · TSpace (University of Toronto)
Hail, S. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-90981-3_7
Hedonic Capital and the Foundations of Mental Health
Graham, L., & Oswald, A. J. (2008) · Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) · doi:10.5167/uzh-52350
“…(1999), Clark (1999), Argyle 2001, Di Tella et al (2001, 2003), Wu (2001), Menzel et al (2002), Easterlin (2000, 2003), Senik (2003), Lucas (2005), Lucas et al (2003, 2004), Rayo and Becker (2007), Clark et al (2008), Di Tella, Haisken and MacCulloch (2005), Dolan and Kahneman (2008), Keely…”
BackgroundAuswirkungen von Erwerbstätigkeit im Rentenalter auf Lebenszufriedenheit und subjektive Gesundheit
Lux, T., & Scherger, S. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-18199-4_8
Disability-Based Disparities in Adolescent Subjective Well-Being
Savage, A. (2017) · ERA: Education and Research Archive (University of Alberta) · doi:10.7939/r3p55dv4s
The Causal Analysis of the Development of the Unemployment Effect on Life SatisfactionPreprint
Lerch, N. (2018) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3279500
“Many studies have shown that unemployment decreases SWB (Winkelmann and Winkelmann 1998; Lucas et al. 2004; von Scheve et al. 2017).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Lucas, R. E., Clark, A. E., Georgellis, Y., & Diener, E.
- Affiliations
- Michigan State University (US)
- Département et Laboratoire d'Economie, Théorique et Appliquée, Paris, France
- Brunel University of London (GB)
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lucas, Richard E.
- Venue
- Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2004-01
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 8-13
- ISSN
- 0956-7976 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-9280
- OpenAlex
- W2022668144
- Semantic Scholar
- 4d01dc1a9709f1b491ea2c3ceeafdcdf3875cef3
- Cited by
- 1,327
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 30 · 2025: 50 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 106 · 2022: 68 · 2021: 72 · 2020: 63 · 2019: 52 · 2018: 65 · 2017: 56 · 2016: 65 · 2015: 57 · 2014: 77 · 2013: 82 · 2012: 75
- FWCI
- 40.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- bura.brunel.ac.uk
- Locations
- Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Brunel University Research Archive (BURA) (Brunel University London) (submittedVersion)
- Research Repository (Kingston University London) (submittedVersion)
- Kent Academic Repository (University of Kent) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Employment and Welfare Studies
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Job Satisfaction and Organizational Behavior
- Keywords
- unemployment, life satisfaction, subjective well-being, set-point theory, adaptation, reemployment, life events, happiness, longitudinal study
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Life Change Events, Personal Satisfaction, Quality of Life, Unemployment
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-29, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-29 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
