The DOI matches its Crossref record; 31 of the 31 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 21 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Unemployment Alters the Set Point for Life Satisfaction
Open accessAbstract
According to set-point theories of subjective well-being, people react to events but then return to baseline levels of happiness and satisfaction over time. We tested this idea by examining reaction and adaptation to unemployment in a 15-year longitudinal study of more than 24,000 individuals living in Germany. In accordance with set-point theories, individuals reacted strongly to unemployment and then shifted back toward their baseline levels of life satisfaction. However, on average, individuals did not completely return to their former levels of satisfaction, even after they became reemployed. Furthermore, contrary to expectations from adaptation theories, people who had experienced unemployment in the past did not react any less negatively to a new bout of unemployment than did people who had not been previously unemployed. These results suggest that although life satisfaction is moderately stable over time, life events can have a strong influence on long-term levels of subjective well-being.
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22 Own result · 8 Sources not found · 8 Own interpretation · 6 Own method · 6 No basis given · 5 No full text of the sources · 4 Not checked yet
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the reaction phase added significantly to the prediction ( = .69,S.E.= .08,t = 9.09, p < .001)when both average baseline satisfaction and average reaction phase satisfaction were entered into the equation.”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Table 1 shows that, on average, people do not return to baseline levels long after the period of unemployment has ended”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the reaction parameter correlated .67 with the adaptation parameter”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“within-person changes in income had a significant and substantial positive effect on people's life satisfaction over the course of the study (a coefficient of .40)”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“even after controlling for this effect, people become over one-half of a point less satisfied during the reaction phase of unemployment.”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The moderator analyses show that none of the person-level characteristics influenced this within-person adaptation parameter.”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“people's average income moderates the effect of within-person changes in income -the higher a respondent's average income, the less changes in income influence life satisfaction.”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, on average, individuals did not completely return to their former levels of life satisfaction, even after they became re-employed.”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“People with higher incomes began the study with higher levels of life satisfaction”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, even individuals who dropped dramatically after unemployment showed some rebound toward baseline, not the pattern we would expect from a downward spiral due to internal causes.”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 23
- Probably not a substantial claim. 17
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, reactions to unemployment were similar regardless of sex, age, income, or length of time one remained unemployed.”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the individual level, people's set-point changed in that some individuals' life satisfaction increased slightly after adaptation to the unemployment experience, whereas other people's life satisfaction stayed substantially lower even after many years.”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Initial baseline levels of satisfaction correlated -.11 with the reactivity parameter and -.30 with the adaptation parameter.”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Within-person analyses showed, however, that there are considerable individual differences in reaction and adaptation to unemployment.”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“although the adaptation parameter is significantly smaller than the reaction parameter ( 2 = 6.57, df = 1, p < .05),which shows that people do start shifting back towards baseline during the adaptation phase”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Table 1 shows that the respondents who met our selection criteria were approximately onequarter of a point higher than average on life satisfaction before they became unemployed.”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“It is important to note, however, that an event such as unemployment does not have the same meaning or influence on everyone -there are clear individual differences in reactions to these events”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Discussion
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Satisfaction in the baseline period correlated .73 and .62 with satisfaction in the reactivity and adaptation periods, respectively.Satisfaction in the reactivity period correlated .80 with satisfaction in the adaptation phase.”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although there was substantial stability in life satisfaction over the years, unemployment did influence long-term levels, thus suggesting that in addition to personality, long-term subjective well-being can also be influenced by life circumstances.”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Abstract
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In accordance with set-point theory, individuals first reacted strongly to unemployment and then shifted back toward their former (or”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, prior to unemployment, the individuals who would eventually become unemployed reported a high level of life satisfaction, and did not show evidence of lower levels that would likely result from initial problems with alcohol, dysphoria, and so forth.”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Second, it should also be noted that Lucas, Clark, Georgellis, and Diener (2001) found that widows show a sharp decline in life satisfaction and do not on average return to their former levels even after five years”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Lucas, Clark, Georgellis, and Diener (2001)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Our data show strong temporal stability in life satisfaction, which is compatible with the idea of a strong temperament influence (Tellegen et al., 1988).”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Tellegen et al., 1988
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Research shows that these variables are moderately to strongly stable over time and often change only slightly following major life events.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Diener, Suh, Lucas, & Smith, 1999 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This indicates that although the baseline phase captures a substantial amount of variance in the adaptation level, satisfaction during the reaction phase adds variance to the prediction of one's eventual adaptation level.”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Results
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the aggregate level, people were less satisfied long after unemployment, suggesting that the event lowered the average set-point of these respondents.”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Discussion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because of certain trends in the data, we centered life satisfaction scores within each year of the survey and within four sub-samples of the larger population (West Germans, East Germans, immigrants to Germany, and foreigners living in Germany; see Lucas et al., for details).”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Method
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For example, longitudinal studies have shown that happiness prospectively predicts higher income levels (e.g., Diener, Nickerson, Lucas, & Sandvik, 2001;Marks & Fleming, 1999), better health (Danner & Snowdon, 2001), and the experience of various positive life events (Magnus, Diener, & Fujita, 1996).”
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“They found that people often showed incomplete adaptation to marital transitions.Furthermore, Lucas et al. demonstrated that there were considerable individual differences in these reactions, and that the strength with which one reacted to an event was strong predictor of whether or not he or she would ever completely adapt.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Lucas, Clark, Georgellis, and Diener (2001)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In a later study, Lykken and Tellegen (1996) concluded that about 80 percent of the variance in long-term levels of SWB could be attributed to inborn temperament.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lykken and Tellegen (1996) source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“participants were asked how satisfied they were with their lives at the time of the survey, using a scale that ranged from 0 to 10.”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Method
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Households were selected using multi-stage random sampling, and all members of each selected household were asked to participate.”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Method
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Haisken-De New & Frick, 1998
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Previous cross-sectional studies of unemployment have shown that unemployed individuals tend to be substantially less happy than employed individuals (Argyle, 2001;Clark and Oswald, 1994).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Argyle, 2001
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Clark and Oswald, 1994 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“According to this theory, people initially react to events, but then return to baseline levels of well-being that are determined by personality factors.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Headey & Wearing, 1992
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unfortunately, neither of these designs is ideal because pre-event levels of SWB are not known. Thus, these designs cannot determine whether people return to pre-event levels of SWB.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Researchers have therefore claimed that people have inborn SWB”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Headey & Wearing, 1992
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the multi-level modeling analytic technique allows participants to contribute to the estimate of parameters, even if they do not have complete data.Therefore, the 1,119 participants contribute to the fixed part of the model, but only the 669 participants with complete data contribute to the estimate of correlations among parameters.”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Method
plainn = 1,119- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Furthermore, personality and temperament variables seem to play a strong role in determining individuals' levels of SWB (Diener & Lucas, 1999).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Diener & Lucas, 1999 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We should note that this model requires that all participants contribute data for at least two years before and after their period of unemployment, a criterion that is more restrictive than our initial selection criterion.Six hundred sixty-nine respondents met this more restrictive selection criterion.”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Method
plainn = 669- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Tellegen et al. (1988), for example, used a twin study design to show that genes account for about half of the variance in positive and negative affect.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Tellegen et al. (1988)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Costa, McCrae, and Zonderman (1987) showed that the stability of SWB does not seem to be affected by the events that happen to people-individuals who experienced major life events exhibited similar long-term test-retest reliability on SWB measures as did those who experienced no such major life events.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Costa, McCrae, and Zonderman (1987) source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Surveys were conducted yearly using face-to-face interviews.”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Method
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Suh, Diener, and Fujita (1996) estimated that most life events affect SWB for less than two months”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Suh, Diener, and Fujita (1996) source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants were selected from the larger sample if they began the study employed, experienced one period of unemployment during the study, regained employment, and then stayed employed for the remainder of the study.”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Method
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“More specifically, SWB could be used to make a strong case for unemployment programmes given the significant reduction in SWB associated with any periods of unemployment (Clark et al., 2004;Clark, 2010).”
From Measuring Subjective Wellbeing: Recommendations on Measures for use by National Governments (2012) · cites this paper as Clark et al., 2004
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Employment may be associated with positive outcomes such as increased physical and mental health [11–13].”
From Supported employment: Meta-analysis and review of randomized controlled trials of individual placement and support (2019) · cites this paper as [11]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“| Intercept, 10 | -0.537 | 0.049 | 8.116 <0.001 | |”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Discussion
Reported 8.116 · recomputed -10.959184
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de Vries, J. H., Horstmann, K. T., & Mussel, P. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03829-x · Cited by 13
“One common approach is to try to explain trajectories in life satisfaction in connection with experiencing critical life events (e.g., Andrew et al., 2008; Fujita & Diener, 2005; Lucas et al., 2004).”
BackgroundInfluentialConsedine, N. S. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-6953-8_2 · Cited by 7
“First, any model of regulation is predicated on the notion that the system is seeking a “set point” or “emotional goal state” ( Lucas, Clarke, Georgellis, & Diener, 2004 ) – an emotional target.”
BackgroundMorcillo, F. M., Ahn, N., & de Juan, R. (2011) · Papers Revista de Sociologia · doi:10.5565/rev/papers/v97n2.136 · Cited by 7
“…son poco significativos, lo que se puede explicar por la teoría de la adaptación, según la cual los individuos reaccionan ante un evento positivo o negativo, pero con el transcurso del tiempo vuelven a su nivel habitual de satisfacción (Brickman y Campbell, 1971; Myers, 1992; Lucas et al., 2004).”
BackgroundRegional unemployment and employee loyalty: evidence from 12 UK regions
Apergis, N., & Georgellis, Y. (2017) · Regional Studies · doi:10.1080/00343404.2017.1363882 · Cited by 7
Self-citationSouvenirs, souvenirs : une étude de la relation bien-être au travail rétrospectif – bien-être actuel
Biétry, F., Creusier, J., & Lemarie-Quillerier, S. (2019) · Revue de gestion des ressources humaines · doi:10.3917/grhu.113.0003 · Cited by 9
Legewie, N. M., & Tucci, I. (2020) · Longitudinal and Life Course Studies · doi:10.1332/175795920x15949756176915 · Cited by 8
Adaptation to Income over Time: A Weak Point of Subjective Well-BeingPreprint
Wunder, C. (2008) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1279423 · Cited by 7
“For example, Lucas et al. (2004) provide evidence for a long-term negative impact of unemployment on satisfaction.”
Happiness in the workplace: an appreciative inquiry
McGonagle, C. (2015) · Arrow@dit (Dublin Institute of Technology) · Cited by 8
Between Sharia Maqasid Index and Human Development Index: Which One Is Happier?Preprint
Jatmiko, W., & Hajrina, N. (2016) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2889247 · Cited by 7
Life events and life satisfaction: Estimating effects of multiple life events in combined modelsPreprint
Krämer, M. D., Rohrer, J. M., Lucas, R. E., & Richter, D. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/wfg8h · Cited by 7
Self-citationBai, Y., Ben, C., Xu, W., Yu Qing, W. U., & Liu, Y. (2024) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.117191 · Cited by 8
Zhang, J., Choi, M.-C., Wang, K., & Kim, H. E. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1506906 · Cited by 11
“Unemployment is also associated with psychological wellbeing (Evans and Repper, 2000), as people who are relatively happy at first become unhappy after unemployment (Lucas et al., 2004).”
Lomas, T., Padgett, R. N., Ritchie‐Dunham, J. L., Pawelski, J. O., Shiba, K., Johnson, B. R., & VanderWeele, T. J. (2025) · Applied Research in Quality of Life · doi:10.1007/s11482-024-10407-9 · Cited by 17
“One might wonder whether flourishing people are more likely to marry, for which there is support (Lucas et al., 2004), but there is also longitudinal evidence for the positive impact of marriage: Grover and Helliwell (2019) controlled for pre - marital happiness and still found “a causal effect [on…”
Do all job changes increase wellbeing?
Longhi, S., Nandi, A., Bryan, M. L., Connolly, S., & Gedikli, Ç. (2023) · Industrial Relations A Journal of Economy and Society · doi:10.1111/irel.12354 · Cited by 9
Hombrados, J. G., & Extremera, N. (2023) · Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.5093/jwop2023a12 · Cited by 12
“In particular, unemployment has been associated with depression, low self-esteem (Tiggemann & Winefield, 1984), and low life satisfaction (Kassenboehmer & Haisken-DeNew, 2009; Lucas et al., 2004).”
Mao, W., Shalaby, R., Owusu, E., Elgendy, H. E., Shalaby, N., Agyapong, B., Nichols, A., Eboreime, E., Nkire, N., & Agyapong, V. I. O. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12247559 · Cited by 6
“As for marriage, although there are substantial differences between individuals, having supportive relationships is one of the strongest predictors of a sense of good well-being [79].”
BackgroundChen, V. (2017) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel8030043 · Cited by 6
“As research has found, long-term unemployment hits people with a psychological blow that is comparable to divorce and the death of a loved one [13,14].”
BackgroundMielitz, K. S., Lurtz, M., Clady, J., et al. (2017) · Corrections · doi:10.1080/23774657.2017.1383215 · Cited by 7
Rasciute, S., Downward, P. M., & Simmons, N. (2020) · Applied Economics · doi:10.1080/00036846.2019.1710455 · Cited by 6
“Stutzer 2001; Lucas et al. 2004), with unemployment often also found to be a key factor reducing SWB (Ballas and Tranmer 2012; Clark and Oswald 1994).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Happy Migrant? Emigration and its Impact on Subjective Well-Being
Auditor, J. G., & Erlinghagen, M. (2021) · IMISCOE research series · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-67498-4_11 · Cited by 6
Valuation of subjective wellbeing and the role of marital status: Linear versus ordinal estimators
Rasciute, S., Downward, P. M., & Simmons, N. (2023) · Economic Modelling · doi:10.1016/j.econmod.2023.106260 · Cited by 8
Schmid, L., Christmann, P., Oehrlein, A.-S., Stein, A., & Thönnissen, C. (2023) · Applied Research in Quality of Life · doi:10.1007/s11482-023-10249-x · Cited by 7
“However, research has shown that the speed of adaptation varies depending on individual circumstances and that a personal baseline of life satisfaction is not necessarily fixed over the life course (Kubiszewski et al., 2020; Lucas et al., 2003, 2004).”
博文, 黒., & 文雄, 大. (2013) · doi:10.11167/jbef.6.1 · Cited by 6
Fractionalization and well-being: Evidence from a new South African data set
Hinks, T. (2012) · New Zealand Economic Papers · doi:10.1080/00779954.2012.691787 · Cited by 6
The Pursuit and Nature of Happiness
Besser-Jones, L. (2013) · Philosophical Topics · doi:10.5840/philtopics20134115 · Cited by 7
“Forced unemployment, for instance, correlates with lower life satisfaction scores not only during the periods of unemployment, but two years (and often longer) after unemployment ends (Lucas et al. 2004).”
BackgroundInfluentialInvisible Scars or Open Wounds? The Role of Mid-career Income for the Gender Pension Gap in Sweden
König, S., Johansson, B. E. A., & Bolin, K. (2019) · Frontiers in Sociology · doi:10.3389/fsoc.2019.00084 · Cited by 6
“Life course research frequently finds evidence on scarring effects from early career experiences and exposures for later life outcomes (Lucas et al., 2004; Brandt and Hank, 2014; Hetschko et al., 2014; Strandh et al., 2015; Heisig and Radl, 2017).”
BackgroundReaching Compromises in Workers’ Life Satisfaction: A Multiobjective Interval Programming Approach
Henriques, C., López-Agudo, L. A., Gutiérrez, Ó. D. M., & Luque, M. (2020) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-020-00226-8 · Cited by 6
Suicide among hospitality workers in Australia, 2006–2017
Burnett, A., Wong, Q. J. J., Rheinberger, D., Zeritis, S., McGillivray, L., & Torok, M. H. (2022) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-022-02229-7 · Cited by 6
“While business closures may have been periodic and temporary, the mental health effects resulting from temporary unemployment can be enduring, with evidence that, on average, that people do not return to their baseline levels of life satisfaction even years after reemployment [23].”
BackgroundSoziale Folgen von Bildungsarmut
Keim, S., Klärner, A., Knabe, A., et al. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-19573-1_23 · Cited by 6
Comparing models of consumer behaviour
Antonides, G. (2008) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511490118.010 · Cited by 6
Initial Predictors of Life Satisfaction in Early Adulthood
Trzcinski, E., & Holst, E. (2007) · Journal of Contextual Economics – Schmollers Jahrbuch · doi:10.3790/schm.127.1.95 · Cited by 6
“In the second study, Lucas et al. (2004) examined the short and long term effects of single and multiple spells of unemployment.”
BackgroundSmoking Behaviour and Life Satisfaction: Evidence from the UK Smoking BanPreprint
Hinks, T., & Katsaros, A. (2010) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 6
Non-Pecuniary Work Incentive and Labor SupplyPreprint
Farzin, Y. H., & Akao, K. (2005) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.850684 · Cited by 6
Does Retirement Make You Happy? A Simultaneous Equations ApproachPreprint
Fonseca, R., Kapteyn, A., Lee, J., & Zamarro, G. (2014) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2566755 · Cited by 6
“Specifically, there is solid evidence that unemployment can adversely affect subjective well- being (i.e., Lucas et al. (2004), Clark and Oswald (1994) and Winkelmann and Winkelmann (1998)), but some mixed evidence on how retirement might do so.”
BackgroundA Cost–Benefit Analysis of the COVID-19 Lockdown in IrelandPreprint
Ryan, A. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3872861 · Cited by 5
Dimensions of Job Quality, Mechanisms, and Subjective Well-Being in the United StatesPreprint
Horowitz, J. (2016) · doi:10.31235/osf.io/pm7uc · Cited by 6
Hatungimana, W. (2023) · Ethnic and Racial Studies · doi:10.1080/01419870.2023.2248295 · Cited by 5
“Lucas et al. (2004) fi nd that unemployment has a lasting in fl uence on life satisfaction.”
BackgroundChapter 3 Limitations of Economic and Social Indicators
Diener, E., Lucas, R. E., Schimmack, U., & Helliwell, J. F. (2009) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195334074.003.0003 · Cited by 6
Self-citationMassar, K., Nübold, A., van Doorn, R. R. A., & Schelleman‐Offermans, K. (2020) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s1479-355520200000018007 · Cited by 9
Influencia del empleo en el bienestar subjetivo de las personas en México
Parra, G. T., & Flores, B. B. (2021) · Relaciones Estudios de Historia y Sociedad · doi:10.24901/rehs.v41i163.689 · Cited by 5
Predictors of generativity and satisfaction with life in a sample of women offenders
Kashy, D. A., & Morash, M. (2021) · Psychology Crime and Law · doi:10.1080/1068316x.2021.1929981 · Cited by 5
“Research has provided considerable evidence that both poverty and unemployment are negatively related to life satisfaction (Diener et al., 2017; Kahneman & Deaton, 2010; Lucas et al., 2004; Luhmann et al., 2012; Luhmann et al., 2012; Schimmack et al., 2008).”
BackgroundWork satisfaction of adult educators in Singapore: an empirical analysis
Chen, Z., & Ramos, C. R. (2022) · Journal of Vocational Education and Training · doi:10.1080/13636820.2022.2049624 · Cited by 5
“Lack of job security was found to negatively correlate with subjective well-being; however, the literature is unclear about the underlying mechanisms of this relationship (Ferrie et al. 2002; Lucas et al. 2004, Beglund et al. 2014).”
BackgroundZhang, K., & Chen, X. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su142215407 · Cited by 5
Freund, R., Favara, M., Porter, C., Scott, D., & Duc, L. T. (2025) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2025.118073 · Cited by 9
Soziale Ungleichheit, Arbeit und Gesundheit
Lampert, T., Kroll, L. E., Müters, S., & Schumann, M. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-54632-1_3 · Cited by 5
Carré, A., Shankland, R., Flaudias, V., Morvan, Y., & Lamboy, B. (2019) · Pratiques Psychologiques · doi:10.1016/j.prps.2018.11.009 · Cited by 5
Sahnoun, M., & Abdennadher, C. (2021) · Ekonomický časopis · doi:10.31577/ekoncas.2021.05.01 · Cited by 5
“Finally, other psychosocial costs of unemployment can be achieved, that is, unemployment has an impact on the life satisfaction (Clark and Oswald, 1994; Lucas et al., 2004; Paul and Moser, 2009; Wulfgramm, 2011a,b; Young, 2012) which can be explained by the lack of social interactions.”
BackgroundIntra-individual stability of two survey measures on forward-looking attitude
Preuss, M. (2021) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2021.06.049 · Cited by 6
Appraising Unhappiness in the Wake of the Great East Japan Earthquake
Ohtake, F., Yamada, K., & Yamane, S. (2016) · Japanese Economic Review · doi:10.1111/jere.12099 · Cited by 5
Moskal, J. R., & Burgdorf, J. S. (2018) · Handbook of behavioral neuroscience · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809600-0.00039-1 · Cited by 5
The impact of active labour market policies on the well-being of the unemployed
Rose, D. (2018) · Kölner Universitäts PublikationsServer (Universität zu Köln) · doi:10.25384/sage.c.4259240.v1 · Cited by 5
Financial well-being in basic income experiment
Lassander, M., & Jauhiainen, S. (2021) · Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks · doi:10.4337/9781839104855.00016 · Cited by 5
Arbeit: Mit Erwerbsarbeit in die Armut oder aus der Armut?
Kaiser, L. C. (2008) · VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-531-90906-6_14 · Cited by 5
Stock prices: insights from behavioral finance
Bondt, W. F. M. D. (2008) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511490118.004 · Cited by 5
Beyond Gender Differences in U.S. Life Cycle Happiness
Marcelli, E. A., & Easterlin, R. A. (2005) · Cited by 5
Evolutionary psychology and economic psychology
Lea, S. E. G. (2008) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511490118.021 · Cited by 6
Abraham, W. T. (2007) · doi:10.31274/rtd-180813-16840 · Cited by 5
“However, consistent findings regarding the reactivity of life satisfaction during the time shortly before and after life event experiences (see Lucas, 2005; Lucas et al., 2003, 2004) indicate a general process that yields testable hypotheses.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialWhy are Middle-Aged People so Depressed? Evidence from West GermanyPreprint
Brockmann, H. (2009) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1503977 · Cited by 5
“Longitudinal data also reveals that unemployment lowers SWB independent of the associated income loss ( Lucas et al. 2004 ).”
Non-Pecuniary Value of Employment and Individual Labor SupplyPreprint
Farzin, Y. H., & Akao, K. (2005) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.643722 · Cited by 5
Unemployment and IdentityPreprint
Schöb, R. (2012) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2178928 · Cited by 5
Psychological Impact of DAFNE Training in Adults with Type 1 Diabetes
Engel, L. (2009) · Figshare · Cited by 5
Using memories to assess the intrapersonal comparability of wellbeing reportsPreprint
Kaiser, C. F. (2020) · Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization · doi:10.31235/osf.io/xpghn · Cited by 22
Lucas, R. E., & Diener, E. (2004) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b0-12-657410-3/00174-4 · Cited by 5
Self-citationLife (Dis)Satisfaction and the Decision to Migrate: Evidence from Central and Eastern EuropePreprint
Otrachshenko, V., & Popova, O. I. (2012) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2176104 · Cited by 5
Lawes, M., Hetschko, C., Schöb, R., Stephan, G., & Eid, M. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/3bgpm · Cited by 5
Lomas, T., Koga, H. K., Padgett, R. N., Pawelski, J. O., Kim, E. S., Makridis, C. A., Gundersen, C., Bradshaw, M., Pertel, N. L., Shiba, K., et al. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-35777-y · Cited by 17
“…we are not particularly confident or enthusiastic about the country groupings deployed here, and would invite readers to hold the categorizations relatively lightly and just use them as rough, imperfect classifications for illustrative purposes. retirement, even if the association is complex 75 .”
Hajdu, G., & Hajdu, T. (2023) · Kyklos · doi:10.1111/kykl.12357 · Cited by 4
Cities for living. Identifying the local conditions driving life satisfaction in European cities
Veneri, P., & Pontarollo, N. (2025) · Regional Studies Regional Science · doi:10.1080/21681376.2025.2524435 · Cited by 4
Housing Tenure, Housing Wealth and Subjective Wellbeing in Australia: The Case of Unemployment
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Klement, J. (2021) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-021-00376-3 · Cited by 4
Employment Versus Home-Stay and the Happiness of Women in the South Caucasus
Torosyan, K., & Pignatti, N. (2022) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-022-00590-7 · Cited by 4
Thirty Years After the Berlin Wall
Heller, A., & Schmidt, P. (2024) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003427469 · Cited by 6
The effect of job loss on risky financial decision-making
Hirshman, S. D., Sussman, A. B., Vazquez-Hernandez, C., O’Leary, D., & Trueblood, J. S. (2024) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2412760121 · Cited by 4
Can appraisals of common political life events impact subjective well‐being?
Kaniasty, K. Z., & Jakubowska, U. (2014) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/jasp.12265 · Cited by 4
Why Happiness is of Marginal Value in Ethical Decision-Making
Liszka, J. J. (2007) · The Journal of Value Inquiry · doi:10.1007/s10790-005-5451-3 · Cited by 4
Poor Working: Soziale (Des-)Integration und Erwerbsarbeit
Kaiser, L. C. (2012) · VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-531-19257-4_15 · Cited by 4
Revising the Adaptation Theory of Well-Being
Richard, E., & Napa, C. K. (2006) · Cited by 4
Hedonic Adaptation to Treatment: Evidence from a Medical Intervention
Barazzetta, M., Appleton, S., & Owens, T. (2019) · The Journal of Development Studies · doi:10.1080/00220388.2019.1618450 · Cited by 7
“Evidence from longitudinal studies shows for example that people adapt to changes in income (Clark, Frijters, & Shields, 2008; Di Tella, Haisken-De New, & MacCulloch, 2010), but not to events such as unemployment (Lucas et al., 2004) or poverty (Clark, D’Ambrosio, & Ghislandi, 2016).”
BackgroundKapıkıran, Ş., & Yağcı, U. (2012) · DergiPark (Istanbul University) · Cited by 4
Kurtz, J. L., & Welch, C. A. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-100508-8.00020-5 · Cited by 6
Diener, E., Lucas, R. E., Schimmack, U., & Helliwell, J. F. (2009) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195334074.003.0002 · Cited by 4
Self-citationThe Subjective Cost of Young Children: A European Comparison
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Exploring the workplace: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis of trans men’s experience
Parkinson, R., Flowers, P., & Semlyen, J. K. (2019) · Psychology of Sexualities Review · doi:10.53841/bpssex.2019.10.1.36 · Cited by 4
Psychological Well-Being Pada Kepala Keluarga yang Mengalami Pemutusan Hubungan Kerja
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Effects of Technological, Economic, Political, and Socio-Cultural Factors on Wellbeing
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Zhou, Y., Zou, M., Wu, C., Parker, S. K., & Griffin, M. A. (2023) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/apl0001121 · Cited by 6
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The 2008/09 Economic Crisis: The Impact on Psychological Well-Being in the USA
Piovani, C., & Aydıner-Avşar, N. (2014) · Forum for Social Economics · doi:10.1080/07360932.2014.964743 · Cited by 4
Bilican, F. I. (2016) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-016-0204-0 · Cited by 4
“The relationship between higher unemployment rates and lower levels of psychological and subjective well-being has been established in the literature (Clark et al. 2001; Lucas et al. 2004).”
BackgroundLearned Helplessness, Locus of Control, Self-Efficacy
Kemp, S. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-32780-8_9
Hurd, M. D., Rohwedder, S., & Tassot, C. (2015) · RAND Corporation eBooks · doi:10.7249/wr1127 · Cited by 4
“Comparing those findings with those by Lucas et al. (2004) who found unemployment to permanently alter the subjective well-being setpoint is somewhat difficult, since their estimates are based on yearly data, focused solely on life satisfaction, and are based on a German panel.”
BackgroundMethodA short introduction to happiness in social sciences
Jugureanu, A. (2016) · Belvedere Meridionale · doi:10.14232/belv.2016.1.4 · Cited by 4
“Unemployment is one of the strongest predictors that correlate inversely with happiness levels (Clark–Oswald 1994; Lucas et al. 2004).”
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Evolutionary economics and psychology
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“Furthermore, people who have experienced unemployment in the past do not tend to react any less negatively to a new bout of unemployment than do people who have not been previously unemployed (Lucas et al., 2004).”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Lucas, R. E., Clark, A. E., Georgellis, Y., & Diener, E.
- Affiliations
- Michigan State University (US)
- Département et Laboratoire d'Economie, Théorique et Appliquée, Paris, France
- Brunel University of London (GB)
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lucas, Richard E.
- Venue
- Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2004-01
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 8-13
- ISSN
- 0956-7976 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-9280
- OpenAlex
- W2022668144
- Semantic Scholar
- 4d01dc1a9709f1b491ea2c3ceeafdcdf3875cef3
- Cited by
- 1,327
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 30 · 2025: 50 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 106 · 2022: 68 · 2021: 72 · 2020: 63 · 2019: 52 · 2018: 65 · 2017: 56 · 2016: 65 · 2015: 57 · 2014: 77 · 2013: 82 · 2012: 75
- FWCI
- 40.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- bura.brunel.ac.uk
- Locations
- Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Brunel University Research Archive (BURA) (Brunel University London) (submittedVersion)
- Research Repository (Kingston University London) (submittedVersion)
- Kent Academic Repository (University of Kent) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Employment and Welfare Studies
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Job Satisfaction and Organizational Behavior
- Keywords
- unemployment, life satisfaction, subjective well-being, set-point theory, adaptation, reemployment, life events, happiness, longitudinal study
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Life Change Events, Personal Satisfaction, Quality of Life, Unemployment
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-29, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-29 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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