Supported employment: Meta-analysis and review of randomized controlled trials of individual placement and support
Open accessAbstract
Supported employment is a treatment whereby those with severe mental illness (or other disabilities) receive aid searching for competitive employment and mental health (or other) treatments concurrently. The most popular implementation of supported employment is individual placement and support (IPS). We conducted meta-analytic analyses of the randomized controlled trials of IPS. We found that subjects in IPS, compared to usual treatment conditions, had better vocational outcomes (obtained any competitive employment: RR = 1.63, 95%CI = [1.46, 1.82]; job tenure: d = 0.55, 95%CI = [0.33, 0.79]; job length: d = 0.46, 95%CI = [0.35, 0.57]; income: d = 0.48, 95%CI = [0.36, 0.59]) Non-vocational outcomes estimates, while favoring IPS, included the null (quality of life: d = 0.30, 95%CI = [-0.07, 0.67]; global functioning: d = 0.09, 95%CI = [-0.09, 0.27]; mental health: d = 0.03, 95%CI = [-0.15, 0.21]). Analysis of the expected proportion of studies with a true effect on non-vocational outcomes with d>0.2 showed some reason to expect a possible improvement for quality of life for at least some settings (Prop = 0.57, 95%CI = [0.30, 0.84]).
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials found that individual placement and support (IPS) supported employment reliably improves vocational outcomes compared with usual treatment, while non-vocational outcomes were smaller and mostly included the null. A novel proportion-of-settings analysis suggested possible quality-of-life benefits in some settings.
Key findings
- IPS increased any competitive employment (RR = 1.63, 95% CI [1.46, 1.82]) and end-of-study competitive employment (reported as 1.8x more likely; log(RR) = 0.58, 95% CI [0.42, 0.74]), and shortened time to first competitive employment (d = -0.31, 95% CI [-0.46, -0.15]).
- Secondary vocational outcomes favored IPS: job tenure d = 0.55, 95% CI [0.33, 0.79]; job length d = 0.46, 95% CI [0.35, 0.57]; income d = 0.48, 95% CI [0.36, 0.59].
- Non-vocational pooled estimates favored IPS but all confidence intervals included the null: quality of life d = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.67]; global functioning d = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.27]; mental health d = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.15, 0.21].
- The estimated proportion of settings with a true quality-of-life effect d > 0.2 was 0.57, 95% CI [0.30, 0.84], suggesting possible benefit in some settings.
Methods
- Searched PsycINFO; the primary query “supported employment AND randomized controlled trial” returned 111 results, a broader search returned 313, and after de-duplication 368 unique publications were screened. The final analysis included 30 articles: 25 original RCTs, 2 follow-up studies, and 3 secondary analyses comparing IPS with treatment as usual.
- Random-effects meta-analyses were run in R using the metafor package; binary outcomes used log relative risk and continuous outcomes used standardized mean differences, with intent-to-treat analyses using randomized Ns.
- The authors also estimated the proportion of settings with scientifically meaningful effects (RR > 1.2 or < 0.8; d > 0.2 or < -0.2) using the EValue library for samples with five or more articles.
Limitations
- The paper states that included articles varied greatly in quality, that some non-significant results were reported without estimates and could not be included, and that sample sizes were often powered only for the main outcome, limiting secondary outcomes.
- The paper reports substantial heterogeneity for some outcomes (e.g., quality of life I² = 94.90%; job tenure I² = 68.68%; mental health I² = 64.55%), and some analyses had few studies (job tenure k = 5; global functioning k = 5; mental health k = 6), making estimates imprecise.
- Evident from the text: the search and data extraction were done by the first author alone, and the discussion notes that cost-benefit evidence for SE/IPS is mixed and that SE/IPS is “not a panacea.”
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
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Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
0 of 33 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
- Findingown data
For job tenure, the estimated proportion of studies with a scientifically meaningful effect d>0.2 was 0.90 (95% CI [0.68, 1]).
“We estimated that scientific meaningful effects that we expect to be observed with d>0.2 was 0.90 (95%CI = [0.68, 1])”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The estimated proportion of settings with effect size d < -0.2 for total time worked in competitive employment was essentially zero (Prop < 0.001, 95% CI [0, <0.001]).
“and the proportion with d<-0.2 to be essentially zero (Prop = <0.001, 95%CI = [0, <0.001]).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
There was significant heterogeneity in the underlying study populations for competitive employment outcomes.
“Our estimates showed that there was significant heterogeneity in the underlying study populations.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
For income from competitive employment, participants in IPS conditions had significantly more income than controls (k = 12, d = 0.48, 95% CI [0.36, 0.59], p < 0.0001).
“We estimated that those in IPS conditions would have significantly more income (Fig 5, k = 12; d = 0.48, SE = 0.06, Z = 8.31, p<0.0001, 95%CI = [0.36, 0.59], τ2 (SE) = 0.0004(0.02), I2 = 0.90%, H2 = 1.01, Q(11) = 8.3404, p = 0.6825).”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“and higher total income (d = 0.48, 95%CI = [0.36, 0.59], Fig 5).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
- Findingown data
Length was not a significant moderator of the effect on income from competitive employment (Length = -0.004, 95% CI [-0.01, 0.005]).
“Length was not a significant moderator (Length = -0.004, 95%CI = [-0.01, 0.005]).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
- Findingown data
For finding competitive employment during any part of a study, the proportion of studies with true RR>1.2 is estimated to be >0.99 (95% CI [0.95, 1]).
“For finding CE during any part of a study, the proportion of studies with true RR>1.2 is estimated to be >0.99 (95%CI = [0.95, 1])”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
For competitive employment at the end of follow-up, the proportion of studies with true RR<0.8 is expected to be <0.001 (95% CI [0, <0.01]).
“RR<0.8, Proportion = <0.001, 95%CI = [0, <0.01]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In randomized controlled trials of IPS, subjects in IPS compared with control conditions had greater job length (d = 0.46, 95% CI [0.35, 0.57]).
“job length: d = 0.46, 95%CI = [0.35, 0.57]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
For total time worked in competitive employment, participants in IPS conditions worked significantly more than controls (k = 17, d = 0.46, 95% CI [0.35, 0.57], p < 0.0001).
“For total time worked in CE, we estimated that those in the IPS condition worked significantly more than controls (Fig 4B, k = 17, d = 0.46, SE = 0.06, Z = 8.23, p<0.0001, 95%CI = [0.35, 0.57], τ2 (SE) = 0.02(0.02), I2 = 31.03%, H2 = 1.45).”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“longer durations of work (d = 0.46, 95%CI = [0.35, 0.57], Fig 4B)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
- Findingown data
For finding competitive employment during any part of a study, the proportion of studies with true RR<0.8 is expected to be <0.001 (95% CI [0, <0.01]).
“with the proportion of studies with true RR<0.8 expected to be <0.001 (95%CI = [0, <0.01])”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The estimated proportion of settings with effect size d < -0.2 for income from competitive employment was essentially zero (Prop < 0.001, 95% CI [0, <0.001]).
“and none to be in the opposite direction with d<-0.2 (Prop = <0.001, 95%CI = [0, <0.001]).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Study length was not a significant moderator of competitive employment outcomes, whether measured as any competitive employment during the study or competitive employment at the end of the study.
“Estimates for length as a moderator for finding CE at any point during the study or having been in CE at the end of the study both were close to zero and included the null (Any: Length = -0.0001, 95%CI = [-0.01, 0.01]; End: Length = 0.0005, 95%CI = [-0.02, 0.02]).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The estimated proportion of settings with effect size d > 0.2 for income from competitive employment was 1 (95% CI [1, 1]).
“We estimated that we would expect all settings to have an effect size d>0.2 (Prop = 1, 95%CI = [1, 1])”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In randomized controlled trials of IPS, subjects in IPS compared with control conditions had longer job tenure (d = 0.55 to 0.56, 95% CI [0.33, 0.79]).
“job tenure: d = 0.55, 95%CI = [0.33, 0.79]”
- Also stated in: § Job tenure & length of competitive employment · hedged
“For job tenure, we estimated that persons in IPS held a CE job longer than those in control conditions (Fig 4A, k = 5, d = 0.56, SE = 0.12, Z = 4.72, p<0.0001, 95%CI = [0.33, 0.79]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Job tenure & length of competitive employment · hedged
- Findingown data
Experiment length was not a significant moderator of the effect on total time worked in competitive employment (d = 0.005, 95% CI [-0.004, 0.015]).
“Experiment length did not appear to be a significant moderator (Length: d = 0.005, 95%CI = [-0.004, 0.015]).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
For competitive employment at the end of follow-up, the proportion of studies with true RR>1.2 is estimated to be >0.999 (95% CI [>0.99, 1]).
“Looking at CE at the end of follow-up, our estimates were very similar (RR = >1.2, Proportion>0.999, 95%CI = [>0.99, 1]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In randomized controlled trials of IPS, the non-vocational outcome estimate for quality of life favored IPS but included the null (d = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.67]).
“quality of life: d = 0.30, 95%CI = [-0.07, 0.67]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In randomized controlled trials of IPS, subjects in IPS compared with control conditions had a shorter time to their first competitive employment job (d = -0.31, 95% CI [-0.46, -0.15]).
“We estimated that those in IPS would have a shorter time to their first competitive employment job (Fig 3, k = 9; d = -0.31, SE = 0.08, Z = -3.93, p<0.0001, 95%CI = [-0.46, -0.15]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The estimated proportion of settings with effect size d > 0.2 for total time worked in competitive employment was 0.98 (95% CI [0.86, 1]).
“We estimated the proportion of effect sizes of d>0.2 as 0.98, (95%CI = [0.86, 1])”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Experiment length was not a significant moderator of time to first competitive employment (Length = 0.02, SE = 0.01, Z = 1.42, p = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.01, 0.05]).
“Experiment length was not a significant moderator (Length = 0.02, SE = 0.01, Z = 1.42, p = 0.16, 95%CI = [-0.01, 0.05]).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In randomized controlled trials of individual placement and support (IPS), subjects in IPS compared with usual treatment conditions were more likely to obtain any competitive employment (RR = 1.63, 95% CI [1.46, 1.82]).
“obtained any competitive employment: RR = 1.63, 95%CI = [1.46, 1.82]”
- Also stated in: § Competitive employment status · hedged
“We estimated that those in IPS conditions were 1.6x more likely to have found CE at any point in the study compared with those in control conditions (Fig 2A, k = 23, log(RR) = 0.49, SE = 0.06, Z = 8.70, p<0.0001, 95%CI = [0.38, 0.60]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Competitive employment status · hedged
- Findingown data
In randomized controlled trials of IPS, subjects in IPS compared with control conditions had higher income (d = 0.48, 95% CI [0.36, 0.59]).
“income: d = 0.48, 95%CI = [0.36, 0.59]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Analysis of the expected proportion of studies with a true effect on non-vocational outcomes with d>0.2 showed some reason to expect a possible improvement for quality of life for at least some settings (Prop = 0.57, 95% CI [0.30, 0.84]).
“Analysis of the expected proportion of studies with a true effect on non-vocational outcomes with d>0.2 showed some reason to expect a possible improvement for quality of life for at least some settings (Prop = 0.57, 95%CI = [0.30, 0.84]).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Experiment duration was not a significant moderator of job tenure (Length: d = 0.005, 95% CI [-0.01, 0.02]).
“Running the analysis with experiment duration as a moderator was not significant (Length: d = 0.005, 95%CI = [-0.01, 0.02]).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In randomized controlled trials of IPS, subjects in IPS compared with control conditions were more likely to be competitively employed at the end of studies (RR = 1.8, log(RR) = 0.58, 95% CI [0.42, 0.74]).
“We also estimated that those in IPS conditions, compared to those in control conditions, were 1.8x more likely to have been competitively employed at the end of studies (Fig 2B, k = 13, log(RR) = 0.58, SE = 0.08, Z = 7.23, p<0.0001, 95%CI = [0.42, 0.74]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
For job tenure, the estimated proportion of studies with d<-0.2 was 0.003 (95% CI [0, 0.02]).
“and that the proportion of studies with d<-0.2 to be tiny with a confidence interval that included the null (Prop = 0.003, 95% = [0, 0.02]).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Participants in IPS treatments had higher rates of competitive employment at the end of the study (log(RR) = 0.58, 95% CI [0.42, 0.74]).
“and at the end of the study (log(RR) = 0.58, 95%CI = [0.42, 0.74], Fig 2B)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Participants in IPS treatments had longer job tenure (d = 0.56, 95% CI [0.33, 0.79]).
“longer job tenure (d = 0.56, 95%CI = [0.33, 0.79], Fig 4A)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The estimated proportion of settings with effect size d < -0.2 for quality of life was 0.18 (95% CI [0, 0.40]).
“but that those that would be expected to be d<-0.2 was relatively small with a confidence interval that included zero (Prop = 0.18, 95%CI = [0, 0.40]).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingnone given
In the research reviewed, researchers often reported that a result was not significant but gave no estimate of the result (e.g., means and standard deviations).
“In the research reviewed here, researchers often reported that a result was not significant, but gave no estimate of the result (e.g., means and standard deviations).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The estimated proportion of settings with effect size d < -0.2 for global functioning was 0.01 (95% CI [0, 0.15]).
“d<-0.2, Prop = 0.01, 95%CI = [0, 0.15]”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Length of study was not a significant moderator of the effect on quality of life (Length = -0.0005, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.03]).
“Length of study was not a significant moderator (Length = -0.0005, 95%CI = [-0.03, 0.03]).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The estimated proportion of settings with effect size d < -0.2 for general mental health was 0.08 (95% CI [0, 0.36]).
“d<-0.2, Prop = 0.08, 95%CI = [0, 0.36]”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The estimated proportion of settings with effect size d > 0.2 for quality of life was 0.57 (95% CI [0.30, 0.84]).
“We estimated that the proportion of settings that we expect the effect size to be d>0.2 was relatively large (Prop = 0.57, 95%CI = [0.30, 0.84])”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
For all vocational outcomes, participants in IPS treatments had higher rates of competitive employment at any point during the study (log(RR) = 0.49, 95% CI [0.38, 0.60]).
“For all vocational outcomes, those in IPS treatments had higher rates of competitive employment at any point during the study (log(RR) = 0.49, 95%CI = [0.38, 0.60], Fig 2A)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The estimated proportion of settings with effect size d > 0.2 for general mental health was 0.15 (95% CI [0, 0.51]).
“d>0.2, Prop = 0.15, 95%CI = [0, 0.51]”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Participants in IPS treatments had shorter time to first competitive employment job (d = -0.31, 95% CI [-0.46, -0.16]).
“shorter time to first competitive employed job (d = -0.31, 95%CI = [-0.46, -0.16], Fig 3)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Experiment length was not a significant moderator of the effect on general mental health (Length = 0.03, SE = 0.02, Z = 1.46, p = 0.14, 95% CI [-0.01, 0.08]).
“Experiment length was not a significant moderator (Length = 0.03, SE = 0.02, Z = 1.46, p = 0.14, 95%CI = [-0.01, 0.08]).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The estimated proportion of settings with effect size d > 0.2 for global functioning was 0.21 (95% CI [0, 76]).
“d>0.2, Prop = 0.21, 95%CI = [0, 76]”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
There is evidence that working may be associated with improved aspects of wellbeing such as mental health.
“Beyond narrative accounts, there is evidence that working may be associated with improved aspects of wellbeing such as mental health [3, 4].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [3] GR Bond, 2014, Making the Case for IPS Supported Employment. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, Making the Case for IPS Supported Employment. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [4] M Modini, 2016, The mental health benefits of employment: Results of a systematic meta-review, Australasian psychiatry: bulletin of Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists
Not checked in the free run.
- Study design and conductreasoning
Because power was calculated only for the main outcome variable, researchers may have lacked sufficient power to detect secondary outcomes of interest.
“Because power was calculated only for the main outcome variable, researchers may have lacked sufficient power to detect secondary outcomes of interest.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Vocational rehabilitation closure rates (success) of SE/IPS compared to treatment as usual have been observed to be the same.
“Also, vocational rehabilitation closure rates (i.e., success) of SE/IPS compared to TAU has been observed to be the same [70].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [70] VV Fraser, 2008, VR closure rates for two vocational models, Psychiatric rehabilitation journal source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
One RCT found that depending on the outcome measured, SE/IPS may or may not be more effective than other vocational rehabilitation programs.
“One RCT investigated the cost-benefit of SE compared to other vocational rehabilitation programs [68]. Depending on the outcome measured, SE/IPS may or may not be more effective.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [68] L Dixon, 2002, Cost-Effectiveness of Two Vocational Rehabilitation Programs for Persons With Severe Mental Illness, Psychiatric Services source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationnone given
There is good evidence that IPS treatment can be expanded and remain effective with groups other than those with severe mental illness.
“There is even good evidence that the IPS treatment can be expanded and remain effective with groups other than those with severe mental illness (who were the original targets of the intervention).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: SE and IPS were originally developed for and used with populations that had severe mental illness.
- Interpretationcitation
The cost-benefit of SE/IPS is not necessarily better than treatment as usual.
“There is some evidence that even though the above is true, the cost-benefit of SE/IPS is not necessarily better than TAU.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Research in SE now includes other disabilities such as spinal cord injury and affective disorders.
“Although research in SE first looked at those with severe mental illness, it now includes other disabilities such as spinal cord injury [16, 24] and affective disorders [17].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [16] L Ottomanelli, 2012, Effectiveness of supported employment for veterans with spinal cord injuries: results from a randomized multisite study, Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [24] L Ottomanelli, 2014, Effectiveness of Supported Employment for Veterans With Spinal Cord Injury: 2-Year Results, Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [17] U Bejerholm, 2017, Supported employment adapted for people with affective disorders—A randomized controlled trial, Journal of Affective Disorders source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Ottomanelli and colleagues showed that veterans with spinal cord injuries have improved competitive employment outcomes when placed in SE/IPS treatments compared to standard ones.
“Ottomanelli and colleagues show that veterans with SCI have improved CE outcomes when placed in SE/IPS treatments compared to standard ones [16].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [16] L Ottomanelli, 2012, Effectiveness of supported employment for veterans with spinal cord injuries: results from a randomized multisite study, Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
The difference in employment for PTSD groups seemed to be most evident in the SE treatment group.
“The difference seemed to be most evident in the SE treatment group.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [56] SR McGurk, 2007, Cognitive training for supported employment: 2–3 year outcomes of a randomized controlled trial, The American journal of psychiatry source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Work on PTSD and veterans found that SE/IPS was better than treatment as usual.
“There is also work done on PTSD and veterans, which also found that SE/IPS was better than TAU [55].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [55] LL Davis, 2014, Impact of social challenges on gaining employment for veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder: An exploratory moderator analysis, Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationown data
It is less certain how much better SE is than treatment as usual for other outcomes such as mental health.
“It is less certain how much better SE is than treatment as usual for other outcomes such as mental health.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
IPS can be effectively delivered in a 'multi-server' program center instead of specialized IPS delivery centers.
“Instead of using specialized IPS delivery centers, these researchers were able to show that IPS can be effectively delivered in a ‘multi-server’ program center.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [67] PJ Barreira, 2010, Adapting Evidence-Based Interventions to Fit Usual Practice: Staff Roles and Consumer Choice in Psychiatric Rehabilitation, Psychiatr Q source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
A fairly recent study found that SE for veterans with spinal cord injuries was not significantly more cost-effective than treatment as usual.
“A fairly recent study looked at the cost-benefit of SE for veterans with spinal cord injuries and found that it was not significantly more cost-effective than TAU [69].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [69] PL Sinnott, 2014, Cost-effectiveness of supported employment for veterans with spinal cord injuries, Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
A different study found that augmenting SE with cognitive training in subjects with schizophrenia significantly increased the outcome of subjects (30% vs. 9%).
“They found that the added training significantly increased the outcome of subjects (30% vs. 9%).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [56] SR McGurk, 2007, Cognitive training for supported employment: 2–3 year outcomes of a randomized controlled trial, The American journal of psychiatry source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
One study found that PTSD groups were less likely to be employed in the SE and other conditions.
“One study looked at moderating effect of PTSD on outcomes for SE [56] and found that PTSD groups were less likely to be employed in the SE and other conditions.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [56] SR McGurk, 2007, Cognitive training for supported employment: 2–3 year outcomes of a randomized controlled trial, The American journal of psychiatry source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationown data
Supported employment as deployed via IPS is significantly better than treatment as usual on all vocational outcomes.
“From the above results, it is clear that supported employment (SE) as deployed via individual placement and support (IPS) treatments is significantly better than treatment as usual (TAU) on all vocational outcomes.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
For the primary outcome of competitive employment rates, the supported employment framework and IPS treatment is more effective than treatment as usual.
“There is little doubt that for the primary outcome, which was competitive employment rates, the supported employment framework and the IPS treatment is more effective than treatment as usual.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
An early work by McGurk and colleagues found that cognitive training plus SE outperformed SE alone in percentage of subjects employed.
“They found that CT+SE outperformed SE alone in percentage of subjects employed.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [64] SR McGurk, 2005, Cognitive training and supported employment for persons with severe mental illness: one-year results from a randomized controlled trial, Schizophrenia bulletin source
Not checked in the free run.
- May combine two claims. 15
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 24
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataIn randomized controlled trials of IPS, the non-vocational outcome estimate for global functioning favored IPS but included the null (d = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.27]).
“global functioning: d = 0.09, 95%CI = [-0.09, 0.27]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataIn randomized controlled trials of IPS, the non-vocational outcome estimate for mental health favored IPS but included the null (d = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.15, 0.21]).
“mental health: d = 0.03, 95%CI = [-0.15, 0.21]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
FindingreasoningBecause researchers often did not report estimates for non-significant results, the authors were unable to include all outcomes that researchers said they had measured.
“Because of this, we were unable to include all outcomes that researchers said that they had measured.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataFor global functioning, participants in IPS conditions had slightly higher global functioning than controls, but the confidence interval included the null (k = 5, d = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.0891, 0.2731], p = 0.3194).
“We estimated that those in IPS had a slightly higher global functioning, but that the confidence intervals of the estimate include the null (Fig 7A, k = 5, d = 0.09, SE = 0.09, Z = 0.9957, p = 0.3194, 95%CI = [-0.0891, 0.2731]).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataFor quality of life, participants in IPS conditions had higher levels than controls, but the confidence interval included the null (k = 9, d = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.67], p = 0.11).
“We estimated that those in IPS conditions had a higher levels of QOL, but that the confidence intervals for the estimate included the null (Fig 6, k = 9, d = 0.30, SE = 0.19, Z = 1.60, p = 0.11, 95%CI = [-0.07 0.67], τ2 (SE) = 0.2955(0.1602), I2 = 94.90%, H2 = 19.59, Q(8) = 62.1751, p<0.0001).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataFor general mental health, IPS had a very small effect and the confidence interval included the null (k = 6, d = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.15, 0.21], p = 0.7399).
“We estimated a very small effect and that the confidence intervals of the estimate include the null (Fig 7B, k = 6, d = 0.03, SE = 0.09, Z = 0.3320, p = 0.7399, 95%CI-0.15, 0.21], τ2 (SE) = 0.03(0.03), I2 = 64.55%, H2 = 2.82, Q(5) = 15.67, p = 0.0078).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataScale may be a significant moderator of the quality-of-life effect, with the Personal Wellbeing Index having the highest estimate.
“Given the heterogeneity and the different scales used, we also tested to see if scale was a significant moderator and we estimated that it may be with the Personal Wellbeing Index having the highest estimate (Table 11).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationA prior meta-analysis found no significant effect on mental health symptoms (d = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.62, 0.23]).
“or mental health symptoms (d = -0.20, 95%CI = [-0.62, 0.23]).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [53] RM van Rijn, 2016, Work as treatment? The effectiveness of re-employment programmes for unemployed persons with severe mental health problems on health and quality of life: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Occupational and Environmental Medicine source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationPast meta-analyses estimated that supported employment increases the likelihood of finding any employment by 3.24-fold (RR = 3.24, 95% CI [2.17, 4.82]).
“and of finding any employment by 3.24-fold (RR = 3.24 95%CI = [2.17, 4.82]) [15].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [15] Y Kinoshita, 2013, Supported employment for adults with severe mental illness, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown dataFor reproducibility, the relevant data were saved as R data files and included as supplemental materials along with the needed R script file.
“For reproducibility, we saved the relevant data as R data files and have included them as supplemental materials along with the needed R script file (S2 and S3 Files, respectively).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataAll articles included in the meta-analysis reported randomized controlled trials comparing supported employment as implemented via IPS to a control condition, which was usually the locally available best usual practice.
“All articles reported the results of randomized controlled trials (RCT) that focused on comparing supported employment (SE) as implemented via individual placement and support (IPS) to a control condition, which was usually the locally available best usual practice.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationA prior meta-analysis found no significant effect on global functioning (d = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.13, -0.11]).
“but no significant effects on global functioning (d = -0.01, 95%CI = [-0.13, -0.11])”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [53] RM van Rijn, 2016, Work as treatment? The effectiveness of re-employment programmes for unemployed persons with severe mental health problems on health and quality of life: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Occupational and Environmental Medicine source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationA prior meta-analysis found a significant effect on quality of life, with those in IPS having a higher level (d = 0.28, 95% CI [0.04, 0.52]).
“The researchers found a significant effect on quality of life with those in IPS having a higher level (d = 0.28, 95%CI = [0.04, 0.52])”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [53] RM van Rijn, 2016, Work as treatment? The effectiveness of re-employment programmes for unemployed persons with severe mental health problems on health and quality of life: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Occupational and Environmental Medicine source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenArticles varied by whether or not they reported measures of fidelity to the study protocol.
“Articles also varied by whether or not they reported measures of fidelity to the study protocol.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductnone givenIf a study reported both intent-to-treat and conditional statistics for secondary vocational outcomes, the intent-to-treat values were selected.
“If a study reported both intent-to-treat and conditional statistics, we selected to use the intent-to-treat values.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Study design and conductnone givenFor secondary vocational outcomes, meta-analysis was performed only from papers that used competitive employment for these statistics, and statistics that combined all types of employment were omitted.
“We only performed meta-analysis from papers that only used competitive employment for these statistics. We omit from analysis statistics that combined all types of employment (i.e., competitive and not).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationNordt et al. estimated that one in five suicides might be attributable to unemployment for the period 2000-2011 within sixty-three countries sampled.
“In that study, Nordt et al. estimated that one in five suicides might be attributable to unemployment for the period of 2000–2011 within sixty-three countries sampled [8].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [8] C Nordt, 2015, Modelling suicide and unemployment: a longitudinal analysis covering 63 countries, 2000–11, The Lancet Psychiatry source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenResearchers measured the same outcome variable in a number of ways; for example, competitive employment was often measured as any competitive employment during the study period and/or employment at the end of the study.
“Researchers measured the same outcome variable in a number of ways. For example, competitive employment was often measured as having had any competitive employment during the study period and/or as having been employed at the end of the study.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationPast meta-analyses estimated that supported employment increases the likelihood of achieving competitive employment by 2.4-fold (RR = 2.40, 95% CI [1.99, 2.90]).
“Past meta-analyses have estimated that supported employment increases the likelihood of achieving competitive employment by 2.4-fold (RR = 2.40 95%CI = [1.99, 2.90]) [14]”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [14] M Modini, 2016, Supported employment for people with severe mental illness: Systematic review and meta-analysis of the international evidence, Br J Psychiatry source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductcitationThe research articles included in the review varied greatly in quality.
“In general, research articles varied greatly in quality, as has been previously reported [15].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [15] Y Kinoshita, 2013, Supported employment for adults with severe mental illness, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataThe analyses followed the intent-to-treat paradigm, using the total number of subjects randomized for the Ns needed to be specified.
“Finally, given that we had access to the total number of subjects randomized, we performed the analyses following the intent-to-treat paradigm.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationEmployment may be associated with positive outcomes such as increased physical and mental health.
“Employment may be associated with positive outcomes such as increased physical and mental health [11–13].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [11] RE Lucas, 2004, Unemployment Alters the Set Point for Life Satisfaction, Psychological Science source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [12] 2012, Association of Returning to Work With Better Health in Working-Aged Adults: A Systematic Review, Am J Public Health source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [13] 2006, Is Work Good for your Health and Well-being?
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationUnemployment may be associated with negative outcomes, such as suicide in the most extreme.
“Unemployment may be associated with negative outcomes [9, 10], such as suicide, in the most extreme.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationA recent study using mediation analysis suggests improvement in quality of life may be fully mediated via competitive employment.
“A recent study using mediation analysis suggest improvement in quality of life may be fully mediated via competitive employment [54].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [54] D Jäckel, 2017, Effects of Sustained Competitive Employment on Psychiatric Hospitalizations and Quality of Life, Psychiatric Services
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataThere is some evidence that IPS may also improve quality of life and maybe global functioning, but more research with larger sample sizes is needed to know for sure.
“Furthermore, there is some evidence that IPS may also improve quality of life and maybe global functioning, but more research with larger sample sizes are needed to know for sure.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationSkills training in conjunction with IPS increased the test group's knowledge of fundamental concepts of the workplace (e.g., job performance).
“They found that while the test group increased their knowledge of fundamental concepts of the workplace (e.g., job performance), they did not differ from controls on a host of other outcomes.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [66] KT Mueser, 2005, The effectiveness of skills training for improving outcomes in supported employment, Psychiatric services (Washington, DC) source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).
InterpretationreasoningIn the limit, IPS could be provided to everyone, including those without any noticeable or known disability.
“The answer appears to be “yes” that, in the limit, IPS could be provided to everyone.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
InterpretationreasoningIf there is a true effect of IPS on quality of life and other non-vocational outcomes, a possible route of causation could be via competitive employment.
“If this is a true effect, a possible route of causation for increased quality of life and other non-vocational outcomes could be via the competitive employment.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningGiven the effectiveness of IPS, additional groups could benefit; the answer appears to be yes from the above results and past literature.
“Given the effectiveness of IPS, are there additional groups that could benefit. The answer appears to be a ‘yes’ from our above results and past literature.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: SE and IPS were originally developed for and used with populations that had severe mental illness.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationSkills training in conjunction with IPS did not differ from controls on a host of other outcomes.
“They found that while the test group increased their knowledge of fundamental concepts of the workplace (e.g., job performance), they did not differ from controls on a host of other outcomes.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [66] KT Mueser, 2005, The effectiveness of skills training for improving outcomes in supported employment, Psychiatric services (Washington, DC) source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationPrevious research reported that for populations with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, IPS proved more effective than treatment as usual as measured by subjects finding competitive employment (57% vs. 29%).
“Previous research reported that for populations with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, IPS proved more effective than TAU as measured by subjects finding competitive employment (57% vs. 29%)[44].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [44] EW Twamley, 2012, The efficacy of supported employment for middle-aged and older people with schizophrenia, Schizophrenia research source
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataFor the income analyses, the authors used only values derived from competitive employment; if the reported statistic was from income of competitive and non-competitive employment sources, they did not use it.
“For the following analyses, as above, we used only values that were derived from competitive employment (i.e., if the reported statistic was from income of competitive and non-competitive employment sources, we did not use it).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationFor those who did not respond to IPS, cognitive enhancement treatment had higher employment (60% vs. 36%), worked longer (23.9 vs. 9.2 weeks), and earned more ($3,421 vs. $1,728) than enhanced SE controls.
“Most recently, they found that for those that didn’t respond to IPS, the individual receiving cognitive enhancement treatments (the “Thinking Skills for Work Program”) had higher employment (60% vs. 36%), worked longer (23.9 vs. 9.2 weeks), and earned more ($3,421 vs. $1,728) than the control group that had an enhanced version of SE [65].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [65] SR McGurk, 2015, Cognitive Enhancement Treatment for People With Mental Illness Who Do Not Respond to Supported Employment: A Randomized Controlled Trial, The American journal of psychiatry source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataThe result that 0.57 of settings would have an effect size d > 0.2 for quality of life is suggestive that there may be a significant effect of IPS on these outcomes, but that the effect is sensitive to the setting.
“This latter result is suggestive that there may be a significant effect of IPS on these outcomes, but that the effect is sensitive to the setting.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationThere may be a difference in structural white matter between bipolar and unipolar depression.
“For example, there may be a difference in the structural (white matter) between bipolar and unipolar depression [63].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [63] G Serafini, 2014, Brain changes in early-onset bipolar and unipolar depressive disorders: a systematic review in children and adolescents, Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductreasoningGiven heterogeneity and the different scales used, the authors tested whether scale was a significant moderator of the quality-of-life effect.
“Given the heterogeneity and the different scales used, we also tested to see if scale was a significant moderator”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
The paper relies on this without support.
Working is better than not working.
“In our society, it is generally thought that working is better than not working.”
The paper relies on this without support.
SE and IPS were originally developed for and used with populations that had severe mental illness.
“SE and IPS were originally developed for and used with populations that had severe mental illness.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Subjects still work below full time and still suffer from their underlying disorder.
“Subjects still work below full time and still suffer from their underlying disorder.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Standard IPS is superior to all non-IPS interventions.
“Meta-analytic studies confirm that standard IPS is superior to all non IPS interventions [6–9].”
From An enhanced individual placement and support (iPS) intervention based on the model of human occupation (MOHO); a prospective cohort study (2020) · cites this paper as [7]
Statistics that don’t add up
Each reported p-value recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom.
Inconsistent p-value: Q(22) = 29.64, p = .1277
MinorThe paper reports p = .1277 here; recomputing from the test statistic and its degrees of freedom gives p = .127. The check cannot tell whether the statistic or the p-value is the misprint.
Reported p = .1277 · recomputed p = .127
“Q(22) = 29.64, p = 0.1277”
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- Doesn’t add upQ(22) = 29.64reported p = .1277 · recomputed p = .127
“Q(22) = 29.64, p = .1277”
- Consistentz = 8.7reported p < .0001 · recomputed p < .001
“Z = 8.70, p < .0001”
- Consistentz = 7.23reported p < .0001 · recomputed p < .001
“Z = 7.23, p < .0001”
- ConsistentQ(12) = 14.93reported p = .2451 · recomputed p = .245
“Q(12) = 14.93, p = .2451”
- Consistentz = -3.93reported p < .0001 · recomputed p < .001
“Z = -3.93, p < .0001”
- ConsistentQ(8) = 5.8994reported p = .6585 · recomputed p = .658
“Q(8) = 5.8994, p = .6585”
- Consistentz = 1.42reported p = .16 · recomputed p = .156
“Z = 1.42, p = .16”
- Consistentz = 4.72reported p < .0001 · recomputed p < .001
“Z = 4.72, p < .0001”
- ConsistentQ(7) = 21.477reported p = .0031 · recomputed p = .003
“Q(7) = 21.4770, p = .0031”
- Consistentz = 8.23reported p < .0001 · recomputed p < .001
“Z = 8.23, p < .0001”
- Consistentz = 8.31reported p < .0001 · recomputed p < .001
“Z = 8.31, p < .0001”
- ConsistentQ(11) = 8.3404reported p = .6825 · recomputed p = .683
“Q(11) = 8.3404, p = .6825”
- Consistentz = 1.6reported p = .11 · recomputed p = .110
“Z = 1.60, p = .11”
- ConsistentQ(8) = 62.1751reported p < .0001 · recomputed p < .001
“Q(8) = 62.1751, p < .0001”
- Consistentz = 0.9957reported p = .3194 · recomputed p = .319
“Z = 0.9957, p = .3194”
- Consistentz = 0.332reported p = .7399 · recomputed p = .740
“Z = 0.3320, p = .7399”
- ConsistentQ(5) = 15.67reported p = .0078 · recomputed p = .008
“Q(5) = 15.67, p = .0078”
- Consistentz = 1.46reported p = .14 · recomputed p = .144
“Z = 1.46, p = .14”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Drake 1996 employment count exceeds the randomized group
MajorTable 5 reports 526 IPS participants obtaining competitive employment in Drake 1996, but Table 2 says only 74 participants were randomized to IPS in that study.
“| Drake et al. 1996 | 526 | 47 | 347 | 31 | 281 | 25 | 158 | 14 |”
“| Drake et al. 1996 | 18 | Group Skills Training | 74 | 69 |”
Quoted prior-study confidence interval contradicts its significance description
MinorThe text describes the prior global-functioning result as nonsignificant, but the quoted 95% confidence interval lies entirely below zero. The quoted point estimate also falls outside that interval.
“but no significant effects on global functioning”
“(d = -0.01, 95%CI = [-0.13, -0.11])”
Full-text exclusion totals disagree
MinorThe flow-chart description says 24 articles were excluded after full-text review, whereas the accompanying account says 26 were removed at that stage.
“We excluded 24 articles for these reasons.”
“We then read the papers to ensure that they had the needed outcome measures and were in fact RCT studies between IPS and a treatment as usual control group. We removed 26 articles.”
Job-tenure study count disagrees with the heterogeneity degrees of freedom
MinorThe job-tenure analysis reports five studies, but its Q statistic has seven degrees of freedom, corresponding to eight studies in the stated meta-analysis. Table 7 also lists eight studies.
“For job tenure, we estimated that persons in IPS held a CE job longer than those in control conditions (Fig 4A, k = 5, d = 0.56”
“Q(7) = 21.4770, p = 0.0031”
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“Article IPS TAU Mean SD N Mean SD N Bond 2007 a 27.51 33.11 92 11.06 23.94 95 Burns 2007 b 213.6 159.42 83 108.4 111.95 39 Hoffman 2014a,c 104.8 102.7 46 35.5 68.8 54 Latimer 2006 a 5.8 10.9 75 2.8 8.4 74 Mueser 2004 a 25.54 31.05 68 5.3 14.89 69 Tsang 2009 a 12.34 16.02 56 1.05 4.5 55 Viering 2015…”
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“…SD N Mean SD N Bejerholm 2015 1294 545 34 1004 516 44 1294 Bond 2007 5034 8534 92 2675 7273 95 5034 Davis 2012 9264 13294 42 2601 6009 43 9264 Drake 1999 1875.47 3375.811 74 153.99 721.8211 76 1875.47 Drake 1996 3394.01 5446.25 73 1077.82 2237.84 67 3394.01 Hoffman 2014 11826 16917 46 6885…”
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“…92 11.06 23.94 95 Burns 2007 b 213.6 159.42 83 108.4 111.95 39 Hoffman 2014a,c 104.8 102.7 46 35.5 68.8 54 Latimer 2006 a 5.8 10.9 75 2.8 8.4 74 Mueser 2004 a 25.54 31.05 68 5.3 14.89 69 Tsang 2009 a 12.34 16.02 56 1.05 4.5 55 Viering 2015 b 51.25 70.63 63 57.85 81.31 41 Wong 2008 b 133 160 46…”
InfluentialThe New Hampshire study of supported employment for people with severe mental illness.
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“…1294 Bond 2007 5034 8534 92 2675 7273 95 5034 Davis 2012 9264 13294 42 2601 6009 43 9264 Drake 1999 1875.47 3375.811 74 153.99 721.8211 76 1875.47 Drake 1996 3394.01 5446.25 73 1077.82 2237.84 67 3394.01 Hoffman 2014 11826 16917 46 6885 16102 54 11826 Latimer 2006 961.7 2162 73 520.8 1901 73…”
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Kinoshita, Y., Furukawa, T. A., Kinoshita, K., Honyashiki, M., Omori, I. M., Marshall, M., Bond, G. R., Huxley, P., Amano, N., & Kingdon, D. (2013) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd008297.pub2 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
McGurk, S. R., Mueser, K. T., Xie, H., Welsh, J., Kaiser, S., Drake, R. E., Becker, D. R., Bailey, E., Fraser, G., Wolfe, R., et al. (2015) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.14030374 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Latimer, E. A., Lecomte, T., Becker, D. R., Drake, R. E., Duclos, I., Piat, M., Lahaie, N., St-Pierre, M.-S., Therrien, C., & Xie, H. (2006) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.105.012641 · Cited by 161 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…3375.811 74 153.99 721.8211 76 1875.47 Drake 1996 3394.01 5446.25 73 1077.82 2237.84 67 3394.01 Hoffman 2014 11826 16917 46 6885 16102 54 11826 Latimer 2006 961.7 2162 73 520.8 1901 73 961.7 Li-Tsang 2008 4468 3145 32 2958 2434 31 4468 Mueser 2004 2078.41 2891.36 68 617.59 1943.25 69 2078.41…”
InfluentialSensitivity Analysis for Unmeasured Confounding in Meta-Analyses
Mathur, M. B., & VanderWeele, T. J. (2019) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/01621459.2018.1529598 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Self-citationIndividual placement and support in Sweden—A randomized controlled trial
Bejerholm, U., Areberg, C., Hofgren, C., Sandlund, M., & Rinaldi, M. (2015) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/08039488.2014.929739 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Bond, G. R., Salyers, M. P., Dincin, J., Drake, R. E., Becker, D. R., Fraser, V. V., & Haines, M. (2007) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.75.6.968 · Cited by 129 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Article IPS TAU Mean SD N Mean SD N Bond 2007 a 27.51 33.11 92 11.06 23.94 95 Burns 2007 b 213.6 159.42 83 108.4 111.95 39 Hoffman 2014a,c 104.8 102.7 46 35.5 68.8 54 Latimer 2006 a 5.8 10.9 75 2.8 8.4 74 Mueser 2004 a 25.54 31.05 68 5.3 14.89 69 Tsang 2009 a 12.34 16.02 56 1.05 4.5 55 Viering 2015…”
InfluentialDrake, R. E., Frey, W. D., Bond, G. R., Goldman, H. H., Salkever, D. S., Miller, A. L., Moore, T. A., Riley, J., Karakus, M. C., & Milfort, R. (2013) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.13020214 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Tsang, H. W. H., Chan, A. S. M., Wong, A. H. H., & Liberman, R. P. (2008) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2008.12.007 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Davis, L. L., Leon, A. C., Toscano, R., Drebing, C. E., Ward, L. C., Parker, P. E., Kashner, T. M., & Drake, R. E. (2012) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201100340 · Cited by 105 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Article IPS TAU Units Mean SD N Mean SD N Bejerholm 2015 1294 545 34 1004 516 44 1294 Bond 2007 5034 8534 92 2675 7273 95 5034 Davis 2012 9264 13294 42 2601 6009 43 9264 Drake 1999 1875.47 3375.811 74 153.99 721.8211 76 1875.47 Drake 1996 3394.01 5446.25 73 1077.82 2237.84 67 3394.01 Hoffman 2014…”
InfluentialOttomanelli, L., Goetz, L. L., Suris, A., McGeough, C., Sinnott, P. L., Toscano, R., Barnett, S. D., Cipher, D. J., Lind, L. M., Dixon, T. M., et al. (2012) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2012.01.002 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Supported employment: randomised controlled trial
Howard, L. M., Heslin, M., Leese, M., McCrone, P., Rice, C. D., Jarrett, M., Spokes, T., Huxley, P. J., & Thornicroft, G. (2010) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.108.061465 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
The effectiveness of skills training for improving outcomes in supported employment
Mueser, K. T., Aalto, S., Becker, D. R., Ogden, J. S., Wolfe, R. S., Schiavo, D., Wallace, C. J., & Xie, H. (2005) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.56.10.1254 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Serafini, G., Pompili, M., Borgwardt, S., Houenou, J., Geoffroy, P. A., Jardri, R., Girardi, P., & Amore, M. (2014) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-014-0614-z · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Supported employment adapted for people with affective disorders—A randomized controlled trial
Bejerholm, U., Larsson, M. E., & Johanson, S. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.08.028 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Michon, H. W. C., van Busschbach, J. T., Stant, A. D., van Vugt, M. D., van Weeghel, J., & Kroon, H. (2014) · Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal · doi:10.1037/prj0000061 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Wong, K. K., Chiu, R. L. P., Tang, B., Mak, D. C. S., Liu, J., & Chiu, S. N. (2008) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/ps.2008.59.1.84 · Cited by 86 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…10.9 75 2.8 8.4 74 Mueser 2004 a 25.54 31.05 68 5.3 14.89 69 Tsang 2009 a 12.34 16.02 56 1.05 4.5 55 Viering 2015 b 51.25 70.63 63 57.85 81.31 41 Wong 2008 b 133 160 46 75 143 46 a. Weeks b. Days c. Hoffman 2014 instead of Hoffman 2012 was…”
InfluentialA randomised controlled trial of the efficacy of supported employment
Hoffmann, H., Jäckel, D., Glauser, S., & Kupper, Z. (2011) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2011.01780.x · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Metcalfe, J. D., Drake, R. E., & Bond, G. R. (2018) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbx132 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Bond, G. R., Kim, S. J., Becker, D. R., Swanson, S. J., Drake, R. E., Krzos, I. M., Fraser, V. V., O'Neill, S., & Frounfelker, R. L. (2015) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201400510 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
The efficacy of supported employment for middle-aged and older people with schizophrenia
Twamley, E. W., Vella, L., Burton, C. Z., Becker, D. R., Bell, M. D., & Jeste, D. V. (2012) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2011.11.036 · Cited by 75 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…Li-Tsang 2008 4468 3145 32 2958 2434 31 4468 Mueser 2004 2078.41 2891.36 68 617.59 1943.25 69 2078.41 Oshima 2014 211.5 388.7 18 36.5 116.9 19 211.5 Twamley 2012 1857 2969 30 456 883 28 1857 Wong 2008 2300 3100 46 1100 2200 46 2300 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0212208.t009 [0.35, 0.57], τ2…”
InfluentialHESLIN, M., HOWARD, L., LEESE, M., McCRONE, P., RICE, C., JARRETT, M., SPOKES, T., HUXLEY, P., & THORNICROFT, G. (2011) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/j.2051-5545.2011.tb00035.x · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Adapting Supported Employment for Emerging Adults with Serious Mental Health Conditions
Ellison, M. L., Klodnick, V. V., Bond, G. R., Krzos, I. M., Kaiser, S. M., Fagan, M. A., & Davis, M. (2014) · The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research · doi:10.1007/s11414-014-9445-4 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Can SSDI and SSI Beneficiaries With Mental Illness Benefit From Evidence-Based Supported Employment?
Bond, G. R., Xie, H., & Drake, R. E. (2007) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/ps.2007.58.11.1412 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
van Rijn, R. M., Carlier, B. E., Schuring, M., & Burdorf, A. (2016) · Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1136/oemed-2015-103121 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Effectiveness of Supported Employment for Veterans With Spinal Cord Injury: 2-Year Results
Ottomanelli, L., Barnett, S. D., & Goetz, L. L. (2014) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2013.11.012 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Waghorn, G., Dias, S., Gladman, B., Harris, M., & Saha, S. (2014) · Australian Occupational Therapy Journal · doi:10.1111/1440-1630.12148 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
A randomized controlled trial of individual placement and support in Japan.
Oshima, I., Sono, T., Bond, G. R., Nishio, M., & Ito, J. (2014) · Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal · doi:10.1037/prj0000085 · Cited by 50 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…Latimer 2006 961.7 2162 73 520.8 1901 73 961.7 Li-Tsang 2008 4468 3145 32 2958 2434 31 4468 Mueser 2004 2078.41 2891.36 68 617.59 1943.25 69 2078.41 Oshima 2014 211.5 388.7 18 36.5 116.9 19 211.5 Twamley 2012 1857 2969 30 456 883 28 1857 Wong 2008 2300 3100 46 1100 2200 46…”
InfluentialSupported employment outcomes for transition age youth and young adults.
Burke-Miller, J. K., Razzano, L. A., Grey, D. D., Blyler, C. R., & Cook, J. Α. (2012) · Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal · doi:10.2975/35.3.2012.171.179 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Lones, C. E., Bond, G. R., McGovern, M. P., Carr, K., Leckron-Myers, T., Hartnett, T., & Becker, D. R. (2017) · Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1007/s10488-017-0793-2 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Cost-Effectiveness of Two Vocational Rehabilitation Programs for Persons With Severe Mental Illness
Dixon, L., Hoch, J. S., Clark, R., Bebout, R., Drake, R., McHugo, G., & Becker, D. (2002) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.53.9.1118 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Johnson-Kwochka, A. V., Bond, G. R., Becker, D. R., Drake, R. E., & Greene, M. A. (2017) · Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1007/s10488-016-0787-5 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Effects of Sustained Competitive Employment on Psychiatric Hospitalizations and Quality of Life
Jäckel, D., Kupper, Z., Glauser, S., Mueser, K. T., & Hoffmann, H. (2017) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201600083 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Ottomanelli, L., Barnett, S. D., & Goetz, L. L. (2013) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-013-0353-5 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Zhang, G., Tsui, C. M., Lu, A. J. B., Yu, L. B., Tsang, H. W. H., & Li, D. (2017) · American Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.5014/ajot.2017.024802 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Poremski, D., Rabouin, D., & Latimer, E. A. (2015) · Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1007/s10488-015-0713-2 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Viering, S., Jäger, M., Bärtsch, B., Nordt, C., Wulf Rössler, A., Warnke, I., & Kawohl, W. (2015) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2015.00237 · Cited by 29 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…104.8 102.7 46 35.5 68.8 54 Latimer 2006 a 5.8 10.9 75 2.8 8.4 74 Mueser 2004 a 25.54 31.05 68 5.3 14.89 69 Tsang 2009 a 12.34 16.02 56 1.05 4.5 55 Viering 2015 b 51.25 70.63 63 57.85 81.31 41 Wong 2008 b 133 160 46 75 143 46 a. Weeks b. Days c. Hoffman 2014 instead of Hoffman 2012 was…”
InfluentialLi‐Tsang, C. W. P., Li, E. J. Q., Lam, C. S., et al. (2008) · Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation · doi:10.1007/s10926-008-9138-z · Cited by 29 · see citing works
A randomized controlled trial of evidence-based supported employment: Nonvocational outcomes
Kukla, M., & Bond, G. R. (2013) · Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation · doi:10.3233/jvr-130623 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
The effects of supported employment in Latino consumers with severe mental illness.
Mueser, K. T., Bond, G. R., Essock, S. M., Clark, R. E., Carpenter-Song, E., Drake, R. E., & Wolfe, R. (2014) · Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal · doi:10.1037/prj0000062 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Cost-effectiveness of supported employment for veterans with spinal cord injuries
Sinnott, P. L., Joyce, V., Su, P., Ottomanelli, L., Goetz, L. L., & Wagner, T. H. (2014) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2014.01.010 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
VR closure rates for two vocational models
Fraser, V. V., Jones, A. M., Frounfelker, R., Harding, B., Hardin, T., & Bond, G. R. (2008) · Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal · doi:10.2975/31.4.2008.332.339 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Frounfelker, R. L., Teachout, A., Bond, G. R., & Drake, R. E. (2010) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-010-9345-x · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Sensitivity analysis for unmeasured confounding in meta-analysesPreprint
Mathur, M. B., & VanderWeele, T. J. (2017) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/jkhfg · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationDavis, L. L., Pilkinton, P., Poddar, S., Blansett, C., Toscano, R., & Parker, P. E. (2014) · Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal · doi:10.1037/prj0000058 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Barreira, P. J., Tepper, M. C., Gold, P. B., Holley, D., & Macias, C. (2010) · Psychiatric Quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11126-010-9124-4 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Increased job crafting is positively associated with work engagement: a longitudinal meta-analysisPreprint
Frederick, D. E., & VanderWeele, T. J. (2017) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citation
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- GR Bond, 1997, A fidelity scale for the Individual Placement and Support model of supported employment, Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 40, 265
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Sorted by citations
Hickie, I. B., Scott, E. M., Cross, S. P., Iorfino, F., Davenport, T. A., Guastella, A. J., Naismith, S. L., Carpenter, J. S., Rohleder, C., Crouse, J. J., et al. (2019) · Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/mja2.50383 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Employment is a critical mental health intervention
Drake, R. E., & Wallach, M. A. (2020) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796020000906 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Solmi, M., Croatto, G., Piva, G., Rosson, S., Fusar-Poli, P., Rubio, J. M., Carvalho, A. F., Vieta, E., Arango, C., DeTore, N. R., et al. (2023) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-022-01727-z · Cited by 147 · see citing works
An update on Individual Placement and Support
Bond, G. R., Drake, R. E., & Becker, D. R. (2020) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20784 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Recent Advances on Social Determinants of Mental Health: Looking Fast Forward
Alegria, M. M., Álvarez, K., Cheng, M., & Falgas‐Bagué, I. (2023) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.20230371 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Metcalfe, J. D., Drake, R. E., & Bond, G. R. (2018) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbx132 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Arena, A. F. A., Mobbs, S., Sanatkar, S., Williams, D. O., Collins, D., Harris, M., Harvey, S. B., & Deady, M. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.05.027 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Bond, G. R., Al-Abdulmunem, M., Marbacher, J., Christensen, T. N., Sveinsdottir, V., & Drake, R. E. (2023) · Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1007/s10488-022-01228-9 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“In addition, the overall effect size for duration of employment was small (g = 0.34), compared to meta-analyses of the general IPS literature (d effect sizes 1 3 of 0.55 for job tenure and 0.46 for job length) (Frederick & VanderWeele, 2019).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSchizophrenia: A Narrative Review of Etiopathogenetic, Diagnostic and Treatment Aspects
Orsolini, L., Pompili, S., & Volpe, U. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11175040 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Individual placement and support: History, current status, and future directions
Drake, R. E., & Bond, G. R. (2023) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences Reports · doi:10.1002/pcn5.122 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“53 Another meta ‐ analysis 54 provided effect sizes for multiple employment outcome measures (time to first job, job tenure, job length, income, and employment rate at the end of the trial).”
InfluentialThe revolving door phenomenon in severe psychiatric disorders: A systematic review
Barbosa, J. F., & Marques, J. G. (2023) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00207640221143282 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“Offering patients concurrent means of receiving care and help in finding employment at the same time, which is designated as Supported Employment, provides greater competitive employment and may also contribute to a higher level of quality of life (Frederick & VanderWeele, 2019).”
BackgroundOswald, T. K., Nguyen, M. T., Mirza, L., Lund, C., Jones, H. G., Crowley, G., Aslanyan, D., Dean, K., Schofield, P., Hotopf, M. H., et al. (2024) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291724000333 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
The societal cost of treatment-seeking patients with borderline personality disorder in Germany
Wagner, T., Assmann, N., Köhne, S., Schaich, A., Alvarez‐Fischer, D., Borgwardt, S., Arntz, A. R., Schweiger, U., & Faßbinder, E. (2021) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-021-01332-1 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
A New Agenda for Optimizing Investments in Community Mental Health and Reducing Disparities
Alegria, M. M., Zhen‐Duan, J., O’Malley, I. S., & DiMarzio, K. (2022) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.21100970 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
van Rensburg, A. J., & Brooke‐Sumner, C. (2023) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2023.10 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“…interventions with a focus on SMIwas undertaken (Brooke-Sumner et al., 2015; Lutgens et al., 2017; Sin and Spain, 2017; Davies et al., 2018; Frederick and VanderWeele, 2019; Alhadidi et al., 2020; Al-Sawafi et al., 2020; Bighelli et al., 2021; Morillo et al., 2022; Rodolico et al., 2022;…”
Weld-Blundell, I., Shields, M., Devine, A. E., Dickinson, H., Kavanagh, A. M., & Marck, C. H. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182212083 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Non-trial based research that has been conducted indicates that IPS holds its effectiveness outside of trials and may be effective for other groups; with the strongest evidence directed towards veterans with PTSD, and pilot program data of a small cohort of young people with ASD supportive of further trialing and rese…”
BackgroundResultSmith, M. J., Smith, J. D., Blajeski, S. M., Ross, B., Jordan, N., Bell, M. D., McGurk, S. R., Mueser, K. T., Burke-Miller, J. K., Oulvey, E. A., et al. (2022) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.202100516 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Prior, S., Maciver, D., Aas, R. W., Kirsh, B., Lexen, A., van Niekerk, L., Irvine Fitzpatrick, L., & Forsyth, K. (2020) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-02745-3 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Erickson, D. H., Roes, M., DiGiacomo, A., & Burns, A. (2020) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.13005 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“Clients receiving IPS services, compared to those receiving other employment-support services, have a “relative risk” of being employed of 1.6 to 1.8 (Frederick & VanderWeele, 2019), where the pooled employment rate rises from 22% among controls to 55%among clients receiving IPS (Drake, Bond,…”
BackgroundInfluentialMcDowell, C., Ennals, P., & Fossey, E. M. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.668716 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“In summary, the best available evidence suggests that IPS programs achieve superior employment outcomes compared to alternative vocational services (7, 19).”
BackgroundResultKlodnick, V. V., Malina, C., Fagan, M. A., Johnson, R. P., Brenits, A., Zeidner, E., & Viruet, J. (2020) · The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research · doi:10.1007/s11414-020-09699-0 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Career focus Emerge uses an enhanced version of evidence-based Individual Placement and Support (IPS) Supported Employment.42 IPS is highly effective and widely adopted in the US.43 IPS has eight principles, including zero exclusion (participation not based on absence of symptoms) and rapid job placement (within 1 mon…”
BackgroundMarsden, J., Anders, P., Shaw, C., Amasiatu, C., Collate, W., Eastwood, B., Horgan, P., Khetani, M., Knight, J., Knight, S., et al. (2024) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.102400 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Gjersøe, H. M., & Strand, A. H. (2021) · Journal of Social Policy · doi:10.1017/s0047279421000933 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Capon, W., Hickie, I. B., Varidel, M., Prodan, A., Crouse, J. J., Carpenter, J. S., Cross, S. P. M., Nichles, A., Zmicerevska, N., Guastella, A. J., et al. (2022) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-022-02666-w · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Psychosocial therapies in severe mental illness: update on evidence and recommendations
Gühne, U., Weinmann, S., Riedel-Heller, S. G., & Becker, T. (2020) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0000000000000618 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“There is some evidence that IPS may also improve quality of life and may improve global functioning, but further studies are needed [41].”
BackgroundGühne, U., Pabst, A., Kösters, M., Hasan, A., Falkai, P., Kilian, R., Allgöwer, A., Ajayi, K., Baumgärtner, J., Brieger, P., et al. (2022) · Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology · doi:10.1186/s12995-022-00345-3 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Several reviews and metaanalyses have demonstrated the superiority of IPS over traditional vocational rehabilitation approaches, such as pre-vocational training or transitional employment, in terms of obtaining and maintaining employment of individuals with SMI [39, 42, 43] across a variety of settings and economic co…”
BackgroundSamuel, R., Abirame, S., & Jacob, K. (2020) · Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1177/0253717620938244 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Hussenoeder, F. S., Koschig, M., Conrad, I., Gühne, U., Pabst, A., Kühne, S.-E., Alberti, M., Stengler, K., & Riedel-Heller, S. G. (2021) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03416-7 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Marsden, J., Anders, P., Clark, H., Colocassis, K., Eastwood, B., Knight, J., Melaugh, A., Quinn, D. I., Wright, V., & Stannard, J. (2020) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-020-4099-4 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Patmisari, E., Huang, Y., Orr, M., Govindasamy, S., Hielscher, E., & McLaren, H. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0304527 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Bond, G. R., Al‐Abdulmunem, M., Ressler, D. R., Gade, D. M., & Drake, R. E. (2022) · Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1007/s10488-022-01208-z · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Prior studies of employment programs shown to be effective in improving employment outcomes have often failed to show a direct program impact on health outcomes (Frederick & VanderWeele, 2019; Wallstroem et al., 2021).”
BackgroundWormdahl, I., Husum, T., Rugkåsa, J., & Rise, M. B. (2020) · International Journal of Mental Health Systems · doi:10.1186/s13033-020-00417-z · Cited by 14 · see citing works
System-level efforts to address pain-related workplace challenges
Main, C. J., Shaw, W. S., Nicholas, M. K., & Linton, S. J. (2021) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002548 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“One example of system-level changes to prevent disability is the Individual Placement and Support model to prevent disability that has overwhelming efficacy support to improve employment outcomes for patients with severe mental illness, an effect that is doubled with sufficient policy and stakeholder support.(11,28) T…”
BackgroundWehman, P. (2023) · Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation · doi:10.3233/jvr-230022 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“…Ottomanelli et al., 2014; Wehman & Revell, 1996), sensory impairments (Dutta et al., 2008; Wehman & Revell, 1996), and psychiatric disabilities (Becker et al., 2011; Bond et al., 2007; Cook et al., 2006; Davis et al., 2018; Davis et al., 2022; Frederick & VanderWeele, 2019; Larson et al., 2007).”
Üstel, P., Smith, M. J., Blajeski, S. M., Johnson, J. M., Butler, V. G., Nicolia-Adkins, J., Ortquist, M. J., Razzano, L. A., & Lapidos, A. (2021) · Journal of Technology in Human Services · doi:10.1080/15228835.2021.1915924 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“VR-JIT is now being evaluated within Individual Placement and Support (IPS) services (Smith, Graham, et al., 2019; Smith, Smith, Graham, et al., 2019), the gold standard supported employment model (Drake, Becker, & Bond, 2020; Frederick & VanderWeele, 2019).”
MethodChristensen, T. N., Wallstrøm, I. G., Bojesen, A. B., Nordentoft, M., & Eplov, L. F. (2021) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-021-02107-8 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Yamaguchi, S., Sato, S., Shiozawa, T., Matsunaga, A., Ojio, Y., & Fujii, C. (2021) · Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1007/s10488-021-01161-3 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Bhalla, I. P., Stefanovics, E. A., & Rosenheck, R. A. (2020) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-020-09402-0 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Pichler, E. M., Stulz, N., Wyder, L., Heim, S., Watzke, B., & Kawohl, W. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.709732 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Zürcher, S. J., Zürcher, M., Burkhalter, M., & Richter, D. (2022) · Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1007/s10488-022-01227-w · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“…approach of directly placing individuals into competitive jobs, evidence largely supports its effectiveness and superiority in comparison to other vocational rehabilitation interventions (de Winter et al., 2022; Frederick & VanderWeele, 2019; Richter & Hoffmann, 2019a; Suijkerbuijk et al., 2017).”
ResultAdams, W. E., Rogers, E. S., McKnight, L., & Lynde, D. (2023) · Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1007/s10488-023-01267-w · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“…characteristics, healthcare delivery systems, and geographic contexts (Bond, et al., Campbell, et al., 2010; Cotner, et al., 2018; Davis et al., 2012; Frederick & VanderWeele, 2019; LiTsang, et al., 2008; McLaren, et al., 2017; Poremski, et al., 2017; Wallstroem, et al., 2021; Yamaguchi et al.,…”
BackgroundInfluentialFyhn, T., Øverland, S. N., & Rème, S. E. (2020) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764020934841 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“The method has proven consistently more effective than other vocational rehabilitation efforts and treatment as usual (TAU) for obtaining employment, across many different contexts (Frederick & VanderWeele, 2019).”
MethodEvaluation of an Employment Intervention for Veterans Transitioning From the Military
Bond, G. R., Al‐Abdulmunem, M., Ressler, D. R., Drake, R. E., Davis, L. L., Meyer, T. S., Gade, D. M., Frueh, B. C., & Dickman, R. B. (2021) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000001472 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“These findings are somewhat surprising in that prior studies examining the direct impact of employment services on nonvocational outcomes have had mixed results (Frederick and VanderWeele, 2019).”
ResultJäckel, D., Bechdolf, A., Burkhardt, E., Kallenbach, M., Gamig, M., Mößnang, A., & Leopold, K. (2025) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.70469 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Bjørkedal, S. T. B., Fisker, J. P., Hellström, L. C., Hoff, A., Poulsen, R. M., Hjorthøj, C. R., Bojesen, A. B., Rosenberg, N. G., & Eplov, L. F. (2023) · International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health · doi:10.1007/s00420-023-01968-7 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“2001; Frederick and VanderWeele 2019; Kinoshita et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialJäckel, D., Willert, A., Brose, A., Leopold, K., Nischk, D., Senner, S., Pogarell, O. M., Sachenbacher, S., Lambert, M., Rohenkohl, A. C., et al. (2023) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-023-07462-2 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Sivakumar, T., & Thirthalli, J. (2023) · Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation and Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s40737-023-00358-z · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Zheng, K., Stern, B. Z., Wafford, Q. E., & Kohli-Lynch, C. N. (2022) · Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1007/s10488-021-01174-y · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Several systematic reviews and meta-analyses conclude that IPS leads to higher rates of competitive employment compared to TVR programs, both within the US and internationally (Frederick & VanderWeele, 2019; Kinoshita et al., 2013; Modini et al., 2016).”
BackgroundMethodReims, N., Tophoven, S., & Rauch, A. (2024) · Zeitschrift für Sozialreform · doi:10.1515/zsr-2024-0006 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Job retention for people with bipolar disorder: A qualitative analysis
Marion‐Paris, E., Beetlestone, E., Paris, R., Bouhadfane, M., Villa, A. F., & Lehucher‐Michel, M. (2022) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12876 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Schall, C. M., Avellone, L., & Wehman, P. (2024) · Intellectual and developmental disabilities · doi:10.1352/1934-9556-62.1.27 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“SE has a well-established history of success promoting CIE outcomes for people with a wide range of disabilities, including IDD (Ahnole et al., 2020; Frederick & VanderWeele, 2019; Ottomaneli et al., 2018; Weh-man, et al., 2014; Wehman et al., 2020).”
BackgroundAdam, S. H., Junne, F., Schlachter, S., Mehler, M., Gündel, H., Rüsch, N., von Wietersheim, J., Giel, K. E., Zipfel, S., & Erschens, R. S. (2025) · JMIR Public Health and Surveillance · doi:10.2196/65698 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“…the evidence-based salutogenic effect of employment [6,12], which is further supported by growing research on individual placement and support [1,13,14] and the frequent wish for normal employment among people with mental illness [15,16], a negative correlation between the severity of mental…”
Yamaguchi, S., Sato, S., Ojio, Y., Shiozawa, T., Matsunaga, A., Taneda, A., Sawada, U., Yoshida, K., & Fujii, C. (2021) · Neuropsychopharmacology Reports · doi:10.1002/npr2.12172 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Bond, G. R., & Mueser, K. T. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-10239-4_37 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
A longitudinal analysis of employment in people with severe mental illnesses in India
Khare, C., McGurk, S. R., Fulford, D., Watve, V. G., Karandikar, N. J., Khare, S., Karandikar, D. N., & Mueser, K. T. (2021) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2021.01.004 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“In contrast to developed countries, where supported employment has been shown to improve vocational outcomes for persons with SMI (Frederick and VanderWeele, 2019), little progress has been made in vocational rehabilitation in developing countries (Harish et al.”
ResultStroupe, K. T., Jordan, N., Richman, J., Bond, G. R., Pogoda, T. K., Cao, L., Kertesz, S. G., Kyriakides, T. C., & Davis, L. L. (2021) · Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1007/s10488-021-01173-z · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Kukla, M., McGuire, A. B., Weber, K. C., Hatfield, J., Henry, N. H., Kulesza, E. T., & Rollins, A. L. (2024) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs14030246 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“In concert with CBTw, vocational rehabilitation approaches assist individuals with SMI to achieve their personal work goals in a manner and setting of their choosing [32].”
BackgroundCrosland, P., Ho, N., Nguyen, K., Tran, K., Hosseini, S. H., Vacher, C., Skinner, A., van Rosmalen, J., Rosenberg, S. P., Iorfino, F., et al. (2025) · Nature Mental Health · doi:10.1038/s44220-025-00459-7 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Systematic reviews with meta-analysis have found that IPS is effective in terms of vocational outcomes but has only indirect effects on nonvocational outcomes, such as quality life and mental health 105,106 .”
Adding Cognitive Remediation to Employment Support Services: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Burns, A. M. N., & Erickson, D. H. (2022) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.202100249 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Khalifa, N. R., Hadfield, S., Thomson, L., Talbot, E., Bird, Y., Schneider, J. M., Attfield, J., Vӧllm, B., Bates, P., & Walker, D. (2019) · British Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.1177/0308022619879334 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“IPS is regarded as the most effective approach in supporting people with severe mental illness to secure paid employment (Bond et al., 2008; Burns et al., 2007; Crowther et al., 2001; Frederick and VanderWeele, 2019; Kinoshita et al., 2013; Metcalfe et al., 2018; Modini et al., 2016; Rinaldi et al., 2008).”
BackgroundGal, G., Shadmi, E., Ishay, G. H., Gelkopf, M., & Roe, D. (2020) · International Journal for Quality in Health Care · doi:10.1093/intqhc/mzaa030 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Rethinking Why We Do What We Do: Individual Placement and Support
Atterbury, K. (2021) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.202000654 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The Role of Social Determinants in Racial and Ethnic Mental Health Disparities: Getting It Right
Alegria, M. M., Xiong, M., & González, M. L. S. (2025) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000421 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Blomgren, S., Saikku, P., & Partanen, J. (2025) · International Journal of Social Welfare · doi:10.1111/ijsw.70004 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Butenko, D., Rinaldi, M., Moe, C. F., Brinchmann, B., Wittlund, S., Killackey, E. J., Borg, M., & Mykletun, A. (2024) · Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation · doi:10.3233/jvr-240027 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“…approach, a recognized evidence-based practice, has repeatedly demonstrated superiority over other vocational rehabilitation approaches in enabling people with mental health problems to gain and retain employment (Brinchmann et al., 2020; de Winter et al., 2022; Frederick & VanderWeele, 2019).”
Kerdar, S. H., Kirchhoff, B. M., Bächler, L., & Adolph, L. (2022) · Disabilities · doi:10.3390/disabilities2030038 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Work, necessary to making a living in the current economic structure, can enhance individual wellbeing [1].”
BackgroundWitte, I., Strandberg, T., Granberg, S., & Gustafsson, J. (2022) · Work · doi:10.3233/wor-211155 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“This problem 540 was also noticed in previous reviews [14, 16].”
ResultBond, G. R., Mascayano, F., Metcalfe, J. D., Riley, J., & Drake, R. E. (2023) · Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation · doi:10.3233/jvr-230007 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Blajeski, S. M., Smith, M. J., Harrington, M. M., Johnson, J. M., Oulvey, E. A., Mueser, K. T., McGurk, S. R., & Razzano, L. A. (2023) · Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal · doi:10.1037/prj0000574 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Kashiwagi, H., Yamada, Y., Umegaki, Y., Takeda, K., & Hirabayashi, N. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.575529 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Nevertheless, work is a protective factor against the risk of violent behavior (12), and individual placement and support are known to increase employment rate and improve the prognosis of service users with severe disorders, such as schizophrenia (40, 41).”
BackgroundMorant, N. J., Milton, A. C., Gilbert, E., Johnson, S., Parsons, N., Singh, S. P., & Marwaha, S. (2021) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03577-5 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“The most widely advocated type of supported employment for those recovering from mental health problems is individual placement and support (IPS) in which support is provided to search for competitive open market employment, and subsequently to employees and employers in maintaining employment once a job has been obta…”
BackgroundSupported employment as a global mental health intervention
Mascayano, F., & Drake, R. E. (2024) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2024.112 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“…and meta-analyses shows that evidence-based supported employment consistently increases competitive, integrated employment and that those who become employed benefit in economic, psychological and social domains (Frederick and VanderWeele, 2019; Brinch-mann et al., 2020; Drake and Bond, 2023).”
BackgroundHijdra, R. W., Robroek, S. J., Sadigh, Y., Burdorf, A., & Schuring, M. (2024) · International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health · doi:10.1007/s00420-023-02039-7 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“…internationally with positive effects on mental health and entering paid employment among persons with severe mental disorders (Bond et al. 2023; Frederick and VanderWeele 2019; Hellström et al. 2021; Luciano et al. 2014; Modini et al. 2016; Poulsen et al. 2022; Suijkerbuijk et al. 2017).”
BackgroundInfluentialHillörn, M., Hillborg, H., Lövgren, V., & Rosenberg, D. (2024) · Nordic Social Work Research · doi:10.1080/2156857x.2024.2368162 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“…and some regions, in Sweden, offer vocational support for people with mental health problems, it is still mostly in the form of traditional vocational rehabilitation, even though evidence shows that IPS leads to higher employment rates (Bond et al. 2022; Frederick, VanderWeele, and Pompili 2019).”
Tanaka, S., Kuge, R. I., Nakano, M., Inukai, S., Hamamoto, M., Terasawa, M., Nakamura, T., Sugiyama, N., Kobayashi, M., & Washizuka, S. (2022) · Work · doi:10.3233/wor-211144 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“A meta-analysis found that IPS showed a better vocational outcome compared with usual treatment conditions [16].”
BackgroundPercudani, M., Iardino, R., Porcellana, M., Lisoni, J., Brogonzoli, L., Barlati, S., & Vita, A. (2023) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci13050822 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“If the initial suggestion is to avoid drug discontinuation through LAI treatments [66,67] and to carefully manage substance abuse disorders [65], then further recommendations should concern the application of non-pharmacological evidence-based interventions, such as psychoeducation for patients and their families [68]…”
BackgroundKukla, M., Strasburger, A. M., Salyers, M. P., Rollins, A. L., & Lysaker, P. H. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23048 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Parpouchi, M., Moniruzzaman, A., Buxton, J. A., & Somers, J. M. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-96186-x · Cited by 5 · see citing works
A Case Study on Outpatient Based Supported Employment for a Person with Schizophrenia
Andrade, J. R., Jain, P., & Praharaj, S. K. (2022) · Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation and Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s40737-022-00291-7 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Multiple studies have supported the finding that vocational rehabilitation, especially IPS, helps individuals with mental illness sustain the job (Kessler et al. 2005; Bond et al. 2019; Frederick and VanderWeele 2019; Prior et al. 2020; Drake et al. 2020).”
BackgroundSmith, M. J., Burke-Miller, J. K., Bornheimer, L. A., Ross, B., Bell, M. D., McGurk, S. R., Mueser, K. T., Brown, A., Prestipino, J., Borghani, N., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1150307 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Schlachter, S., Adam, S. H., Baxendale, M., Gantner, M., Gralla, M., Junne, F., Martus, P., Mehler, M., Nischk, D., Pumptow, M., et al. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-20323-0 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Dorado, J., Rubio, A., Cantarero, R., et al. (2022) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2022.3206008 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Christensen, T. N., Wallstrøm, I. G., Stenager, E. N., Hellström, L. C., Bojesen, A. B., Nordentoft, M., & Eplov, L. F. (2023) · Psychiatry Journal · doi:10.1155/2023/2789891 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Most IPS trials have follow-up periods of 18 months or less, and the evidence of long-term effectiveness beyond 24 months is less established [7].”
BackgroundPoutanen, J., Juvonen-Posti, P., & Unkila, K. (2024) · Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation · doi:10.3233/jvr-240029 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Supported employment (SE) and Individual Placement and Support (IPS) are vocational rehabilitation approaches typically applied to persons with disabilities and which provide aid for searching for competitive employment and health treatments concurrently (Frederick & VanderWeele, 2019).”
InfluentialGitonga, I., Syurina, E. V., Tele, A., & Ebuenyi, I. D. (2021) · Pan African Medical Journal · doi:10.11604/pamj.2021.38.323.28509 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“employer support and cooperation are critical for the success of these interventions and for the sustained employment of the PWPD [16-18].”
BackgroundSchniedermann, I., Dehn, L. B., Micheel, S. A., Beblo, T., Drießen, M., & for the StAB project group (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0271803 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Supported Employment and Psychiatric Intervention
Drake, R. E., Becker, D. R., & Dixon, L. B. (2022) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.3007 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Smith, P., & Pavlidis, L. (2026) · Psychotherapy and Counselling Journal of Australia · doi:10.59158/001c.158758 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Poutanen, J., Gluschkoff, K., Kausto, J., et al. (2023) · Scandinavian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1177/14034948231210347 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Nagata, S., Yamaguchi, S., Tanaka, K., Kono, S., & Tomura, T. (2024) · Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation · doi:10.3233/jvr-240021 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“…factors that determine the link between life meaning and purpose, which can possibly explain why employment had only a small effect on well-being (Frederick & Vanderweele, 2019; Wallstroem et al., 2021; van Rijn et al., 2016) because not all of them derive life meaning and purpose from…”
Harkko, J., Nordquist, H., & Kouvonen, A. M. (2024) · Social Policy and Administration · doi:10.1111/spol.13056 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Støren-Váczy, B., & Bakkeli, V. (2024) · Nordic Journal of Working Life Studies · doi:10.18291/njwls.148590 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
van Ommen, F., Duijts, S. F. A., Coenen, P., Dalton, S. O., Kliffen, A., van Hummel, R., de Boer, A. G. E. M., & Greidanus, M. A. (2024) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-024-08441-x · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Supported employment is an example of an intervention that combines job search and placement assistance with workplace support, aiming to help unemployed individuals secure paid employment [20, 21].”
BackgroundMetcalfe, J. D., & Drake, R. E. (2024) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.20230612 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Jacobi, C. B. (2024) · Nordic Social Work Research · doi:10.1080/2156857x.2024.2414099 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“…method obeying a fidelity scale, and it has shown good job outcomes for unemployed individuals with severe mental illness across national contexts (Bejerholm et al. 2015; Bond et al. 2012; Christensen et al. 2021; Drake, Bond, and Becker 2012; Frederick, VanderWeele, and Pompili 2019).”
Assessing Program Fidelity Patterns within the IPS for Young Adults in Norway
Malmberg-Heimonen, I. E., Tøge, A. G., Bråthen, M., Frøyland, K., Spjelkavik, Ø., & Bond, G. R. (2025) · Journal of Evidence-Based Social Work · doi:10.1080/26408066.2025.2528910 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Chauhan, N., Leeming, D., & Wattis, J. P. (2021) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-021-00819-4 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“However, it is less clear from a meta-analysis of RCTs that IPS supports improved mental health as effectively as it supports improved employment outcomes (Frederick & VanderWeele, 2019).”
BackgroundDingenen, D., & Raeymaeckers, P. (2022) · International Journal of Social Welfare · doi:10.1111/ijsw.12565 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Blajeski, S. M., Smith, M. J., Harrington, M. M., Johnson, J. M., Ross, B., Weaver, A., Razzano, L. A., Pashka, N. J., Brown, A., Prestipino, J., et al. (2023) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.20230023 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Witte, I., Strandberg, T., & Gustafsson, J. (2023) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2023.2247975 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
- Authors
- Frederick, D. E., & VanderWeele, T. J.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Frederick, Donald E.
- Venue
- PLOS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2019-02-20
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- e0212208
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6382127
- OpenAlex
- W2915389400
- Semantic Scholar
- f71bf620a9a024e38e5b0ada1aa81d168778204b
- Cited by
- 219
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 41 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 6 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 5.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Disability Education and Employment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Employment and Welfare Studies
- Keywords
- supported employment, Individual Placement and Support, severe mental illness, competitive employment, career outcomes, job tenure, income, quality of life, global functioning, mental health, randomized controlled trials
- MeSH terms
- Mental Disorders, Female, Humans, Income, Male, Mental Health, Quality of Life, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Employment, Supported
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