The DOI matches its Crossref record; 31 of the 31 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 21 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Unemployment Alters the Set Point for Life Satisfaction
Open accessAbstract
According to set-point theories of subjective well-being, people react to events but then return to baseline levels of happiness and satisfaction over time. We tested this idea by examining reaction and adaptation to unemployment in a 15-year longitudinal study of more than 24,000 individuals living in Germany. In accordance with set-point theories, individuals reacted strongly to unemployment and then shifted back toward their baseline levels of life satisfaction. However, on average, individuals did not completely return to their former levels of satisfaction, even after they became reemployed. Furthermore, contrary to expectations from adaptation theories, people who had experienced unemployment in the past did not react any less negatively to a new bout of unemployment than did people who had not been previously unemployed. These results suggest that although life satisfaction is moderately stable over time, life events can have a strong influence on long-term levels of subjective well-being.
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22 Own result · 8 Sources not found · 8 Own interpretation · 6 Own method · 6 No basis given · 5 No full text of the sources · 4 Not checked yet
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the reaction phase added significantly to the prediction ( = .69,S.E.= .08,t = 9.09, p < .001)when both average baseline satisfaction and average reaction phase satisfaction were entered into the equation.”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Table 1 shows that, on average, people do not return to baseline levels long after the period of unemployment has ended”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the reaction parameter correlated .67 with the adaptation parameter”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“within-person changes in income had a significant and substantial positive effect on people's life satisfaction over the course of the study (a coefficient of .40)”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“even after controlling for this effect, people become over one-half of a point less satisfied during the reaction phase of unemployment.”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The moderator analyses show that none of the person-level characteristics influenced this within-person adaptation parameter.”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“people's average income moderates the effect of within-person changes in income -the higher a respondent's average income, the less changes in income influence life satisfaction.”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, on average, individuals did not completely return to their former levels of life satisfaction, even after they became re-employed.”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“People with higher incomes began the study with higher levels of life satisfaction”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, even individuals who dropped dramatically after unemployment showed some rebound toward baseline, not the pattern we would expect from a downward spiral due to internal causes.”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 23
- Probably not a substantial claim. 17
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, reactions to unemployment were similar regardless of sex, age, income, or length of time one remained unemployed.”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the individual level, people's set-point changed in that some individuals' life satisfaction increased slightly after adaptation to the unemployment experience, whereas other people's life satisfaction stayed substantially lower even after many years.”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Initial baseline levels of satisfaction correlated -.11 with the reactivity parameter and -.30 with the adaptation parameter.”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Within-person analyses showed, however, that there are considerable individual differences in reaction and adaptation to unemployment.”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“although the adaptation parameter is significantly smaller than the reaction parameter ( 2 = 6.57, df = 1, p < .05),which shows that people do start shifting back towards baseline during the adaptation phase”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Table 1 shows that the respondents who met our selection criteria were approximately onequarter of a point higher than average on life satisfaction before they became unemployed.”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“It is important to note, however, that an event such as unemployment does not have the same meaning or influence on everyone -there are clear individual differences in reactions to these events”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Discussion
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Satisfaction in the baseline period correlated .73 and .62 with satisfaction in the reactivity and adaptation periods, respectively.Satisfaction in the reactivity period correlated .80 with satisfaction in the adaptation phase.”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although there was substantial stability in life satisfaction over the years, unemployment did influence long-term levels, thus suggesting that in addition to personality, long-term subjective well-being can also be influenced by life circumstances.”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Abstract
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In accordance with set-point theory, individuals first reacted strongly to unemployment and then shifted back toward their former (or”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, prior to unemployment, the individuals who would eventually become unemployed reported a high level of life satisfaction, and did not show evidence of lower levels that would likely result from initial problems with alcohol, dysphoria, and so forth.”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Second, it should also be noted that Lucas, Clark, Georgellis, and Diener (2001) found that widows show a sharp decline in life satisfaction and do not on average return to their former levels even after five years”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Lucas, Clark, Georgellis, and Diener (2001)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Our data show strong temporal stability in life satisfaction, which is compatible with the idea of a strong temperament influence (Tellegen et al., 1988).”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Tellegen et al., 1988
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Research shows that these variables are moderately to strongly stable over time and often change only slightly following major life events.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Diener, Suh, Lucas, & Smith, 1999 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This indicates that although the baseline phase captures a substantial amount of variance in the adaptation level, satisfaction during the reaction phase adds variance to the prediction of one's eventual adaptation level.”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Results
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the aggregate level, people were less satisfied long after unemployment, suggesting that the event lowered the average set-point of these respondents.”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Discussion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because of certain trends in the data, we centered life satisfaction scores within each year of the survey and within four sub-samples of the larger population (West Germans, East Germans, immigrants to Germany, and foreigners living in Germany; see Lucas et al., for details).”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Method
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For example, longitudinal studies have shown that happiness prospectively predicts higher income levels (e.g., Diener, Nickerson, Lucas, & Sandvik, 2001;Marks & Fleming, 1999), better health (Danner & Snowdon, 2001), and the experience of various positive life events (Magnus, Diener, & Fujita, 1996).”
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“They found that people often showed incomplete adaptation to marital transitions.Furthermore, Lucas et al. demonstrated that there were considerable individual differences in these reactions, and that the strength with which one reacted to an event was strong predictor of whether or not he or she would ever completely adapt.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Lucas, Clark, Georgellis, and Diener (2001)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In a later study, Lykken and Tellegen (1996) concluded that about 80 percent of the variance in long-term levels of SWB could be attributed to inborn temperament.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lykken and Tellegen (1996) source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“participants were asked how satisfied they were with their lives at the time of the survey, using a scale that ranged from 0 to 10.”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Method
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Households were selected using multi-stage random sampling, and all members of each selected household were asked to participate.”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Method
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Haisken-De New & Frick, 1998
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Previous cross-sectional studies of unemployment have shown that unemployed individuals tend to be substantially less happy than employed individuals (Argyle, 2001;Clark and Oswald, 1994).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Argyle, 2001
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Clark and Oswald, 1994 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“According to this theory, people initially react to events, but then return to baseline levels of well-being that are determined by personality factors.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Headey & Wearing, 1992
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unfortunately, neither of these designs is ideal because pre-event levels of SWB are not known. Thus, these designs cannot determine whether people return to pre-event levels of SWB.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Researchers have therefore claimed that people have inborn SWB”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Headey & Wearing, 1992
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the multi-level modeling analytic technique allows participants to contribute to the estimate of parameters, even if they do not have complete data.Therefore, the 1,119 participants contribute to the fixed part of the model, but only the 669 participants with complete data contribute to the estimate of correlations among parameters.”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Method
plainn = 1,119- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Furthermore, personality and temperament variables seem to play a strong role in determining individuals' levels of SWB (Diener & Lucas, 1999).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Diener & Lucas, 1999 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We should note that this model requires that all participants contribute data for at least two years before and after their period of unemployment, a criterion that is more restrictive than our initial selection criterion.Six hundred sixty-nine respondents met this more restrictive selection criterion.”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Method
plainn = 669- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Tellegen et al. (1988), for example, used a twin study design to show that genes account for about half of the variance in positive and negative affect.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Tellegen et al. (1988)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Costa, McCrae, and Zonderman (1987) showed that the stability of SWB does not seem to be affected by the events that happen to people-individuals who experienced major life events exhibited similar long-term test-retest reliability on SWB measures as did those who experienced no such major life events.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Costa, McCrae, and Zonderman (1987) source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Surveys were conducted yearly using face-to-face interviews.”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Method
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Suh, Diener, and Fujita (1996) estimated that most life events affect SWB for less than two months”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Suh, Diener, and Fujita (1996) source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants were selected from the larger sample if they began the study employed, experienced one period of unemployment during the study, regained employment, and then stayed employed for the remainder of the study.”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Method
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“More specifically, SWB could be used to make a strong case for unemployment programmes given the significant reduction in SWB associated with any periods of unemployment (Clark et al., 2004;Clark, 2010).”
From Measuring Subjective Wellbeing: Recommendations on Measures for use by National Governments (2012) · cites this paper as Clark et al., 2004
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Employment may be associated with positive outcomes such as increased physical and mental health [11–13].”
From Supported employment: Meta-analysis and review of randomized controlled trials of individual placement and support (2019) · cites this paper as [11]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“| Intercept, 10 | -0.537 | 0.049 | 8.116 <0.001 | |”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Discussion
Reported 8.116 · recomputed -10.959184
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“The biggest loss of subjective well-being is right after the worker is displaced from their job; the effects weaken over time as the worker adjusts to his or her new situation (Lucas et al. 2004). clark and Oswald (1994) give one of the earliest studies linking unhappiness to joblessness.”
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Webley, P., & Nyhus, E. K. (2008) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511490118.005 · Cited by 20
Are People Living in Walkable Areas Healthier and More Satisfied with Life?
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“Examples of studies that provide evidence on the extent to which individuals adapt to major life events are Lucas et al. (2003, 2004), Clark et al. (2008b) and Frijters et al. (2011).”
BackgroundEssentializing happiness reduces one’s motivation to be happier
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“Specifically, people do not seem to completely recover from the impact of unemployment (Lucas et al., 2004), divorce (Lucas, 2005), disability (Lucas, 2007) or widowhood (Lucas, Clark, Georgellis & Diener, 2003), although some researchers disagree with these conclusions (e.g., Oswald & Powdthavee,…”
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“Furthermore, research has shown that loss of employment can be particularly devastating to well-being ( Lucas, Clark, Georgellis, & Diener, 2004 ).”
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“In particular, unemployment is linked to a constant decrease in subjective well-being, or a linear increase in negative emotions (Lucas et al., 2004; McKee-Ryan et al., 2005; Paul and Moser, 2006, 2009; Schöb, 2013; Wanberg, 2012).”
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“For example, Lucas et al. (2004) find that life satisfaction decreases sharply when individuals are laid off, increases again even when they remain unemployed, but not to its original level.”
Sospesi nel tempo. Inattività e malessere percepito in giovani adulti NEET
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“For example, according to a longitudinal study, although unemployed individuals incline toward their baseline life satisfaction, they do not completely return to their former levels of satisfaction after reemployment (Lucas et al., 2004).”
BackgroundAt the Intersection of Adverse Life Course Pathways: The Effects on Health by Migration Status
Loi, S., Li, P., & Myrskylä, M. (2024) · Demography · doi:10.1215/00703370-11314758 · Cited by 18
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“This scale provides the highest quality in terms of validity and presentation in PAPI and CAPI questionnaires compared to 7-point and magnitude scales (Kroh 2006; Schimmack 2009) and is frequently used by other scholars (e.g., Ehrhardt et al. 2000; Lucas et al. 2004).”
MethodAn Alternative Relationship to Unemployment: Conceptualizing Unemployment Normalization
Pignault, A., & Houssemand, C. (2018) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/gpr0000148 · Cited by 15
“Despite a recent notable improvement in the OECD zone (unemployment fell from 7.4% in 2014 to 5.9% in April 2017; OECD, 2017) and in Europe (where unemployment dropped by more than 2 points between 2014 [11.6”
BackgroundInfluentialAssociation between health‐related quality of life and work status in older Korean adults
Kim, J., Noh, J., Park, J., Huh, T., & Kwon, Y. D. (2018) · Geriatrics and gerontology international/Geriatrics & gerontology international · doi:10.1111/ggi.13541 · Cited by 15
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“Other longitudinal studies have shown only partial adaptation to such other events as divorce, widowhood, and unemployment (Lucas et al., 2004; Lucas, 2005; Luhmann et al., 2012).”
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İlahiyat Fakültesi Öğrencilerinde Psikolojik İyi Oluş ve Dindarlık
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“However, not all studies found support for adaptation to repeated stressful events, at least not in relation to experiences of unemployment (Luhmann and Eid 2009, see also Lucas et al. 2004).”
BackgroundResultA Qualitative Study of the Dislocated Working Class
Fouad, N. A., Cotter, E. W., Carter, L., Bernfeld, S., Gray-Schmiedlin, I., & Liu, J. P. (2011) · Journal of Career Development · doi:10.1177/0894845310389466 · Cited by 14
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Hartz and Minds: Happiness Effects of Reforming an Employment Agency
Deter, M. (2020) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-020-00297-7 · Cited by 7
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Hudde, A., & Jacob, M. (2023) · Sociological Science · doi:10.15195/v10.a29 · Cited by 11
“…in life satisfaction, personality traits, or risk-taking (Anger, Camehl, and Peter 2017; Brüderl, Kratz, and Bauer 2019; Hahn et al. 2015; Hanglberger and Merz 2015; Hetschko, Knabe, and Schöb 2019; Leopold et al. 2017; Lucas et al. 2004; Merz 2018; van der Zwan, Hessels, and Rietveld 2018).”
BackgroundLife Satisfaction Among Ethnic Minorities in Europe
Kööts‐Ausmees, L., & Realo, A. (2016) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022116628671 · Cited by 16
“As said above, unemployment has been associated with both short- and long-term declines in LS (Lucas et al., 2004; Wulfgramm, 2014; Yap, Anusic, & Lucas, 2012).”
BackgroundMaggiori, C., Rossier, J., Krings, F., Johnston, C. S., & Massoudi, K. (2016) · Life course research and social policies · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-24157-9_6 · Cited by 14
“Lucas et al. (2004), highlighted that the unemployment experience can also impact personal well-being in the medium- and long-term even after re-entering the labor market.”
BackgroundMigration und Lebenszufriedenheit: Eine theoriegeleitete empirische Analyse
Kämpfer, S. (2014) · Budrich UniPress eBooks · doi:10.3224/86388071 · Cited by 16
Does life satisfaction predict reemployment? Evidence form German panel data
Rose, D., & Stavrova, O. (2018) · Journal of Economic Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.joep.2018.12.008 · Cited by 14
Unraveling resilience: Personality predicts exposure and reaction to stressful life events
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“…findings are in line with previous evidence for changes in subjective well-being (Denissen et al., 2019; Infurna & Luthar, 2016, 2017; Lucas, 2005; Lucas et al., 2004; Luhmann et al., 2012), self-esteem (Bleidorn et al., 2021; Luciano & Orth, 2017) and psychopathological symptoms (Kim & von Dem…”
ResultLatente Wachstumskurvenmodelle
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Berufserfolg und Lebenszufriedenheit
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Drivers of Subjective Well-being in Spain: Are There Gender Differences?
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“Furthermore, unemployed individuals do not return to their pre-unemployment levels of SWB when they find a new job (Lucas et al. 2004).”
BackgroundPsychological Balance Scale: Validation Studies of an Integrative Measure of Well-Being
Besika, A., Horn, A. B., & Martin, M. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.727737 · Cited by 15
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“Keywords: subjective well-being; unemployment; quantile analysis; treatment estimators; BHPS JEL Classification: J64; J01; I31 I. Introduction Getting unemployed is a driver of human misery (Lucas et al., 2004; Clark et al., 2008).”
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A Validation Study of the Work Need Satisfaction Scale for Korean Working Adults
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A Behavioral Model of Unemployment, Sociotropic Concerns, and the Political Economy of Trade Policy
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“5The scarring effects relate to both future labor market performance (Arulampalam, 2001; Gregg, 2001; Gregg and Tominey, 2005; Gregory and Jukes, 2001) and to future “happiness” (Clark et al., 2001; Lucas et al., 2004).”
Sustainable consumption and lifestyle change
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“Life satisfaction affects psychosocial functioning: a high level is associated with better job performance and higher income (Graham et al. 2004; Lucas et al. 2004), as well as greater satisfaction with marriages or other romantic bonds.”
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“he selection of a major has very important potential ramifications for college students because finding satisfaction in one’s work has been shown to be a significant correlate of overall well-being (Diener, 1984; Ryff, 1989; Lucas, Clark, Georgellis, & Diener, 2004 ), higher income levels (Diener, Oishi, & Lucas, 2002…”
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Lang, J. W. B., Runge, J. M., & Fruyt, F. D. (2021) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1177/08902070211012932 · Cited by 12
“…session has an impact (Lang, 2014; Lang & Tay, 2021), and again other authors have suggested that people get pulled back to an underlying stable level (also discussed as an attractor strength or a set point, see Lucas et al., 2004; Sosnowska, Hofmans, et al., 2019; Sosnowska, Kuppens et al., 2019).”
BackgroundForecasting life and career satisfaction in midlife from young adult depressive symptoms
Howard, A. L., Galambos, N. L., & Krahn, H. J. (2013) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2013.10.003 · Cited by 12
Otto, K., & Dalbert, C. (2014) · Psihološka obzorja · doi:10.20419/2013.22.375 · Cited by 13
“Our findings replicate prior research indicating that unemployment decreases life satisfaction (Grün et al., 2010; Lucas et al., 2004, McKee-Ryan et al., 2005).”
Result
Metadata
- Authors
- Lucas, R. E., Clark, A. E., Georgellis, Y., & Diener, E.
- Affiliations
- Michigan State University (US)
- Département et Laboratoire d'Economie, Théorique et Appliquée, Paris, France
- Brunel University of London (GB)
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lucas, Richard E.
- Venue
- Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2004-01
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 8-13
- ISSN
- 0956-7976 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-9280
- OpenAlex
- W2022668144
- Semantic Scholar
- 4d01dc1a9709f1b491ea2c3ceeafdcdf3875cef3
- Cited by
- 1,327
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 30 · 2025: 50 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 106 · 2022: 68 · 2021: 72 · 2020: 63 · 2019: 52 · 2018: 65 · 2017: 56 · 2016: 65 · 2015: 57 · 2014: 77 · 2013: 82 · 2012: 75
- FWCI
- 40.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- bura.brunel.ac.uk
- Locations
- Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Brunel University Research Archive (BURA) (Brunel University London) (submittedVersion)
- Research Repository (Kingston University London) (submittedVersion)
- Kent Academic Repository (University of Kent) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Employment and Welfare Studies
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Job Satisfaction and Organizational Behavior
- Keywords
- unemployment, life satisfaction, subjective well-being, set-point theory, adaptation, reemployment, life events, happiness, longitudinal study
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Life Change Events, Personal Satisfaction, Quality of Life, Unemployment
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-29, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-29 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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