The DOI matches its Crossref record; 31 of the 31 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 21 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Unemployment Alters the Set Point for Life Satisfaction
Open accessAbstract
According to set-point theories of subjective well-being, people react to events but then return to baseline levels of happiness and satisfaction over time. We tested this idea by examining reaction and adaptation to unemployment in a 15-year longitudinal study of more than 24,000 individuals living in Germany. In accordance with set-point theories, individuals reacted strongly to unemployment and then shifted back toward their baseline levels of life satisfaction. However, on average, individuals did not completely return to their former levels of satisfaction, even after they became reemployed. Furthermore, contrary to expectations from adaptation theories, people who had experienced unemployment in the past did not react any less negatively to a new bout of unemployment than did people who had not been previously unemployed. These results suggest that although life satisfaction is moderately stable over time, life events can have a strong influence on long-term levels of subjective well-being.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
22 Own result · 8 Sources not found · 8 Own interpretation · 6 Own method · 6 No basis given · 5 No full text of the sources · 4 Not checked yet
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the reaction phase added significantly to the prediction ( = .69,S.E.= .08,t = 9.09, p < .001)when both average baseline satisfaction and average reaction phase satisfaction were entered into the equation.”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Table 1 shows that, on average, people do not return to baseline levels long after the period of unemployment has ended”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the reaction parameter correlated .67 with the adaptation parameter”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“within-person changes in income had a significant and substantial positive effect on people's life satisfaction over the course of the study (a coefficient of .40)”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“even after controlling for this effect, people become over one-half of a point less satisfied during the reaction phase of unemployment.”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The moderator analyses show that none of the person-level characteristics influenced this within-person adaptation parameter.”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“people's average income moderates the effect of within-person changes in income -the higher a respondent's average income, the less changes in income influence life satisfaction.”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, on average, individuals did not completely return to their former levels of life satisfaction, even after they became re-employed.”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“People with higher incomes began the study with higher levels of life satisfaction”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, even individuals who dropped dramatically after unemployment showed some rebound toward baseline, not the pattern we would expect from a downward spiral due to internal causes.”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 23
- Probably not a substantial claim. 17
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, reactions to unemployment were similar regardless of sex, age, income, or length of time one remained unemployed.”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the individual level, people's set-point changed in that some individuals' life satisfaction increased slightly after adaptation to the unemployment experience, whereas other people's life satisfaction stayed substantially lower even after many years.”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Initial baseline levels of satisfaction correlated -.11 with the reactivity parameter and -.30 with the adaptation parameter.”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Within-person analyses showed, however, that there are considerable individual differences in reaction and adaptation to unemployment.”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“although the adaptation parameter is significantly smaller than the reaction parameter ( 2 = 6.57, df = 1, p < .05),which shows that people do start shifting back towards baseline during the adaptation phase”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Table 1 shows that the respondents who met our selection criteria were approximately onequarter of a point higher than average on life satisfaction before they became unemployed.”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“It is important to note, however, that an event such as unemployment does not have the same meaning or influence on everyone -there are clear individual differences in reactions to these events”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Discussion
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Satisfaction in the baseline period correlated .73 and .62 with satisfaction in the reactivity and adaptation periods, respectively.Satisfaction in the reactivity period correlated .80 with satisfaction in the adaptation phase.”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although there was substantial stability in life satisfaction over the years, unemployment did influence long-term levels, thus suggesting that in addition to personality, long-term subjective well-being can also be influenced by life circumstances.”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Abstract
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In accordance with set-point theory, individuals first reacted strongly to unemployment and then shifted back toward their former (or”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, prior to unemployment, the individuals who would eventually become unemployed reported a high level of life satisfaction, and did not show evidence of lower levels that would likely result from initial problems with alcohol, dysphoria, and so forth.”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Second, it should also be noted that Lucas, Clark, Georgellis, and Diener (2001) found that widows show a sharp decline in life satisfaction and do not on average return to their former levels even after five years”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Lucas, Clark, Georgellis, and Diener (2001)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Our data show strong temporal stability in life satisfaction, which is compatible with the idea of a strong temperament influence (Tellegen et al., 1988).”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Tellegen et al., 1988
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Research shows that these variables are moderately to strongly stable over time and often change only slightly following major life events.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Diener, Suh, Lucas, & Smith, 1999 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This indicates that although the baseline phase captures a substantial amount of variance in the adaptation level, satisfaction during the reaction phase adds variance to the prediction of one's eventual adaptation level.”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Results
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the aggregate level, people were less satisfied long after unemployment, suggesting that the event lowered the average set-point of these respondents.”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Discussion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because of certain trends in the data, we centered life satisfaction scores within each year of the survey and within four sub-samples of the larger population (West Germans, East Germans, immigrants to Germany, and foreigners living in Germany; see Lucas et al., for details).”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Method
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For example, longitudinal studies have shown that happiness prospectively predicts higher income levels (e.g., Diener, Nickerson, Lucas, & Sandvik, 2001;Marks & Fleming, 1999), better health (Danner & Snowdon, 2001), and the experience of various positive life events (Magnus, Diener, & Fujita, 1996).”
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“They found that people often showed incomplete adaptation to marital transitions.Furthermore, Lucas et al. demonstrated that there were considerable individual differences in these reactions, and that the strength with which one reacted to an event was strong predictor of whether or not he or she would ever completely adapt.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Lucas, Clark, Georgellis, and Diener (2001)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In a later study, Lykken and Tellegen (1996) concluded that about 80 percent of the variance in long-term levels of SWB could be attributed to inborn temperament.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lykken and Tellegen (1996) source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“participants were asked how satisfied they were with their lives at the time of the survey, using a scale that ranged from 0 to 10.”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Method
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Households were selected using multi-stage random sampling, and all members of each selected household were asked to participate.”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Method
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Haisken-De New & Frick, 1998
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Previous cross-sectional studies of unemployment have shown that unemployed individuals tend to be substantially less happy than employed individuals (Argyle, 2001;Clark and Oswald, 1994).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Argyle, 2001
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Clark and Oswald, 1994 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“According to this theory, people initially react to events, but then return to baseline levels of well-being that are determined by personality factors.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Headey & Wearing, 1992
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unfortunately, neither of these designs is ideal because pre-event levels of SWB are not known. Thus, these designs cannot determine whether people return to pre-event levels of SWB.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Researchers have therefore claimed that people have inborn SWB”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Headey & Wearing, 1992
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the multi-level modeling analytic technique allows participants to contribute to the estimate of parameters, even if they do not have complete data.Therefore, the 1,119 participants contribute to the fixed part of the model, but only the 669 participants with complete data contribute to the estimate of correlations among parameters.”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Method
plainn = 1,119- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Furthermore, personality and temperament variables seem to play a strong role in determining individuals' levels of SWB (Diener & Lucas, 1999).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Diener & Lucas, 1999 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We should note that this model requires that all participants contribute data for at least two years before and after their period of unemployment, a criterion that is more restrictive than our initial selection criterion.Six hundred sixty-nine respondents met this more restrictive selection criterion.”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Method
plainn = 669- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Tellegen et al. (1988), for example, used a twin study design to show that genes account for about half of the variance in positive and negative affect.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Tellegen et al. (1988)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Costa, McCrae, and Zonderman (1987) showed that the stability of SWB does not seem to be affected by the events that happen to people-individuals who experienced major life events exhibited similar long-term test-retest reliability on SWB measures as did those who experienced no such major life events.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Costa, McCrae, and Zonderman (1987) source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Surveys were conducted yearly using face-to-face interviews.”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Method
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Suh, Diener, and Fujita (1996) estimated that most life events affect SWB for less than two months”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Suh, Diener, and Fujita (1996) source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants were selected from the larger sample if they began the study employed, experienced one period of unemployment during the study, regained employment, and then stayed employed for the remainder of the study.”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Method
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“More specifically, SWB could be used to make a strong case for unemployment programmes given the significant reduction in SWB associated with any periods of unemployment (Clark et al., 2004;Clark, 2010).”
From Measuring Subjective Wellbeing: Recommendations on Measures for use by National Governments (2012) · cites this paper as Clark et al., 2004
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Employment may be associated with positive outcomes such as increased physical and mental health [11–13].”
From Supported employment: Meta-analysis and review of randomized controlled trials of individual placement and support (2019) · cites this paper as [11]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“| Intercept, 10 | -0.537 | 0.049 | 8.116 <0.001 | |”
§ Unemployment Alters the Set-Point for Life Satisfaction > Discussion
Reported 8.116 · recomputed -10.959184
Citations
Cites
Hierarchical Linear Models: Applications and Data Analysis Methods.
Longford, N. T., Bryk, A. S., & Raudenbush, S. W. (1993) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2075823 · Cited by 18,773
Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress.
Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. (1999) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.125.2.276 · Cited by 12,910
Self-citationWell-being : the foundations of hedonic psychology
Kahneman, D. J., Diener, E. F., & Schwarz, N. (1999) · Cited by 7,472
Self-citationHierarchical Linear Models: Applications and Data Analysis Methods.
Goldstein, H., Bryk, A. S., & Raudenbush, S. W. (1993) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2290750 · Cited by 3,320
Introducing Multilevel Modeling
Kreft, I., & de Leeuw, J. (1998) · doi:10.4135/9781849209366 · Cited by 2,997
Clark, A. E., & Oswald, A. J. (1994) · The Economic Journal · doi:10.2307/2234639 · Cited by 2,562
Self-citationLottery winners and accident victims: is happiness relative?
Brickman, P., Coates, D., & Janoff-Bulman, R. (1978) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.36.8.917 · Cited by 2,225
Happiness Is a Stochastic Phenomenon
Lykken, D., & Tellegen, A. (1996) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1996.tb00355.x · Cited by 1,719
Lottery winners and accident victims: Is happiness relative?
Brickman, P., Coates, D., & Janoff‐Bulman, R. (1978) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.36.8.917 · Cited by 1,707
Personality and Subjective Well-Being
Richard, E., & Diener, E. (2009) · Social indicators research series · doi:10.1007/978-90-481-2350-6_4 · Cited by 1,615
Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- Haisken-De New J.P., 1998, Desktop companion to the German Socio-Economic Panel Study (GSOEP)
- Headey B., 1992, Understanding happiness: A theory of subjective well-being
- Kahneman D., 1999, Well-being: The foundations of hedonic psychology, 3
- Raudenbush S.W., 2000, HLM 5
- Seligman M.E.P., 2002, Authentic happiness: Using the new positive psychology to realize your potential for lasting fulfillment
- Silver R.L., 1982, Coping with an undesirable life event: A study of early reactions to physical disability
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 1,254
Decline in life satisfaction in old age: Longitudinal evidence for links to distance-to-death.
Gerstorf, D., Ram, N., Röcke, C., Lindenberger, U., & Smith, J. (2008) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.23.1.154 · Cited by 213
Psychological and Subjective Well-being: A Proposal for Internationally Comparable Indicators
Samman, E. (2007) · Oxford Development Studies · doi:10.1080/13600810701701939 · Cited by 213
“…and unemployment equally, may be underestimating the effects of unemployment on well-being.36 Moreover, unemployment appears to affect long-term levels of life satisfaction, even once an individual becomes re-employed (Lucas et al., 2004), in part because of the associated stigma (Graham, 2007).”
InfluentialPevalin, D. J., Reeves, A., Baker, E., & Bentley, R. (2017) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.09.020 · Cited by 211
“Mental health problems may be ‘sticky’; persisting even after the initial trigger has been removed (Clark et al., 2001; Lucas et al., 2004; Davydov et al., 2010; Huijts et al., 2015).”
BackgroundHansen, T., Slagsvold, B., & Moum, T. (2009) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-008-9426-1 · Cited by 188
“The expectation that parenthood has psychological benefits is also implicit in the literature on the detrimental emotional effects of unattained and blocked life goals, in particular goals that are highly valued both personally and culturally (Diener et al., 1995; Lucas et al., 2004).”
BackgroundDingemans, E., & Henkens, K. (2014) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.1914 · Cited by 187
“Previous research has shown that unemployment (Lucas et al., 2004) and divorce (Lucas, 2005) can have longlasting negative effects on well-being.”
BackgroundWagner, G. G., Göbel, J., Krause, P., Pischner, R., & Sieber, I. (2008) · AStA Wirtschafts- und Sozialstatistisches Archiv · doi:10.1007/s11943-008-0050-y · Cited by 180
Financial satisfaction over the life course: The influence of assets and liabilities
Plagnol, A. C. (2010) · Journal of Economic Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.joep.2010.10.006 · Cited by 196
Rueda, S., Raboud, J., Mustard, C., Bayoumi, A. M., Lavis, J. N., & Rourke, S. B. (2011) · AIDS Care · doi:10.1080/09540121.2010.507952 · Cited by 176
“This has been demonstrated in the general population (Warr & Jackson, 1987 ), although not consistently (Lucas, Clark, Georgellis, & Diener, 2004 ; Morrell, Taylor, Quine, Kerr, & Western, 1994 ).”
The Set Point Theory of Well-Being Has Serious Flaws: On the Eve of a Scientific Revolution?
Headey, B. (2010) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-009-9559-x · Cited by 196
“The approach has been explained and used in a number of recent papers ( Clark et al. 2004; Headey 2006; Clark et al. 2008), so technical details will be omitted here.”
BackgroundMethodTARGET ARTICLE: The Nonobvious Social Psychology of Happiness
Diener, E., & Oishi, S. (2005) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1604_04 · Cited by 191
“This reinforces the contention of Markus and Kitayama (1991) that what emotions feel good depends to some extent on culture.”
Self-citationBuecker, S., Luhmann, M., Haehner, P., Bühler, J. L., Dapp, L. C., Luciano, E. C., & Orth, U. (2023) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000401 · Cited by 218
Insights on Development from the Economics of Happiness
Graham, C. L. (2005) · The World Bank Research Observer · doi:10.1093/wbro/lki010 · Cited by 181
Resilience to Major Life Stressors Is Not as Common as Thought
Infurna, F. J., & Luthar, S. S. (2016) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691615621271 · Cited by 195
Does consumption buy happiness? Evidence from the United States
DeLeire, T., & Kalil, A. (2010) · International Review of Economics · doi:10.1007/s12232-010-0093-6 · Cited by 171
Does it really feel the same? Changes in life satisfaction following repeated life events.
Luhmann, M., & Eid, M. (2009) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0015809 · Cited by 190
“Consistent with other studies (e.g., Lucas et al., 2003, 2004), we found considerable interindividual differences that could partially be explained by variables such as gender, age, personality, and the duration of the event.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialUrbanos-Garrido, R. M., & López‐Valcárcel, B. G. (2014) · The European Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1007/s10198-014-0563-y · Cited by 169
“[46], the effect of unemployment on life satisfaction lasts for some time, but the unemployed quickly seem to be mentally adapted to their new status.”
BackgroundAngrave, D., & Charlwood, A. (2015) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/0018726714559752 · Cited by 153
“…revised set-point theory (Diener et al., 2006) and its supporting evidence base suggests that only a limited number of events, notably unemployment (Lucas et al., 2004; Rudolf and Kang, 2014) and the onset of disability (Lucas, 2007), have negative effects on SWB that persist for more than a…”
BackgroundStepping Off the Hedonic Treadmill
Mancini, A. D., Bonanno, G. A., & Clark, A. E. (2011) · Journal of Individual Differences · doi:10.1027/1614-0001/a000047 · Cited by 169
Self-citationRetirement and subjective well-being
Bonsang, É., & Klein, T. J. (2012) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2012.06.002 · Cited by 197
Yap, S. C. Y., Anusic, I., & Lucas, R. E. (2012) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2012.05.005 · Cited by 176
“events by modeling linear and quadratic change (Lucas, 2005; Lucas et al., 2003; Lucas et al., 2004).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationLelkes, O. (2006) · The Journal of Socio-Economics · doi:10.1016/j.socec.2005.11.002 · Cited by 165
“First, there is no full adaptation to certain situations, like unemployment or divorce (e.g. Clark 2003, Clark et al. 2003, Lucas et al. 2004).”
Life Events and Personality Change: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Bühler, J. L., Orth, U., Bleidorn, W., Weber, E., Kretzschmar, A., Scheling, L., & Hopwood, C. J. (2023) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1177/08902070231190219 · Cited by 205
“Finally, there is consistent evidence for a decrease in life satisfaction following un-employment (Luhmann et al., 2012), with the sharpest decline directly before (Lucas et al., 2004; Reitz et al., 2022) and after (Lucas et al., 2004) becoming unemployed.”
BackgroundHow Comparable are the Gallup World Poll Life Satisfaction Data?
Bjørnskov, C. (2008) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-008-9121-6 · Cited by 155
Work and the good life: How work contributes to meaning in life
Ward, S. J., & King, L. A. (2017) · Research in Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.riob.2017.10.001 · Cited by 179
Testing Set-Point Theory in a Swiss National Sample: Reaction and Adaptation to Major Life Events
Anusic, I., Yap, S. C. Y., & Lucas, R. E. (2014) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-013-0541-2 · Cited by 161
Self-citationDO PEOPLE REALLY ADAPT TO MARRIAGE?
Lucas, R. E., & Clark, A. E. (2006) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-006-9001-x · Cited by 158
Self-citationDoes Happiness Adapt? A Longitudinal Study of Disability with Implications for Economists and JudgesPreprint
Oswald, A. J., & Powdthavee, N. (2006) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.921040 · Cited by 151
Social and Psychophysiological Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Extensive Literature Review
Clemente‐Suárez, V. J., Dalamitros, A. A., Beltrán-Velasco, A. I., Mielgo‐Ayuso, J., & Tornero-Aguilera, J. F. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.580225 · Cited by 156
Does Society Matter? Life Satisfaction in the Enlarged Europe
Böhnke, P. (2007) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-007-9169-4 · Cited by 143
Goal Engagement During the School–Work Transition: Beneficial for All, Particularly for Girls
Haase, C. M., Heckhausen, J., & Köller, O. (2008) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2008.00576.x · Cited by 150
Losing a Job: The Nonpecuniary Cost of Unemployment in the United States
Young, C. (2012) · Social Forces · doi:10.1093/sf/sos071 · Cited by 142
“This finding is replicated with the same data by Gerlach and Stephan (1996) and Lucas et al. (2004). Clark and Oswald (2002), Clark (2003) and Andersen (2009) arrived at a similar conclusion using the British Household Panel Survey, as did Korpi (1997), who used a panel of youth in Sweden.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialGedikli, Ç., Miraglia, M., Connolly, S., Bryan, M. L., & Watson, D. J. (2022) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/1359432x.2022.2106855 · Cited by 202
“The empirical evidence suggests that longer term unemployment is generally more damaging to wellbeing or the negative association between unemployment and wellbeing is not sensitive to the length or frequency of unemployment (Booker & Sacker, 2012; Clark, 2006; Hahn et al., 2015; Lucas et al., 2004; Oesch & Lipps, 201…”
BackgroundCan the Large Swings in Russian Life Satisfaction be Explained by Ups and Downs in Real Incomes?*
Frijters, P., Geishecker, I., Haisken‐DeNew, J. P., & Shields, M. A. (2006) · Scandinavian Journal of Economics · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9442.2006.00459.x · Cited by 136
Beyond Money: Progress on an Economy of Well-Being
Diener, E., & Seligman, M. (2018) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691616689467 · Cited by 118
“For instance, researchers have shown the pernicious effects of unemployment on life satisfaction (e.g., Helliwell & Huang, 2011; Lucas, Clark, Georgellis, & Diener, 2004).”
Self-citationThe scarring effect of unemployment on psychological well-being across Europe
Mousteri, V., Daly, M., & Delaney, L. D. (2018) · Social Science Research · doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2018.01.007 · Cited by 135
Powdthavee, N. (2009) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.09.023 · Cited by 130
“For example, longitudinal evidence has shown that people are unlikely to adapt completely to unemployment (Lucas et al., 2004), divorce (Lucas, 2005), and disability (Lucas, 2007; Oswald & Powdthavee, 2008), whereas adaptation is more likely to be complete for income (Di Tella et al, 2007) and marriage (Lucas & Clark,…”
BackgroundMethodDyrdal, G. M., Røysamb, E., Nes, R. B., & Vittersø, J. (2010) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-010-9238-2 · Cited by 130
“Experiencing certain negative life events, like divorce (Lucas 2005), unemployment (Lucas et al. 2004), or becoming disabled (Lucas 2007a) have been found to lastingly alter individuals’ levels of life satisfaction.”
BackgroundA conceptual framework for studying ntext ynamics in ging (CODA)
Wahl, H., & Gerstorf, D. (2018) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2018.09.003 · Cited by 140
Employment, late-life work, retirement, and well-being in Europe and the United States
Nikolova, M., & Graham, C. L. (2014) · IZA Journal of European Labor Studies · doi:10.1186/2193-9012-3-5 · Cited by 126
“The psychology literature also documents the “scarring” effects on the well-being of the long-term unemployed (Lucas 2007; Lucas et al. 2004).”
BackgroundSubjective Well-Being and National Satisfaction
Morrison, M., Tay, L., & Diener, E. (2011) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797610396224 · Cited by 126
Self-citationThe Happy Mind: Cognitive Contributions to Well-Being
Schuz, N., & Schüz, B. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-58763-9 · Cited by 144
Income and happiness: Evidence, explanations and economic implications
Clark, A. E., Frijters, P., & Shields, M. A. (2006) · Cited by 126
Self-citationSurtees, P. G., Wainwright, N. W. J., & Khaw, K.-T. (2006) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2006.02.014 · Cited by 127
Life (dis)satisfaction and the intention to migrate: Evidence from Central and Eastern Europe
Otrachshenko, V., & Popova, O. I. (2013) · The Journal of Socio-Economics · doi:10.1016/j.socec.2013.09.008 · Cited by 129
“[43] and [44], among others).”
Bowling, N. A., Beehr, T. A., Wagner, S. H., & Libkuman, T. M. (2005) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.90.6.1044 · Cited by 132
Heintzelman, S. J., & King, L. A. (2018) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167218795133 · Cited by 145
COVID-19, gender inequality, and the responsibility of the state
Fortier, N. (2020) · International Journal of Wellbeing · doi:10.5502/ijw.v10i3.1305 · Cited by 123
“At least one study found that people who remain unemployed for more than a year do not return to the wellbeing level they had before they lost their job (Lucas et al. 2004).”
BackgroundMarum, G., Clench‐Aas, J., Nes, R. B., & Raanaas, R. K. (2013) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-013-0512-8 · Cited by 134
“The measures constitute common outcomes when examining the effect of life stressors [7], and reactions have been shown over longer time intervals than 12 months for a number of life events [3, 14].”
BackgroundStakeholder Happiness Enhancement: A Neo-Utilitarian Objective for the Modern Corporation
Jones, T. M., & Felps, W. (2013) · Business Ethics Quarterly · doi:10.5840/beq201323325 · Cited by 118
Khumalo, I. P., Temane, Q. M., & Wissing, M. P. (2011) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-010-9777-2 · Cited by 139
“Unemployment has previously been found to be one of the few external variables that can cause changes to individuals’ life satisfaction on a long-term basis and even contradict the set-point theory of life satisfaction ( Lucas et al. 2004 ).”
BackgroundInfluentialMeier, A., Musick, K., Flood, S., & Dunifon, R. E. (2016) · Demography · doi:10.1007/s13524-016-0474-x · Cited by 119
“…to be more reliable than global assessments (Kahneman and Krueger 2006; National Research Council 2012); they further mitigate threats to validity from adaptation, or the tendency for people to eventually adjust their subjective well-being to changes in life circumstances (e.g., Lucas et al. 2004).”
Income Aspirations, Television and Happiness: Evidence from the World Values Survey
Bruni, L., & Stanca, L. (2006) · Kyklos · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6435.2006.00325.x · Cited by 119
“Therefore, life circumstances, including health and income, are likely to account for a very small percentage of variation in SWB: people initially do react to events, but they then return to baseline levels of well-being that are determined by personality factors (Argyle 2001, Lucas et al. 2002 ).”
BackgroundThe Happiness Trade‐Off between Unemployment and Inflation
Blanchflower, D. G., Bell, D., Montagnoli, A., & Moro, M. (2014) · Journal of money credit and banking · doi:10.1111/jmcb.12154 · Cited by 121
Freeman, R. B. (2010) · International Labour Review · doi:10.1111/j.1564-913x.2010.00082.x · Cited by 115
“Strong in cross-section and found in longitudinal analyses as well, with analysis of timing of adaption: largest loss of subjective well-being is right after job loss (Lucas et al., 2004).”
Why travel prolongs happiness: Longitudinal analysis using a latent growth model
Kwon, J.-W., & Lee, H. (2019) · Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2019.06.019 · Cited by 120
The subjective evaluation of well-being in adulthood: Findings and implications
Pavot, W., & Diener, E. (2004) · Ageing International · doi:10.1007/s12126-004-1013-4 · Cited by 136
Self-citationPersonality Change: Implications for Organizational Behavior
Tasselli, S., Kilduff, M., & Landis, B. (2018) · Academy of Management Annals · doi:10.5465/annals.2016.0008 · Cited by 114
Does a Protestant work ethic exist? Evidence from the well-being effect of unemployment
van Hoorn, A., & Maseland, R. (2013) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2013.03.038 · Cited by 110
“Using longitudinal data, Clark et al. (2008) demonstrate that individuals who lose their job find their level of SWB decreasing substantially upon becoming unemployed, whilst they do not have lower SWB to begin with (see, also, Lucas et al., 2004).”
MethodEnhancing quality of life in older adults: A comparison of muscular strength and power training
Katula, J. A., Rejeski, W. J., & Marsh, A. P. (2008) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/1477-7525-6-45 · Cited by 120
“That is, even significant life events, such as unemployment [30] and widowhood [29,31], have been found to have only small effects on life satisfaction.”
BackgroundThe 'IKEA Effect': When Labor Leads to LovePreprint
Norton, M. I., Daniel Mochon, B., & Ariely, D. (2011) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1777100 · Cited by 110
Happiness and thrift: When (spending) less is (hedonically) more
Chancellor, J., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2011) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jcps.2011.02.004 · Cited by 126
The Set-Point Theory of Well-Being: Negative Results and Consequent Revisions
Headey, B. (2007) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-007-9134-2 · Cited by 126
“Repeated spells of unemployment, although not a single spell, have been shown to have a ‘scarring effect’ from which most people do not recover ( Clark et al. 2004 ).”
BackgroundMethodWell-being effects of self-employment: A spatial inquiry
Abreu, M., Öner, Ö., Brouwer, A., & Leeuwen, E. S. V. (2018) · Journal of Business Venturing · doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2018.11.001 · Cited by 113
Can and Should Happiness Be a Policy Goal?
Oishi, S., & Diener, E. (2014) · Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1177/2372732214548427 · Cited by 84
Self-citationUnderstanding Relative and Absolute Change in Discontinuous Growth Models
Bliese, P. D., & Lang, J. W. B. (2016) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/1094428116633502 · Cited by 118
The differential impact of major life events on cognitive and affective wellbeing
Kettlewell, N., Morris, R. W., Ho, N., Cobb‐Clark, D. A., Cripps, S., & Glozier, N. (2019) · SSM - Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100533 · Cited by 129
Measuring Subjective Wellbeing for Public Policy: Recommendations on MeasuresPreprint
Dolan, P., Layard, R., & Metcalfe, R. (2011) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 113
Promoting wellness: integrating community and positive psychology
Schueller, S. M. (2009) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.20334 · Cited by 116
Happiness Adaptation to Income and to Status in an Individual PanelPreprint
Tella, R. D., Haisken‐DeNew, J. P., & MacCulloch, R. (2005) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.760368 · Cited by 102
The Impact of Economic Crisis on Happiness
Guðmundsdóttir, D. G. (2011) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-011-9973-8 · Cited by 120
Do Good Institutions Make Citizens Happy, or Do Happy Citizens Build Better Institutions?
Rode, M. (2012) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-012-9391-x · Cited by 101
The influence of personality and life events on subjective well-being from a life span perspective
Gomez, V., Krings, F., Bangerter, A., & Grob, A. (2009) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2008.12.014 · Cited by 120
“In line with previous research regarding the influence of life events on SWB (Grob, 1991, 1995; Lu, 1999; Lucas, 2005; Lucas, 2007a, 2007b; Lucas et al., 2003, 2004) we further expected a direct positive association between positive life events and SWB and a negative association between negative…”
BackgroundResultThe Happy Homemaker? Married Women's Well-Being in Cross-National Perspective
Treas, J., van der Lippe, T., & Tai, T.-O. (2011) · Social Forces · doi:10.1093/sf/90.1.111 · Cited by 99
In Pursuit of Happiness: Empirical Answers to Philosophical Questions
Kesebir, P., & Diener, E. (2009) · Social indicators research series · doi:10.1007/978-90-481-2350-6_3 · Cited by 112
Self-citationUnderstanding role stressors and job satisfaction over time using adaptation theory.
Ritter, K., Matthews, R. A., Ford, M. T., & Henderson, A. A. (2016) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/apl0000152 · Cited by 119
A longitudinal etiologic model for symptoms of anxiety and depression in women
Kendler, K. S., & Gardner, C. (2011) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291711000225 · Cited by 101
“Prior longitudinal studies have shown evidence for potential changes in the affective or ‘well-being’ setpoint of individuals (Lucas et al. 2004 ; Headey, 2010).”
BackgroundHeadey, B. (2006) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-005-5381-2 · Cited by 101
“Recent work by Diener and colleagues has begun to remedy this (Suh et al., 1996; Lucas et al., 2003; Clark et al., 2004).”
BackgroundInfluentialOrmel, J., Riese, H., & Rosmalen, J. G. M. (2011) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.10.004 · Cited by 108
“In contrast, conflict, poor relationship quality, divorce (for men) and chronic or repeated unemployment lead to increases in N-scores (Costa, Herbst, McCrae, & Siegler, 2000; Lucas et al., 2004; Lüdtke, Trautwein, & Husemann, 2009; Robins, Caspi, & Moffitt, 2000; Scollon & Diener, 2006).”
Boarini, R., Margherita Comola, Y., Smith, C., Manchin, R., & de Keulenaer, F. (2012) · OECD statistics working papers · doi:10.1787/5k9b9ltjm937-en · Cited by 104
Automation and labor force participation in advanced economies: Macro and micro evidence
Grigoli, F., Kóczán, Z., & Topalova, P. B. (2020) · European Economic Review · doi:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2020.103443 · Cited by 104
Carlier, B. E., Schuring, M., Lötters, F. J. B., Bakker, B., Borgers, N., & Burdorf, A. (2013) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-503 · Cited by 93
“Most longitudinal studies on quality of life have examined transitions from employment to unemployment, and there is less agreement about the influence of reemployment on quality of life [23,24].”
BackgroundFrank, C., Davis, C. G., & Elgar, F. J. (2013) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2013.864389 · Cited by 103
A Macroeconomic Approach to Optimal Unemployment Insurance: Applications
Landais, C., Michaillat, P., & Saez, E. (2018) · American Economic Journal Economic Policy · doi:10.1257/pol.20160462 · Cited by 90
“But adaptation does not occur with unemployment: people remain unhappy for a long time after losing their job (Winkelmann and Winkelmann 1998; Lucas et al. 2004).”
Do We Know How Happy We Are? On Some Limits of Affective Introspection and Recall
Haybron, D. M. (2007) · Noûs · doi:10.1111/j.1468-0068.2007.00653.x · Cited by 98
The Size and Composition of Government Spending in Europe and Its Impact on Well-Being
Hessami, Z. (2010) · Kyklos · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6435.2010.00478.x · Cited by 94
Daniel Mochon, B., Norton, M. I., & Dan Ariely, C. (2007) · Journal of Economic Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.joep.2007.10.004 · Cited by 92
“Myers (2000) reports data from a national sample showing that those who are most involved with their religion are almost twice as likely to report being ‘‘very happy” than those with the least involvement (see also Ferris, 2002).”
BackgroundInfertility and Life Satisfaction Among Women
McQuillan, J., Stone, R. A. T., & Greil, A. L. (2007) · Journal of Family Issues · doi:10.1177/0192513x07300710 · Cited by 99
“Some theorists suggest that individuals have personality-based life satisfaction set points (Headey & Waring, 1992; Helson, 1947; Kahneman, 1999), but other researchers suggest that life satisfaction can be permanently altered by life events (Diener, Suh, Lucas, & Smith, 1999; Lucas et al., 2004; Myers, 1992).”
InfluentialGeorgellis, Y., Tsitsianis, N., & Yin, Y. P. (2008) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-008-9344-2 · Cited by 94
“10 Lucas et al. (2004) and Clark et al. (2008b) provide further empirical support for the view that adaptation to unemployment is slow and incomplete.”
BackgroundSelf-citationChoices Which Change Life Satisfaction: Similar Results for Australia, Britain and Germany
Headey, B., Muffels, R. J. A., & Wagner, G. G. (2012) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-012-0079-8 · Cited by 94
“Ed Diener and colleagues have repeatedly sought to explain changes in SWB by tracking the effects of a range of life events on the time profile of SWB scores; scores before, close to and after the event (Lucas et al. 2003; Clark et al. 2004, 2008).”
Cognitive, affective and contextual predictors of subjective wellbeing
Galinha, I. C., & Ribeiro, J. L. P. (2012) · International Journal of Wellbeing · doi:10.5502/ijw.v2i1.3 · Cited by 90
“According to Schwarz and Strack (1999), Global SWB measures are complex because they ask of the individual the task of evaluating every life domain and combine it in a global answer.”
MethodThe relationship between religious orientation and happiness: the mediating role of purpose in life
Sillick, W. J., & Cathcart, S. (2013) · Mental Health Religion & Culture · doi:10.1080/13674676.2013.852165 · Cited by 89
Erbes, C. R., Kaler, M. E., Schult, T. M., Polusny, M. A., & Arbisi, P. A. (2011) · The Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development · doi:10.1682/jrrd.2010.11.0212 · Cited by 91
“First, this represents relatively good news in that work is an important part of life that carries benefits beyond those that accompany a steady paycheck [36–39].”
BackgroundChanges in values and well-being amidst the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland
Bojanowska, A., Kaczmarek, L. D., Kościelniak, M., & Urbańska, B. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0255491 · Cited by 106
“However, these stability theories have been subject to criticism because prolonged circumstances such as unemployment (negative influence) or marriage (positive influence) can substantially and semi-permanently change individuals’ satisfaction with life baseline [13, 14].”
BackgroundBorn to Be Mild? Cohort Effects Don’t (Fully) Explain Why Well-Being Is U-Shaped in Age
Clark, A. E. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-15835-4_17 · Cited by 87
Self-citationAmericasBarometer Insights: 2013
Brunelle, J. (2013) · Cited by 86
Investigation of life satisfaction, travel, built environment and attitudes
McCarthy, S., & Habib, M. A. (2018) · Journal of Transport & Health · doi:10.1016/j.jth.2018.09.007 · Cited by 88
Steckermeier, L. C. (2020) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-020-02565-8 · Cited by 85
Environmental Influences on Well-Being: A Dyadic Latent Panel Analysis of Spousal Similarity
Schimmack, U., & Lucas, R. E. (2009) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-009-9516-8 · Cited by 89
“For example, Lucas et al. (2004) demonstrated that unemployment has negative effects on 18 U. Schimmack, R. E. Lucas”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationBoarini, R., Margherita Comola, Y., Smith, C., Manchin, R., & Keulenaer, F. D. (2012) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 82
The Contributions of Positive and Negative Affect to Emotional Well-Being
Larsen, R. J. (2009) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 82
Metadata
- Authors
- Lucas, R. E., Clark, A. E., Georgellis, Y., & Diener, E.
- Affiliations
- Michigan State University (US)
- Département et Laboratoire d'Economie, Théorique et Appliquée, Paris, France
- Brunel University of London (GB)
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lucas, Richard E.
- Venue
- Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2004-01
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 8-13
- ISSN
- 0956-7976 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-9280
- OpenAlex
- W2022668144
- Semantic Scholar
- 4d01dc1a9709f1b491ea2c3ceeafdcdf3875cef3
- Cited by
- 1,327
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 30 · 2025: 50 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 106 · 2022: 68 · 2021: 72 · 2020: 63 · 2019: 52 · 2018: 65 · 2017: 56 · 2016: 65 · 2015: 57 · 2014: 77 · 2013: 82 · 2012: 75
- FWCI
- 40.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- bura.brunel.ac.uk
- Locations
- Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Brunel University Research Archive (BURA) (Brunel University London) (submittedVersion)
- Research Repository (Kingston University London) (submittedVersion)
- Kent Academic Repository (University of Kent) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Employment and Welfare Studies
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Job Satisfaction and Organizational Behavior
- Keywords
- unemployment, life satisfaction, subjective well-being, set-point theory, adaptation, reemployment, life events, happiness, longitudinal study
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Life Change Events, Personal Satisfaction, Quality of Life, Unemployment
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-29, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-29 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
