Research priorities for conservation of metallophyte biodiversity and their potential for restoration and site remediation
Open accessAbstract
Abstract Plants that have evolved to survive on metal‐rich soils—metallophytes—have key values that must drive research of their unique properties and ultimately their conservation. The ability of metallophytes to tolerate extreme metal concentrations commends them for revegetation of mines and metal‐contaminated sites. Metallophytes can also be exploited in environmental technologies, for example, phytostabilization, phytoremediation, and phytomining. Actions towards conserving metallophyte species are imperative, as metallophytes are increasingly under threat of extinction from mining activity. Although many hundreds of papers describe both the biology and applications of metallophytes, few have investigated the urgent need to conserve these unique species. This paper identifies the current state of metallophyte research, and advocates future research needs for the conservation of metallophyte biodiversity and the sustainable uses of metallophyte species in restoration, rehabilitation, contaminated site remediation, and other nascent phytotechnologies. Six fundamental questions are addressed: (1) Is enough known about the global status of metallophytes to ensure their conservation? (2) Are metallophytes threatened by the activities of the minerals industry, and can their potential for the restoration or rehabilitation of mined and disturbed land be realized? (3) What problems exist in gaining prior informed consent to access metallophyte genetic resources and how can the benefits arising from their uses be equitably shared? (4) What potential do metallophytes offer as a resource base for phytotechnologies? (5) Can genetic modification be used to “design” metallophytes to use in the remediation of contaminated land? (6) Does the prospect of using metallophytes in site remediation and restoration raise ethical issues?
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Angiosperms predominantly accumulate Ni, as evident in reports of 140 species grown on the islands of New Caledonia and Cuba.
“Angiosperms predominantly accumulate Ni, as evident in the reports of 140 species grown on the islands of New Caledonia and Cuba (Whiting et al., 2004; Jaffré et al., 2013).”
From Plant hyperaccumulators: a state-of-the-art review on mechanism of heavy metal transport and sequestration (2025) · cites this paper as Whiting et al., 2004
In “The Need for Field Explorations Using an Ecological Approach” (page unavailable), the paper lists about 330 Ni-hyperaccumulating species, more than for any other metal listed. Its “Focus on Metallophyte Hotspots” section discusses New Caledonia and Cuba, but our copy does not report 140 Ni-accumulating species on those islands or establish the claim specifically for angiosperms. (LLM, conf=0.85)
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- Authors
- Whiting, S. N., Reeves, R. D., Richards, D., Johnson, M. S., Cooke, J. A., Malaisse, F., Paton, A., Smith, J. A. C., Angle, J. S., Chaney, R. L., Ginocchio, R., Jaffré, T., Johns, R., McIntyre, T., Purvis, O. W., Salt, D. E., Schat, H., Zhao, F. J., & Baker, A. J. M.
- Affiliations
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- Massey University (NZ)
- Rio Tinto (United Kingdom) (GB)
- University of Liverpool (GB)
- University of KwaZulu-Natal (ZA)
- Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech (BE)
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (GB)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- University of Maryland, College Park (US)
- Agricultural Research Service (US)
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (NC)
- Natural History Museum (GB)
- Purdue University West Lafayette (US)
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
- Rothamsted Research (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Baker, A. J. M.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Restoration Ecology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2004-02-23
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 106-116
- ISSN
- 1061-2971 (ISSN-L)
- 1526-100X
- OpenAlex
- W2088244679
- Cited by
- 355
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 10.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Restoration Ecology (publishedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (publishedVersion)
- Rothamsted Repository (Rothamsted Repository) (submittedVersion)
- Digital Academic REpository of VU University Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
- ORBi (University of Liège) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Heavy metals in environment
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Botany and Plant Ecology Studies
- Social Sciences › Law › Geology and Environmental Impact Studies
- Keywords
- metallophytes, metal-tolerant plants, plant conservation, biodiversity conservation, mine revegetation, contaminated site remediation, phytoremediation, phytostabilization, phytomining, genetic resources, prior informed consent, benefit sharing, genetic modification, ethics of biotechnology
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