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Cited by 49Smoking Behavior and CessationCircadian rhythm and melatoninNicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Study

Effects of nicotine dependence on diurnal variations of subjective activation and mood

Adan, Ana, Prat, Gemma, Sánchez‐Turet, Miquel·2004·Addiction
DOI 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2004.00908.x
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Abstract

AIM: To study the influence of nicotine dependence on diurnal variations of subjective activation and mood in smokers, without restrictions in their usual smoking habits, compared with non-smokers. We analysed independently the impact of the postlunch phenomenon, a semicircadian rhythm overlapped with diurnal variations. DESIGN AND MEASUREMENTS: Every hour, from 0800 to 2100 hours, 60 students, 40 smokers and 20 non-smokers, responded to questions on eight unipolar visual analogue scales; four referred to subjective activation and four to mood. Based on Fagerström's Test for Nicotine Dependence and on carbon monoxide expired air pre- and postsmoking, 20 smokers were classified as high-dependent and 20 as low-dependent smokers. At 0800 hours, smokers were in a state of nicotine deprivation. Circadian typology, sleep habits and other psychoactive substances consumption were controlled. FINDINGS: Subjective activation and mood of smokers improved after they smoked their first morning cigarette, and this effect was greater for high-dependent subjects. Mood scores were lower in high-dependent smokers throughout the day, intermediate in low-dependent smokers and greater in non-smokers. Smokers showed a delay in the diurnal maximum of subjective activation of 2 hours for low-dependent and 3 hours for high-dependent smokers. Moreover, high-dependent smokers showed a lower amplitude of diurnal function of subjective activation. We observed a greater postlunch interference in smokers, with a larger decrease of subjective feelings in low-dependent smokers. CONCLUSIONS: Our data confirm that differences exist in the circadian rhythmicity between non-smokers and smokers, and that the level of nicotine dependence in smokers is a relevant factor for the interpretation of the diurnal variations. The profiles obtained in smokers are consistent with models of nicotine deprivation-reversal and with the hedonic homeostatic dysregulation nicotine addiction hypothesis.

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  • Smoking may constitute an attempt to self-medicate in people with severe mental disorders including bipolar disorder, in terms of alleviating cognitive deficits, depression and reducing extrapyramidal symptoms associated with antipsychotic treatment.

    “Thus, it has been hypothesized that smoking is an effort to self-medicate in people with severe mental disorders (30), including BD, in terms of alleviating cognitive deficits (31), depression (32, 33) and reducing extrapyramidal symptoms associated with antipsychotic treatment.”

    From The detrimental effects of smoking on the course and outcome in adults with bipolar disorder—A narrative review (2023) · cites this paper as [32]

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Authors
Adan, A., Prat, G., & Sánchez‐Turet, M.
Affiliations
Universitat de Barcelona (ES)
ORCID
Prat, Gemma
Venue
Addiction
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2004-10-27
Volume
99
Issue
12
Pages
1599-1607
ISSN
  • 0965-2140 (ISSN-L)
  • 1360-0443
DOI
10.1111/j.1360-0443.2004.00908.x
OpenAlex
W2054723045
Cited by
49
References
44
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 2 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 5
FWCI
1.88
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations
  • Addiction (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Study
Keywords
nicotine dependence, smokers, diurnal variation, mood, circadian rhythm, nicotine deprivation, carbon monoxide
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adult, Affect, Circadian Rhythm, Female, Humans, Male, Smoking, Tobacco Use Disorder, Postprandial Period

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