The DOI matches its Crossref record; 102 of the 103 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 48 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Neurocognitive functions in pathological gambling: a comparison with alcohol dependence, Tourette syndrome and normal controls
Open accessAbstract
Aims Neurocognitive functions in pathological gambling have relevance for the aetiology and treatment of this disorder, yet are poorly understood. This study therefore investigated neurocognitive impairments of executive functions in a group of carefully screened Diagnostic and Statistical Manual version IV (DSM‐IV‐TR) pathological gamblers. Performance was compared to a group of normal control participants. To study the specificity of these neurocognitive deficits, a substance dependence group (alcohol dependence) and an impulse control disorder group (Tourette syndrome) were included. Design Cross‐sectional study. Setting Addiction and general mental health treatment centres. Participants Forty‐nine pathological gamblers, 48 abstinent alcohol‐dependent patients, 46 participants with Tourette syndrome and 49 normal control participants. Measurements A comprehensive neuropsychological battery measuring executive functions as well as basic cognitive functions. Findings Both the pathological gambling and the alcohol dependent groups were characterized by diminished performance on inhibition, time estimation, cognitive flexibility and planning tasks. The Tourette syndrome group showed deficits only on inhibition tasks. Basic cognitive functions were intact in all clinical groups. Comorbid attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, antisocial personality disorder and nicotine dependence influenced the impaired functions of the clinical groups only minimally. Conclusions Carefully screened groups of pathological gamblers and alcohol dependents were characterized by diminished executive functioning, suggesting a dysfunction of frontal lobe circuitry in these disorders. The resemblance between the pathological gambling group and the alcohol dependence group suggests a common neurocognitive aetiology for these disorders. Psychosocial treatment of these disorders could benefit from assessing and targeting deficits in executive functions, as they probably influence the course of these disorders negatively.
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27 Own result · 26 Not checked yet · 19 Own interpretation · 11 Own method
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Pairwise group comparisons revealed slower SSRTs for the PG group, the AD group and the TS group compared to the NC group.”
§ Neurocognitive functions in pathological gambling > Inhibition
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The PG group named fewer correct words than the NC group, the AD group and the TS group.”
§ Neurocognitive functions in pathological gambling > Cognitive flexibility
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The AD group made more perseverations compared to the NC group.”
§ Neurocognitive functions in pathological gambling > Cognitive flexibility
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, anxiety and depression scores did not correlate with performance on the EF measures (all correlations: r < 0.15).”
§ Neurocognitive functions in pathological gambling > Co-morbidity analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the SOGS scores correlated strongly with anxiety and depression (r = 0.42 and r = 0.43, respectively, P < 0.01)”
§ Neurocognitive functions in pathological gambling > Co-morbidity analyses
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A similar difference was found when comparing the AD group to the NC group.”
§ Neurocognitive functions in pathological gambling > Planning
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the PG group, lower beta value correct scores were found than in the NC group and the TS group, indicating a stronger decrease of scores with increasing difficulty level in the PG group than in the NC group and the TS group.”
§ Neurocognitive functions in pathological gambling > Planning
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Pairwise comparisons on the time estimation task revealed that both the PG and the AD group had higher absolute discrepancy scores, and thus showed less accurate time estimations compared to the NC group.”
§ Neurocognitive functions in pathological gambling > Time estimation and reproduction
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For one of the three inhibition measures, the significant group difference between the PG and NC group became marginally significant (SSRT, P = 0.05).”
§ Neurocognitive functions in pathological gambling > Co-morbidity analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On the WCST, no group differences existed for the percentage of perseverative errors.”
§ Neurocognitive functions in pathological gambling > Cognitive flexibility
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 19
- Probably not a substantial claim. 17
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On the Time Reproduction Task, no main effects of group or group by time length interactions were found.”
§ Neurocognitive functions in pathological gambling > Time estimation and reproduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Data were re-analysed excluding participants with ADHD and/or antisocial personality disorder diagnoses.Results for all omnibus tests and pairwise group comparisons remained the same.However, two exceptions should be noted.”
§ Neurocognitive functions in pathological gambling > Co-morbidity analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Compared to the NC group, the PG group, the AD group and the TS group reported higher levels of ADHD symptoms (ADHD questionnaire), anxiety (STAI) and depression (BDI).”
§ Neurocognitive functions in pathological gambling > Mean age, gender distributions, estimated IQ, scores on the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence, the ADHD questionnaire, the Trait version of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“the severity of PG in our study was comparable to the severity of PG as reported in a study including pathological gamblers who did not seek treatment, as the SOGS scores in our study were similar to the SOGS scores reported in that study [90].”
§ Neurocognitive functions in pathological gambling > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [90] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Eight participants were diagnosed with either ADHD inattentive subtype and/or ADHD hyperactive-impulsive subtype (see Table 1).”
§ Neurocognitive functions in pathological gambling > Co-morbidity analyses
plainn = 8- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In conclusion, a broad range of EF deficits was found in a carefully screened PG and AD group, whereas in a TS group only inhibition deficits were present.”
§ Neurocognitive functions in pathological gambling > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“All subjects who were included in the TS group were diagnosed previously with TS by a psychiatrist or neurologist.”
- Also stated in: § Selection criteria and screening · plain
“Severity of current and past verbal and motor tics was assessed with the Dutch version of the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS) [45].”
§ Neurocognitive functions in pathological gambling > Selection criteria and screening
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [45] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Selection criteria and screening · plain
In the paper
“Several studies suggest that mild dysfunctions in EFs mediate the enhanced risk for later development of substance and alcohol dependence in children with a familial risk for developing substance dependence [92][93][94].”
§ Neurocognitive functions in pathological gambling > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [92][93][94]
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The most important reason for these inconsistencies concerns methodological limitations: some studies targeted only a single EF, most studies were restricted to small groups and studies often failed to assess and control for comorbid disorders and medication use.”
- Also stated in: § INTRODUCTION · plain
“In addition, most studies did not investigate whether deficits in EFs were independent of deficits in basic cognitive functions.”
- Also stated in: § INTRODUCTION · plain
“Finally, the specificity of EF deficits in PG is not known, because clinical comparison groups were not included in most of these studies.”
§ Neurocognitive functions in pathological gambling > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § INTRODUCTION · plain
In the paper
“In contrast, research into EFs in PG is scarce, and findings are inconsistent (for a review see [26]).”
§ Neurocognitive functions in pathological gambling > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Exclusion criteria for all groups were: (1) (a history of) substance abuse or dependence (section L of the Dutch CIDI)-except for alcohol abuse and dependence in the AD group; (2) (a history of) major psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, psychotic episodes or hospitalization for psychiatric disorders; (3) current treatment for mental disorders other than those under study in this”
- Also stated in: § Selection criteria and screening · plain
“(5) the use of psychotropic medication which could not be discontinued; (6) having another language than Dutch as first language; (7) age over 60 or under 18 years; (8) positive urine screen for alcohol, cannabis or benzodiazepines.”
§ Neurocognitive functions in pathological gambling > Selection criteria and screening
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Selection criteria and screening · plain
In the paper
“EFs rely on an intact functioning of the prefrontal cortex and subcortico-cortical networks projecting to the prefrontal cortex, such as basal ganglia-thalamic and parietal networks [9][10][11].”
§ Neurocognitive functions in pathological gambling > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9][10][11]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The results can therefore not be generalized to female pathological gamblers, or to adolescent pathological gamblers.”
§ Neurocognitive functions in pathological gambling > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Due to the low numbers of pathological gamblers with ADHD or ASP included in our study, it was not possible to investigate whether pathological gamblers with other comorbid disorders would have more serious EF deficits.”
§ Neurocognitive functions in pathological gambling > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“and abnormalities in brain structures and functions involved in EFs are present [21,24,25].”
§ Neurocognitive functions in pathological gambling > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This study was approved by the Amsterdam Medical Centre Local Ethical Committee and written informed consent was given by all participants before testing.”
§ Neurocognitive functions in pathological gambling > Procedure
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The PG participants were diagnosed according to DSM-IV-TR PG criteria, using the Dutch version of section T of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) [40].”
- Also stated in: § Selection criteria and screening · plain
“In order to be included in the study as a pathological gambler, at least five of the defining criteria had to be present currently or recently, i.e. up to 4 weeks prior to the assessment.”
§ Neurocognitive functions in pathological gambling > Selection criteria and screening
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [40]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Selection criteria and screening · plain
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Diminished neurocognitive functions are proposed both as vulnerability factors for developing substance dependence and as the result of extraneous drugs on brain functions [12,91].”
§ Neurocognitive functions in pathological gambling > DISCUSSION
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“MANOVAs were performed at the domain levels (inhibition, time estimation and reproduction, cognitive flexibility, working memory, planning and non-EF basic cognitive tasks).Pairwise Bonferroni corrected group comparisons (PG-NC, PG-AD, PG-TS, AD-NC and TS-NC) were performed only when main effects of group or group × factor interactions were significant at the P < 0.05 level.”
§ Neurocognitive functions in pathological gambling > Statistical analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“AD participants were diagnosed according to DSM-IV-TR AD criteria with section J of the Dutch version of the Clinical International Diagnostic Inventory (CIDI [43]).”
- Also stated in: § Selection criteria and screening · plain
“A minimum Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score of 25 was required in order to exclude AD patients with severe cognitive impairment, such as alcohol-related dementia [44].”
§ Neurocognitive functions in pathological gambling > Selection criteria and screening
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [43]
- Not checked yetcites [44] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Selection criteria and screening · plain
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because the AD group differed significantly in terms of age from the other groups, age was entered as a covariate in all analyses.”
§ Neurocognitive functions in pathological gambling > Statistical analysis
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The findings of diminished cognitive flexibility functions in PG compared to normal controls in our study are consistent with findings of two studies in PG, one employing the WCST [73] and one using a Verbal Fluency Task [74], but are inconsistent with a study that reported no impairments on the WCST in a smaller PG group [80].”
§ Neurocognitive functions in pathological gambling > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our sample consisted of an adult sample of predominantly male pathological gamblers.”
§ Neurocognitive functions in pathological gambling > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adding administration order as a factor in the MANOVAs affected only performance on the Digit Span Backwards task ( P < 0.01).Administration order was therefore entered as a covariate in the working memory analyses.”
§ Neurocognitive functions in pathological gambling > Statistical analysis
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The number of excluded and missing data ranged from zero to five in each group, resulting in zero to nine missing cases for each analysis.”
§ Neurocognitive functions in pathological gambling > Statistical analysis
plainn = 9- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Deficits in EFs are proposed as important mediators in drug bingeing [15]”
§ Neurocognitive functions in pathological gambling > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Treatment of PG and AD may benefit from interventions targeting these EF dysfunctions.”
§ Neurocognitive functions in pathological gambling > DISCUSSION
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The EF deficits as found in PG as well as AD in this study may therefore foster the continuation of these disorders, limit the impact of psychosocial treatment and promote relapse after discontinuation of PG or AD.”
§ Neurocognitive functions in pathological gambling > DISCUSSION
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Several DSM-IV-TR criteria for pathological gambling resemble those of substance dependence, including loss of control, tolerance, withdrawal and negative consequences.
“Several DSM-IV-TR criteria for PG resemble those of substance dependence, such as loss of control, tolerance, withdrawal and the experience of negative consequences due to the gambling-related behaviour”
The paper relies on this without support.
Pathological gambling, substance dependence and impulse control disorders share behavioural deficits in self-regulation, manifested as an impaired ability to inhibit the urge for the desired behaviour or drug.
“these disorders are all characterized by behavioural deficits in self-regulation, as manifested in an impaired ability to inhibit the urge for the desired behaviour or drug.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Executive function deficits probably influence the course of pathological gambling and alcohol dependence negatively.
“as they probably influence the course of these disorders negatively.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“SSRT is prolonged in chronic cocaine users [51], chronic methamphetamine users [52] and alcohol-dependent subjects [48], compared with normal control subjects, suggesting a response-inhibition deficit.”
From Response inhibition in the stop-signal paradigm (2008) · cites this paper as [48]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Neurocognitive functions in pathological gambling > Abstract
“Forty-nine pathological gamblers, 48 abstinent alcohol-dependent patients, 46 participants with Tourette syndrome and 49 normal control participants.”
§ Neurocognitive functions in pathological gambling > Final sample
“The final sample contained 49 pathological gamblers, 48 alcohol dependants, abstinent for a period of 3-12 months, 46 TS patients and 50 normal controls.”
Citations
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Neurobiology of Impulse Control Disorders in Parkinson's Disease
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The Specificity and Neural Basis of Impaired Inhibitory Control
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Schoenmakers, T. M., Hellman, M., Nordstrom, B. R., & van Holst, R. J. (2012) · Verslaving · doi:10.1007/s12501-012-0037-9
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CLINICAL FEATURES Pathological Gambling in Treatment-Seeking Alcoholics: A National Survey in France
Nalpas, B., Yguel, J., Fleury, B., Martin, S., Jarraud, D., & Craplet, M. (2011)
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Bilevicius, E., Single, A. N., Baumgartner, C., Bui, V., Kempe, T., Schaub, M. P., Stewart, S. H., MacKillop, J., Hodgins, D. C., Wardell, J. D., et al. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13266006
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Ding, Y., Livesey, E. J., Jiao, T., Huang, W., Morley, K. C., & Tran, D. M. D. (2026) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.70634
Social Cognition in Disorders of the Basal Ganglia
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Metadata
- Authors
- Goudriaan, A. E., Oosterlaan, J., De Beurs, E., & Van Den Brink, W.
- Affiliations
- Amsterdam Institute for Addiction Research (NL)
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Goudriaan, Anna E.
- Venue
- Addiction
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2006-03-09
- Volume
- 101
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 534-547
- ISSN
- 0965-2140 (ISSN-L)
- 1360-0443
- OpenAlex
- W2123110589
- Cited by
- 467
- References
- 103
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 35 · 2014: 42 · 2013: 38 · 2012: 45
- FWCI
- 20.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Addiction (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Digital Academic REpository of VU University Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- ZonMw
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (96040000-4)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Gambling Behavior and Treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Historical and Modern Theater Studies
- Keywords
- gambling addiction, executive function, alcoholism, Tourette syndrome, inhibition, cognitive flexibility, planning, time estimation, frontal lobe dysfunction, impulsivity, comorbidities, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, antisocial personality disorder, nicotine dependence, neuropsychological assessment
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Alcoholism, Cognition Disorders, Female, Gambling, Tourette Syndrome, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Behavior, Addictive
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-07 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
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