The DOI matches its Crossref record; 10 of the 10 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The co‐occurring use and misuse of cannabis and tobacco: a review
Open accessAbstract
Aims Cannabis and tobacco use and misuse frequently co‐occur. This review examines the epidemiological evidence supporting the life‐time co‐occurrence of cannabis and tobacco use and outlines the mechanisms that link these drugs to each other. Mechanisms include (i) shared genetic factors; (ii) shared environmental influences, including (iii) route of administration (via smoking), (iv) co‐administration and (v) models of co‐use. We also discuss respiratory harms associated with co‐use of cannabis and tobacco, overlapping withdrawal syndromes and outline treatment implications for co‐occurring use. Methods Selective review of published studies. Results Both cannabis and tobacco use and misuse are influenced by genetic factors, and a proportion of these genetic factors influence both cannabis and tobacco use and misuse. Environmental factors such as availability play an important role, with economic models suggesting a complementary relationship where increases in price of one drug decrease the use of the other. Route of administration and smoking cues may contribute to their sustained use. Similar withdrawal syndromes, with many symptoms in common, may have important treatment implications. Emerging evidence suggests that dual abstinence may predict better cessation outcomes, yet empirically researched treatments tailored for co‐occurring use are lacking. Conclusions There is accumulating evidence that some mechanisms linking cannabis and tobacco use are distinct from those contributing to co‐occurring use of drugs in general. There is an urgent need for research to identify the underlying mechanisms and harness their potential etiological implications to tailor treatment options for this serious public health challenge.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence: a revision of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire
HEATHERTON, T. F., KOZLOWSKI, L. T., FRECKER, R. C., & FAGERSTROM, K. (1991) · British Journal of Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01879.x · Cited by 10,738
Krueger, R. F., Hicks, B. M., Patrick, C. J., Carlson, S. R., Iacono, W. G., & McGue, M. (2002) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.111.3.411 · Cited by 1,378
Degenhardt, L., Chiu, W.-T., Sampson, N., Kessler, R. C., Anthony, J. C., Angermeyer, M., Bruffaerts, R., de Girolamo, G., Gureje, O., Huang, Y., et al. (2008) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0050141 · Cited by 796
Sequence variants at CHRNB3–CHRNA6 and CYP2A6 affect smoking behavior
The ENGAGE Consortium, Thorgeirsson, T. E., Gudbjartsson, D. F., Surakka, I., Vink, J. M., Amin, N., Geller, F., Sulem, P., Rafnar, T., Esko, T., et al. (2010) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.573 · Cited by 689 · cited 1×
“In addition to CHRNA5/A3/B4, genetic variants in CYP2A6, the cytochrome P450 2A6 gene, involved in the oxidation of nicotine and its metabolic product, cotinine, have also been implicated (45).”
IACONO, W. G., CARLSON, S. R., TAYLOR, J., ELKINS, I. J., & MCGUE, M. (1999) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579499002369 · Cited by 579
Wagner, F. A. (2002) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/155.10.918 · Cited by 380 · cited 1×
“Parallel research has indicated that self-reported measures of availability and age at first opportunity to use cannabis (59;60) are strong predictors of onset of cannabis use and tobacco smokers tend to report earlier opportunities to use cannabis (61).”
Budney, A. J., Moore, B. A., Rocha, H. L., & Higgins, S. T. (2006) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.4.2.307 · Cited by 290
Self-citationHughes, J. (2007) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1080/14622200701188927 · Cited by 173
Abstinence rates following behavioral treatments for marijuana dependence
Kadden, R. M., Litt, M. D., Kabela-Cormier, E., & Petry, N. M. (2007) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.08.009 · Cited by 173
Bierut, L. J. (2010) · Trends in Pharmacological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tips.2009.10.004 · Cited by 120
Cited by
US epidemiology of cannabis use and associated problems
Hasin, D. S. (2018) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2017.198 · Cited by 578
Smart, R., & Pacula, R. L. (2019) · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse · doi:10.1080/00952990.2019.1669626 · Cited by 305
Russell, C., Rueda, S., Room, R., Tyndall, M., & Fischer, B. (2018) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.11.008 · Cited by 298
Psychosocial interventions for cannabis use disorder
Gates, P. J., Sabioni, P., Copeland, J., Le Foll, B., & Gowing, L. (2016) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd005336.pub4 · Cited by 282
The cannabis withdrawal syndrome: current insights
Bonnet, U., & Preuss, U. (2017) · Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation · doi:10.2147/sar.s109576 · Cited by 221
Metadata
- Authors
- Agrawal, A., Budney, A. J., & Lynskey, M. T.
- Venue
- Addiction
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2012-04-17
- Volume
- 107
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1221-1233
- ISSN
- 0965-2140 (ISSN-L)
- 1360-0443
- OpenAlex
- W1796700544
- Cited by
- 525
- References
- 10
- FWCI
- 13.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The co‐occurring use and misuse of cannabis and tobacco: a review. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.03837.x
- The paper
- Agrawal, A., Budney, A. J., & Lynskey, M. T. (2012). The co‐occurring use and misuse of cannabis and tobacco: a review. Addiction. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.03837.x
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
