The cannabis withdrawal syndrome: current insights
Open accessAbstract
) and cannabis dependence (International Classification of Diseases [ICD]-10). Several lines of evidence from animal and human studies indicate that cessation from long-term and regular cannabis use precipitates a specific withdrawal syndrome with mainly mood and behavioral symptoms of light to moderate intensity, which can usually be treated in an outpatient setting. Regular cannabis intake is related to a desensitization and downregulation of human brain cannabinoid 1 (CB1) receptors. This starts to reverse within the first 2 days of abstinence and the receptors return to normal functioning within 4 weeks of abstinence, which could constitute a neurobiological time frame for the duration of CWS, not taking into account cellular and synaptic long-term neuroplasticity elicited by long-term cannabis use before cessation, for example, being possibly responsible for cannabis craving. The CWS severity is dependent on the amount of cannabis used pre-cessation, gender, and heritable and several environmental factors. Therefore, naturalistic severity of CWS highly varies. Women reported a stronger CWS than men including physical symptoms, such as nausea and stomach pain. Comorbidity with mental or somatic disorders, severe CUD, and low social functioning may require an inpatient treatment (preferably qualified detox) and post-acute rehabilitation. There are promising results with gabapentin and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol analogs in the treatment of CWS. Mirtazapine can be beneficial to treat CWS insomnia. According to small studies, venlafaxine can worsen the CWS, whereas other antidepressants, atomoxetine, lithium, buspirone, and divalproex had no relevant effect. Certainly, further research is required with respect to the impact of the CWS treatment setting on long-term CUD prognosis and with respect to psychopharmacological or behavioral approaches, such as aerobic exercise therapy or psychoeducation, in the treatment of CWS. The up-to-date ICD-11 Beta Draft is recommended to be expanded by physical CWS symptoms, the specification of CWS intensity and duration as well as gender effects.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Long-term use is associated with risk of cannabis use disorder, hyperemesis syndrome, as well as withdrawal symptoms including insomnia, anxiety, depression, and tremulousness.
“Long-term use is associated with risk of cannabis use disorder, hyperemesis syndrome, as well as withdrawal symptoms including insomnia, anxiety, depression, and tremulousness.125,126”
From Clinical Practice Guidelines for Cannabis and Cannabinoid-Based Medicines in the Management of Chronic Pain and Co-Occurring Conditions (2024) · cites this paper as [125]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
American Psychiatric Association (2013) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 · Cited by 116,369 · see citing works
Physiology and neurobiology of stress and adaptation: central role of the brain
McEwen, B. S. (2007) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00041.2006 · Cited by 4,981 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Thus, the specificity of this finding for CWS is doubted and may represent a more general precursor of substance abuse itself;(66) that is, early stress in life.(67,68) With respect to the three “a”s of CWS (anger, aggression, and anxiety) (Table 1), the threat-related amygdala reactivity was shown to be inversely rel…”
The clinical global impressions scale: applying a research tool in clinical practice.
Busner, J., & Targum, S. D. (2007) · PubMed Central · Cited by 1,952 · see citing works
Prevalence of marijuana use disorders in the United States between 2001-2002 and 2012-2013.
Hasin, D. S., Saha, T. D., Kerridge, B. T., Goldstein, R. B., Chou, S. P., Zhang, H., Jung, J., Pickering, R. P., Ruan, W. J., Smith, S. M., et al. (2015) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.1858 · Cited by 1,086 · see citing works
Di Forti, M., Marconi, A., Carra, E., Fraietta, S., Trotta, A., Bonomo, M., Bianconi, F., Gardner-Sood, P., O'Connor, J., Russo, M., et al. (2015) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(14)00117-5 · Cited by 588 · see citing works
Hirvonen, J., Goodwin, R. S., Li, C.-T., Terry, G. E., Zoghbi, S. S., Morse, C., Pike, V. W., Volkow, N. D., Huestis, M. A., & Innis, R. B. (2012) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2011.82 · Cited by 587 · see citing works
Cannabinoid hyperemesis: cyclical hyperemesis in association with chronic cannabis abuse
Allen, J., de Moore, G. M., Heddle, R., & Twartz, J. C. (2004) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gut.2003.036350 · Cited by 530 · see citing works
Review of the Validity and Significance of Cannabis Withdrawal Syndrome
Budney, A. J., Hughes, J. R., Moore, B. A., & Vandrey, R. G. (2004) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.161.11.1967 · Cited by 521 · see citing works
The co‐occurring use and misuse of cannabis and tobacco: a review
Arpana Agrawal, A., Budney, A. J., & Lynskey, M. T. (2012) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.03837.x · Cited by 519 · see citing works
Ligresti, A., PETROCELLIS, L. D., & Marzo, V. D. (2016) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00002.2016 · Cited by 484 · see citing works
Brown, S. A., Myers, M. G., Lippke, L., Tapert, S. F., Stewart, D. G., & Vik, P. W. (1998) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol · doi:10.15288/jsa.1998.59.427 · Cited by 466 · see citing works
The time course and significance of cannabis withdrawal.
Budney, A. J., Moore, B. A., Vandrey, R. G., & Hughes, J. R. (2003) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.112.3.393 · Cited by 445 · see citing works
Abstinence symptoms following smoked marijuana in humans
Haney, M., Ward, A. S., Comer, S. D., Foltin, R. W., & Fischman, M. W. (1999) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s002130050849 · Cited by 354 · see citing works
The cannabis withdrawal syndrome
Budney, A. J., & Hughes, J. R. (2006) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.yco.0000218592.00689.e5 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
Marijuana withdrawal among adults seeking treatment for marijuana dependence.
Budney, A. J., Novy, P. L., & Hughes, J. R. (1999) · Addiction · doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.1999.94913114.x · Cited by 348 · cited 3× · see citing works
“77).(12,24) CWS severity in comparison with other psychiatric conditions As outlined earlier, the severity of CWS is positively related to the cumulative amount and potency of cannabis used before cessation,(12,13,19) gender,(36,76,77) and several environmental(12,13,73) as well as heritable(73) factors.”
Freeman, T. P., & WINSTOCK, A. R. (2015) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291715001178 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Gray, K. M., Carpenter, M. J., Baker, N. L., DeSantis, S. M., Kryway, E., Hartwell, K. J., McRae-Clark, A. L., & Brady, K. T. (2012) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12010055 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
Degenhardt, L. J., Ferrari, A. J., Calabria, B., Hall, W., Norman, R. E., McGrath, J. J., Flaxman, A. D., Engell, R. E., Freedman, G., Whiteford, H., et al. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0076635 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Nabiximols as an Agonist Replacement Therapy During Cannabis Withdrawal: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Allsop, D. J., Copeland, J., Lintzeris, N., Dunlop, A. J., Montebello, M., Sadler, C., Rivas, G. R., Holland, R. M., Muhleisen, P., Norberg, M. M., et al. (2014) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.3947 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Adverse Effects of Synthetic Cannabinoids: Management of Acute Toxicity and Withdrawal
Cooper, Z. D. (2016) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-016-0694-1 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Mason, B. J., Crean, R., Goodell, V., Light, J. M., Quello, S., Shadan, F., Buffkins, K., Kyle, M., Adusumalli, M., Begovic, A., et al. (2012) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2012.14 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Does Cannabidiol Protect Against Adverse Psychological Effects of THC?
Niesink, R. J. M., & van Laar, M. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00130 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Levin, F. R., Mariani, J. J., Brooks, D. J., Pavlicova, M., Cheng, W., & Nunes, E. V. (2011) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.12.010 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Crowley, T. J., Macdonald, M. J., Whitmore, E. A., & Mikulich, S. K. (1998) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/s0376-8716(98)00003-9 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Marijuana Abstinence Effects in Marijuana Smokers Maintained in Their Home Environment
Budney, A. J., Hughes, J. R., Moore, B. A., & Novy, P. L. (2001) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.58.10.917 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
The Role of cannabinoids in neuroanatomic alterations in cannabis users.
Lorenzetti, V., Solowij, N., & Yücel, M. (2016) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.11.013 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Allsop, D. J., Norberg, M. M., Copeland, J., Fu, S., & Budney, A. J. (2011) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.06.003 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Rabin, R. A., & George, T. P. (2015) · American Journal on Addictions · doi:10.1111/ajad.12186 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
A new method of cannabis ingestion: The dangers of dabs?
Loflin, M., & Earleywine, M. (2014) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.05.013 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
D’Souza, D. C., Cortes-Briones, J., Ranganathan, M., Thurnauer, H., Creatura, G. M., Surti, T. S., Planeta, B. M., Neumeister, A., Pittman, B. P., Normandin, M. D., et al. (2015) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2015.09.008 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Wiley, J. L., Marusich, J. A., & Huffman, J. W. (2013) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2013.09.011 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Comparison of cannabis and tobacco withdrawal: Severity and contribution to relapse
Budney, A. J., Vandrey, R. G., Hughes, J. R., Thostenson, J. D., & Bursac, Z. (2008) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2008.01.002 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Buchowski, M. S., Meade, N. N., Charboneau, E. J., Park, S., Dietrich, M. S., Cowan, R. L., & Martin, P. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0017465 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Vandrey, R. G., Budney, A. J., Hughes, J. R., & Liguori, A. (2007) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.06.010 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Analysis of Cannabis Seizures in NSW, Australia: Cannabis Potency and Cannabinoid Profile
Swift, W., Wong, A. C. H., Li, K. M., Arnold, J. C., & McGregor, I. S. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0070052 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Smoking tobacco along with marijuana increases symptoms of cannabis dependence
Ream, G. L., Benoit, E., Johnson, B. D., & Dunlap, E. (2008) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.01.011 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Quantifying the Clinical Significance of Cannabis Withdrawal
Allsop, D. J., Copeland, J., Norberg, M. M., Fu, S., Molnár, A. B., Lewis, J., & Budney, A. J. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0044864 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Effects of THC and lofexidine in a human laboratory model of marijuana withdrawal and relapse
Haney, M., Hart, C. L., Vosburg, S. K., Comer, S. D., Collins, S. L., & Foltin, R. W. (2007) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-007-1020-8 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Investigation of sex-dependent effects of cannabis in daily cannabis smokers
Cooper, Z. D., & Haney, M. (2014) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.12.013 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Receptor-independent actions of cannabinoids on cell membranes: Focus on endocannabinoids
Öz, M. (2006) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.09.009 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Abstinence symptoms during withdrawal from chronic marijuana use.
Kouri, E. M., & Pope, H. G. (2000) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/1064-1297.8.4.483 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Cannabis withdrawal symptoms in non-treatment-seeking adult cannabis smokers
Levin, K. H., Copersino, M. L., Heishman, S. J., Liu, F., Kelly, D. L., Boggs, D. L., & Gorelick, D. A. (2010) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.04.010 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Abstinence symptoms during withdrawal from chronic marijuana use.
Kouri, E. M., & Jr. Pope Harrison, G. (2000) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037//1064-1297.8.4.483 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Cannabis Withdrawal in the United States
Hasin, D. S., Keyes, K. M., Alderson, D., Wang, S., Aharonovich, E., & Grant, B. F. (2008) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v69n0902 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Cannabis Withdrawal Among Non‐Treatment‐Seeking Adult Cannabis Users*
Copersino, M. L., Boyd, S. J., Tashkin, D. P., Huestis, M. A., Heishman, S. J., Dermand, J. C., Simmons, M. S., & Gorelick, D. A. (2006) · American Journal on Addictions · doi:10.1080/10550490500418997 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
An evaluation of the history of a marijuana withdrawal syndrome in a large population
Wiesbeck, G. A., Schuckit, M. A., Kalmijn, J. A., TIPP, J. E., Bucholz, K. K., & Smith, T. L. (1996) · Addiction · doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.1996.911014696.x · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Cannabis withdrawal in adolescent treatment seekers
Vandrey, R. G., Budney, A. J., Kamon, J. L., & Stanger, C. (2004) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2004.11.001 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Risks Associated With the Non-Medicinal Use of Cannabis
Hoch, E., Bonnet, U., Thomasius, R., Ganzer, F., Havemann‐Reinecke, U., & Preuss, U. W. (2015) · Deutsches Ärzteblatt international · doi:10.3238/arztebl.2015.0271 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Self-citationNabilone Decreases Marijuana Withdrawal and a Laboratory Measure of Marijuana Relapse
Haney, M., Cooper, Z. D., Bedi, G., Vosburg, S. K., Comer, S. D., & Foltin, R. W. (2013) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2013.54 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Diagnostic criteria for cannabis withdrawal syndrome
Gorelick, D. A., Levin, K. H., Copersino, M. L., et al. (2011) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.11.007 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Sleep disturbance and the effects of extended-release zolpidem during cannabis withdrawal
Vandrey, R. G., Smith, M. T., McCann, U. D., Budney, A. J., & Curran, E. M. (2011) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.01.003 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Sex differences in cannabis withdrawal symptoms among treatment-seeking cannabis users.
Herrmann, E. S., Weerts, E. M., & Vandrey, R. G. (2015) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/pha0000053 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Gap Junction Blockers: An Overview of their Effects on Induced Seizures in Animal Models
Manjarrez-Marmolejo, J., & Franco‐Pérez, J. (2016) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x14666160603115942 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Synthetic cannabinoid withdrawal: a new demand on detoxification services.
Macfarlane, V., & Christie, G. I. G. (2015) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1111/dar.12225 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Boden, M. T., Babson, K. A., Vujanovic, A. A., Short, N. A., & Bonn‐Miller, M. O. (2013) · American Journal on Addictions · doi:10.1111/j.1521-0391.2012.12018.x · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Haney, M., Bedi, G., Cooper, Z. D., Glass, A., Vosburg, S., Comer, S., & Foltin, R. (2012) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.07.028 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Cornelius, J. R., Chung, T. A., Martin, C. S., Wood, D. S., & Clark, D. B. (2008) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.02.001 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Crippa, J. A. S., Hallak, J. E. C., Machado-de-Sousa, J. P., Queiroz, R. H. C., Bergamaschi, M., Chagas, M. H. N., & Zuardi, A. W. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/jcpt.12018 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Ehlers, C. L., Gizer, I. R., Vieten, C., Gilder, D. A., Stouffer, G. M., Lau, P., & Wilhelmsen, K. C. (2009) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2009.09.009 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Cone, E. J., & Huestis, M. A. (1993) · Therapeutic Drug Monitoring · doi:10.1097/00007691-199312000-00013 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Effects of fixed or self-titrated dosages of Sativex on cannabis withdrawal and cravings.
Trigo, J. M., Lagzdins, D., Rehm, J., Selby, P., Gamaleddin, I., Fischer, B., Barnes, A. J., Huestis, M. A., & Le Foll, B. (2016) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.02.020 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Niesink, R. J. M., Rigter, S., Koeter, M. W. J., & Brunt, T. M. (2015) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.13082 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Therapeutic Potential of Cannabinoids in Psychosis
Leweke, F. M., Mueller, J. K., Lange, B., & Rohleder, C. (2015) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.11.018 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Chung, T. A., Martin, C. S., Cornelius, J. R., & Clark, D. B. (2008) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02158.x · Cited by 87 · see citing works
fMRI study of neural sensitization to hedonic stimuli in long‐term, daily cannabis users
Filbey, F. M., Dunlop, J. P., Ketcherside, A., Baine, J., Rhinehardt, T., Kuhn, B. N., DeWitt, S. J., & Alvi, T. (2016) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.23250 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
An evaluation of the history of a marijuana withdrawal syndrome in a large population
Wiesbeck, G. A., Schuckit, M. A., Kalmijn, J. A., et al. (1996) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1996.tb02251.x · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Substance use modulates stress reactivity: Behavioral and physiological outcomes
Fosnocht, A. Q., & Briand, L. A. (2016) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.02.024 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Drug vaping applied to cannabis: Is “Cannavaping” a therapeutic alternative to marijuana?
Varlet, V., Concha‐Lozano, N., Berthet, A., Plateel, G., Favrat, B., Cesare, M. D., Lauer, E., Augsburger, M. P., Thomas, A., & Giroud, C. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep25599 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Effects of baclofen and mirtazapine on a laboratory model of marijuana withdrawal and relapse
Haney, M., Hart, C. L., Vosburg, S. K., Comer, S. D., Collins, S. L., Cooper, Z. D., & Foltin, R. W. (2010) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-010-1888-6 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Haney, M., Ramesh, D., Glass, A., Pavlicova, M., Bedi, G., & Cooper, Z. D. (2015) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2015.108 · Cited by 73 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In a laboratory study, the μ-opioid receptor antagonist naltrexone was recently shown to reduce self-administration of active cannabis and its related subjective positive effects on heavy cannabis users.(65) The authors are unaware of any study having directly examined the effect of naltrexone on the CWS under natural…”
Richmond‐Rakerd, L. S., Slutske, W. S., Lynskey, M. T., et al. (2016) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000191 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Swift, W., Hall, W., & Teesson, M. (2001) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/s0376-8716(00)00197-6 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Lee, D., Schroeder, J. R., Karschner, E. L., Goodwin, R. S., Hirvonen, J., Gorelick, D. A., & Huestis, M. A. (2014) · American Journal on Addictions · doi:10.1111/j.1521-0391.2014.12088.x · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Roles for the endocannabinoid system in ethanol-motivated behavior
Henderson, A. N., Guindon, J., & Morgan, D. J. (2015) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.06.011 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Bhattacharyya, S., Atakan, Z., Martín‐Santos, R., Crippa, J. A. S., & McGuire, P. K. (2012) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/138161212802884636 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Cooper, Z. D., Foltin, R. W., Hart, C. L., Vosburg, S. K., Comer, S. D., & Haney, M. (2012) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1369-1600.2012.00461.x · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Herrmann, E. S., Cooper, Z. D., Bedi, G., Ramesh, D., Reed, S. C., Comer, S. D., Foltin, R. W., & Haney, M. (2016) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-016-4298-6 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Arpana Agrawal, A., Pergadia, M. L., & Lynskey, M. T. (2008) · American Journal on Addictions · doi:10.1080/10550490802019519 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Role of the endogenous cannabinoid system in nicotine addiction: novel insights
Gamaleddin, I. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00041 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Progress toward pharmacotherapies for cannabis-use disorder: an evidence-based review
Copeland, J., & Pokorski, I. (2016) · Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation · doi:10.2147/sar.s89857 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Davis, J. P., Smith, D. C., Morphew, J., Lei, X., & Zhang, S. (2015) · Journal of Drug Issues · doi:10.1177/0022042615616431 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Changes in cigarette and alcohol use during cannabis abstinence
Allsop, D. J., Dunlop, A. J., Sadler, C., Rivas, G., McGregor, I. S., & Copeland, J. (2014) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.01.022 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Novel Pharmacologic Approaches to Treating Cannabis Use Disorder
Balter, R. E., Cooper, Z. D., & Haney, M. (2014) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-014-0011-1 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Cornelius, J. R., Aizenstein, H. J., & Hariri, A. R. (2010) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2010.02.004 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Prospective Assessment of Cannabis Withdrawal in Adolescents With Cannabis Dependence: A Pilot Study
Milin, R., Manion, I. G., Dare, G. J., & Walker, S. (2008) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e31815cdd73 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Preuss, U. W., Watzke, A.-B., Zimmermann, J., Wong, J., & Schmidt, C. O. (2009) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.08.008 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationAllsop, D. J., Lintzeris, N., Copeland, J., et al. (2015) · Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1002/cpt.109 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Fattore, L. (2012) · Drug Testing and Analysis · doi:10.1002/dta.1401 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Withdrawal Symptoms Do Not Predict Relapse among Subjects Treated for Cannabis Dependence
Arendt, M. C. B. B., Rosenberg, R., Foldager, L., Sher, L., & Munk‐Jørgensen, P. (2007) · American Journal on Addictions · doi:10.1080/10550490701640985 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Toxicity with Intravenous Injection of Crude Marijuana Extract
Vaziri, N. D., Thomas, R., Sterling, M. M., et al. (1981) · Clinical Toxicology · doi:10.3109/15563658108990042 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Seizure exacerbation in two patients with focal epilepsy following marijuana cessation
Hegde, M., Santos‐Sánchez, C., Hess, C. P., et al. (2012) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2012.09.024 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
WITHDRAWAL SYMPTOMS IN CANNABIS-INDICA ADDICTS
Fraser, J. D. (1949) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(49)92263-1 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Greene, M. C., & Kelly, J. F. (2014) · Journal of Addiction Medicine · doi:10.1097/adm.0000000000000064 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome
Ruffle, J. K., Bajgoric, S., Samra, K., Chandrapalan, S., Aziz, Q., & Farmer, A. D. (2015) · European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1097/meg.0000000000000489 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Intervenções farmacológica e psicossocial para os distúrbios por uso da cannabis
Budney, A. J., Vandrey, R. G., & Stanger, C. (2010) · Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1590/s1516-44462010000500008 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Cressey, D. (2015) · Nature · doi:10.1038/524280a · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Bonnet, U., Specka, M., Stratmann, U., Ochwadt, R., & Scherbaum, N. (2014) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.07.027 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationWithdrawal Seizures Seen In the Setting of Synthetic Cannabinoid Abuse
Sampson, C. S., Bedy, S.-M., & Carlisle, T. (2015) · The American Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2015.03.025 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Marihuana withdrawal symptoms.
Bensusan, A. D. (1971) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.3.5766.112-b · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Aleksić, D., Aksić, M., Radonjić, N. V., Jovanović, A., Marković, B., Petronijević, N., Radonjić, V., Mališ, M., & Filipović, B. (2016) · PubMed · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Kelly, M. A., Pavlicová, M., Glass, A., Mariani, J. J., Bisaga, A. M., Sullivan, M. A., Nunes, E. V., & LEVIN, F. R. (2014) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.06.040 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Antagonist-Elicited Cannabis Withdrawal in Humans
Gorelick, D. A., Goodwin, R. S., Schwilke, E. W., Schwope, D. M., Darwin, W. D., Kelly, D. L., McMahon, R. P., Liu, F., Ortemann, C., BONNET, D., et al. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/jcp.0b013e31822befc1 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Open-label pilot study of quetiapine treatment for cannabis dependence
Mariani, J. J., Pavlicová, M., Mamczur, A. K., Bisaga, A. M., Nunes, E. V., & LEVIN, F. R. (2014) · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse · doi:10.3109/00952990.2014.884102 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
A genetic perspective on the proposed inclusion of cannabis withdrawal in DSM-5
Verweij, K. J. H., Agrawal, A., Nat, N. O., et al. (2012) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291712002735 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Paton, W. D. M. (1973) · Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine · doi:10.1177/003591577306600753 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome
Heise, L. (2015) · Advanced Emergency Nursing Journal · doi:10.1097/tme.0000000000000062 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
(2000) · Time to knit · doi:10.1016/s0084-3970(09)79028-0 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Craving is associated with amygdala volumes in adolescent marijuana users during abstinence
Padula, C. B., McQueeny, T. M., Lisdahl, K. M., Price, J. S., & Tapert, S. F. (2015) · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse · doi:10.3109/00952990.2014.966198 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Delforterie, M. J., Creemers, H. E., Arpana Agrawal, A., Lynskey, M. T., Jak, S., van der Ende, J., Verhulst, F., & Huizink, A. C. (2014) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.3109/10826084.2014.952445 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Relief of cannabis withdrawal symptoms and cannabis quitting strategies in people with schizophrenia
Koola, M. M., Boggs, D. L., Kelly, D. L., Liu, F., Linthicum, J., Turner, H. E., McMahon, R. P., & Gorelick, D. A. (2013) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2013.07.044 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Bonnet, U. (2016) · Pharmacopsychiatry · doi:10.1055/s-0035-1565242 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationBonnet, U., Chang, D., & Scherbaum, N. (2011) · Fortschritte der Neurologie · Psychiatrie · doi:10.1055/s-0031-1273372 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationCannabis Withdrawal in Patients with and without Opioid Dependence
Chauchard, É., Goncharov, O., Krupitsky, E. M., & Gorelick, D. A. (2014) · Substance Abuse · doi:10.1080/08897077.2014.898605 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Nabilone therapy for cannabis withdrawal presenting as protracted nausea and vomiting
Lam, P. W., & Frost, D. (2014) · BMJ Case Reports · doi:10.1136/bcr-2014-205287 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Cannabis Withdrawal Among Detained Adolescents: Exploring the Impact of Nicotine and Race
Soenksen, S., Stein, L. A. R., Brown, J. D., et al. (2015) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse · doi:10.1080/1067828x.2013.770379 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The therapeutic use of cannabinoids: Forensic aspects
Indorato, F., Liberto, A., Ledda, C., Romano, G., & Barbera, N. (2016) · Forensic Science International · doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.03.031 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Chesney, T. R., Matsos, L., Couturier, J. L., & Johnson, N. (2013) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.22229 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Suspected Dronabinol Withdrawal in an Elderly Cannabis-Naive Medically Ill Patient
Muramatsu, R. S., Silva, N., & Ahmed, I. (2013) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.13010059 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Early Withdrawal Effects in a Heavy Cannabis Smoker During Hemodialysis
Laprévote, V., Gambier, N., Cridlig, J., et al. (2014) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.07.032 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Häufiger Konsum von nicht-medizinischem Cannabis
Bonnet, U., Specka, M., & Scherbaum, N. (2016) · DMW - Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift · doi:10.1055/s-0041-106313 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationChanges in cigarette and alcohol use during cannabis abstinence
Allsop, D. J., Dunlop, A. J., Sadler, C., et al. (2014) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.09.031 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Boden, M. T., Babson, K. A., Vujanovic, A. A., Short, N. A., & Bonn‐Miller, M. O. (2013) · American Journal on Addictions · doi:10.1111/j.1521-0391.2013.12018.x · Cited by 1 · see citing works
(2002) · Trusts & Trustees · doi:10.1093/tandt/8.2.4 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- [44]PubMed US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health Search database Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed Accessed November 25, 2016
- [45]Scopus Document search Elsevier Available from: https://www.scopus.com/home.uri Accessed November 25, 2016
- [71]D’Souza DC Cortes-Briones JA Ranganathan M Rapid changes in CB1 receptor availability in cannabis dependent males after abstinence from cannabis Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging 2016 1 1 60 67 29560896 PMC4742341
- [87]Grlic L A comparative study on some chemical and biological characteristics of various samples of cannabis resin UNDOC 1962 Available from: https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/bulletin/bulletin_1962-01-01_3_page005.html Accessed November 25, 2016
- [104]Haney M Cooper ZD Bedi G Vosburg SK Comer SD Foltin RW Nabilone decreases marijuana withdrawal and a laboratory measure of marijuana relapse Neuropsychopharmacology 2015 40 11 2489 2498 23443718 PMC3682150
- [130]Cohen J Statistical Power for the Behavioral Sciences New York Academic Press 1988
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Lerner, A., & Klein, M. (2019) · Brain Communications · doi:10.1093/braincomms/fcz025 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Bell, A. D., MacCallum, C., Margolese, S., Walsh, Z., Wright, P., Daeninck, P. J., Mandarino, E., Lacasse, G., Kaur Deol, J., de Freitas, L., et al. (2024) · Cannabis & Cannabinoid Research · doi:10.1089/can.2021.0156 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“125,126 Adverse effects can be mitigated when initiating CBM through low-dose initiation, slow titration and avoiding smoked cannabis.”
Background
- Authors
- Bonnet, U., & Preuss, U.
- Affiliations
- University of Duisburg-Essen (DE)
- Vitos (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Bonnet, Udo
- Venue
- Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2017-04
- Volume
- Volume 8
- Pages
- 9-37
- ISSN
- 1179-8467 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5414724
- OpenAlex
- W2608430684
- Cited by
- 221
- References
- 123
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 2
- FWCI
- 1.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Dove Medical Press (Taylor and Francis Group) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Keywords
- cannabis withdrawal syndrome, cannabis use disorder, abstinence, cannabis craving, gender differences, comorbidities, withdrawal treatment, gabapentin, mirtazapine, venlafaxine, antidepressants, ICD-11
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
