Cited by 1,321Science Education and PedagogyVisual and Cognitive Learning ProcessesInnovative Teaching and Learning Methods

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 6 of the 6 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Why is science difficult to learn? Things are seldom what they seem

Johnstone, A. H.·1991·Journal of Computer Assisted Learning

DOI 10.1111/j.1365-2729.1991.tb00230.x

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

The difficulties of learning science are related to the nature of science itself and to the methods by which science is customarily taught without regard to what is known about children's learning. An information processing model is proposed to guide thinking and research in this area.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1111/j.1365-2729.1991.tb00230.x

Cites

6 of 6 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Children's ideas in science
Driver, R., Guesne, E., & Tiberghien, A. (1985) · HAL · Cited by 1,540
The Role of the Laboratory in Science Teaching: Neglected Aspects of Research
Hofstein, A., & Lunetta, V. N. (1982) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543052002201 · Cited by 1,003
The demands of practical work
Johnstone, A. H. (1982) · Cited by 113
Self-citation
Evaluation of Chemistry Syllabuses in Scotland
Johnstone, A. H. (1974) · Studies in Science Education · doi:10.1080/03057267408559806 · Cited by 25
Self-citation
BASIC COGNITIVE PROCESSES
Greene, H. H. (1984) · Cited by 5
Standard Grade Science
Souter, N., Chambers, P., & Marshall, J. D. (1999) · Cited by 1

Show all 6 references

Research works printed but not linked: 4

Cassels J. R. T., 1983, The meaning of words and the teaching of chemistry, Education in Chemistry, 20, 10
Cassels J. R. T., 1985, Words that matter in Science
Johnstone A. H., 1982, Macro and micro chemistry, School Science Review, 64, 377
Johnstone A. H., 1988, Is practical work practicable?, Journal of College Science Teaching, 18, 190

Sorted by citations

Items 401–500 of 1,000

Bonding
Taber, K. S., & Coll, R. K. (2006) · Kluwer Academic Publishers eBooks · doi:10.1007/0-306-47977-x_10 · Cited by 16
Performance-Related Feedback: The Hallmark of Efficient Instruction
Crippen, K. J., Schraw, G. J., & Brooks, D. W. (2005) · Journal of Chemical Education · doi:10.1021/ed082p641 · Cited by 16
“Gone” into Solution: Assessing the Effect of Hands-On Activity on Students’ Comprehension of Solubility
Bruck, L. B., Bruck, A. D., & Phelps, A. J. (2009) · Journal of Chemical Education · doi:10.1021/ed800016f · Cited by 16
Analysis of students' aptitude to provide meaning to images that represent cellular components at the molecular level.
Dahmani, H.-R., Schneeberger, P., & Kramer, I. (2009) · CBE - Life Sciences Education · doi:10.1187/cbe.09-03-0023 · Cited by 17
A Classroom Without Walls
Rodrigues, S. (2012) · SensePublishers eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-6091-791-2_4 · Cited by 16
Neural and Cognitive Underpinnings of Counterintuitive Science and Math Reasoning in Adolescence
Dumontheil, I., Brookman‐Byrne, A., Tolmie, A. K., & Mareschal, D. (2022) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_01854 · Cited by 17
An Experimental Framework for Developing Point-of-Need Biosensors: Connecting Bio-Layer Interferometry and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
Ullah, S. F., Moreira, G. A. M., Datta, S., McLamore, E. S., & Vanegas, D. C. (2022) · Biosensors · doi:10.3390/bios12110938 · Cited by 15
A Combination of Real-World Experiments and Augmented Reality When Learning about the States of Wax—An Eye-Tracking Study
Syskowski, S., & Huwer, J. (2023) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci13020177 · Cited by 15
Do they have inquiry skill profiles? Exploring high school students' scientific inquiry in an animation‐based activity
Sui, C., Hsiao, S., Yeh, S., Zhao, P., Chang, C., & Lin, J. (2023) · Science Education · doi:10.1002/sce.21844 · Cited by 17
How to Outline Objectives for Chemistry Education and how to Assess Them
Shwartz, Y., Dori, Y. J., & Treagust, D. F. (2013) · SensePublishers eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-6209-140-5_2 · Cited by 15
Interactions of chemistry teachers with gifted students in a regular high-school chemistry classroom
Benny, N., & Blonder, R. (2017) · Chemistry Education Research and Practice · doi:10.1039/c7rp00127d · Cited by 15
Coteaching chemical bonding with Upper secondary senior students : A way to refine teachers PCK
Schultze, F. (2018) · Studies in science and technology education · doi:10.3384/lic.diva-152778 · Cited by 15
Assessment of Student Performance on Core Concepts in Organic Chemistry
Farhat, N. J., Stanford, C., & Ruder, S. M. (2019) · Journal of Chemical Education · doi:10.1021/acs.jchemed.8b00913 · Cited by 15
Undergraduate Chemistry Students’ Epistemic Criteria for Scientific Models
Lazenby, K., Stricker, A. R., Brandriet, A. R., et al. (2019) · Journal of Chemical Education · doi:10.1021/acs.jchemed.9b00505 · Cited by 15
Conditions for Experimental Activities at Elementary and High Schools from Chemistry Teachers’ Point of View
Rusek, M., Chroustová, K., Bílek, M., Skřehot, P. A., & Hon, Z. (2020) · Chemia, Dydaktyka, Ekologia, Metrologia · doi:10.2478/cdem-2020-0006 · Cited by 15
A review of three levels of chemical representation until 2020
Luviani, S. D., Mulyani, S., & Widhiyanti, T. (2021) · Journal of Physics Conference Series · doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1806/1/012206 · Cited by 23
Attacking a Dense Problem: A Learner-centered Approach to Teaching Density
Hitt, A. M. (2005) · Science Activities · doi:10.3200/sats.42.1.25-29 · Cited by 15
Polymers and Cross-Linking: A CORE Experiment To Help Students Think on the Submicroscopic Level
Bruce, M. R. M., Bruce, A. E., Avargil, S., et al. (2016) · Journal of Chemical Education · doi:10.1021/acs.jchemed.6b00010 · Cited by 15
STEM from the perspectives of engineering design and suggested tools and learning design
Ting, Y.-L. (2016) · Journal of Research in STEM Education · doi:10.51355/jstem.2016.22 · Cited by 15
ANALYTIC APPROACH OF RESPONSE PATTERN OF DIAGNOSTIC TEST ITEMS IN EVALUATING STUDENTS’ CONCEPTUAL UNDERSTANDING OF CHARACTERISTICS OF PARTICLE OF MATTER
Laliyo, L. A. R., Tangio, J. S., Sumintono, B., Jahja, M., & Panigooro, C. (2020) · Journal of Baltic Science Education · doi:10.33225/jbse/20.19.824 · Cited by 15
CONOCIMIENTO PEDAGÓGICO DEL CONCEPTO DE "REACCIÓN QUÍMICA" EN PROFESORES UNIVERSITARIOS MEXICANOS
Reyes-C, F., & Garritz, A. (2006) · Revista Mexicana de Investigación Educativa · Cited by 15
STR120: A Web-Based Board Game for Aiding Students in Review of the Structural Theory of Organic Compounds
da Silva, J. N., Winum, J., Basso, A., et al. (2022) · Journal of Chemical Education · doi:10.1021/acs.jchemed.2c00389 · Cited by 14
Supporting submicroscopic reasoning in students’ explanations of absorption phenomena using a simulation-based activity
Spitha, N., Zhang, Y., Pazicni, S., Fullington, S. A., Morais, C. S. L., Buchberger, A. R., & Doolittle, P. S. (2023) · Chemistry Education Research and Practice · doi:10.1039/d3rp00153a · Cited by 14
Developing students’ chemical literacy through the integration of dilemma stories into a STEAM project on petroleum topic
Rahmawati, Y., Erdawati, E., Ridwan, A., et al. (2024) · Journal of Technology and Science Education · doi:10.3926/jotse.2221 · Cited by 14
Identificat’ions: A Battle Card Game to Learn Chemical Tests and Practice Observation and Reasoning
Lhardy, C., & Reina, A. (2024) · Journal of Chemical Education · doi:10.1021/acs.jchemed.3c01142 · Cited by 14
Action Research to Promote the Formation of Linkages by Chemistry Students Between the Macro, Submicro, and Symbolic Representational Levels
Savec, V. F., Sajovic, I., & Grm, K. S. W. (2009) · Models and modeling in science education · doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-8872-8_14 · Cited by 15
From Common Sense Concepts to Scientifically Conditioned Concepts of Chemical Bonding: An Historical and Textbook Approach Designed to Address Learning and Teaching Issues at the Secondary School Level
Croft, M., & de Berg, K. C. (2014) · Science & Education · doi:10.1007/s11191-014-9683-0 · Cited by 14
Fostering Teacher Development to a Tetrahedral Orientation in the Teaching of Chemistry
Lewthwaite, B. E., & Wiebe, R. I. (2010) · Research in Science Education · doi:10.1007/s11165-010-9185-2 · Cited by 16
Building Student Understanding and Interest in Science through Embodied Experiences with LEGO Robotics
Lu, C., Kang, S., Huang, S.-C., et al. (2011) · EdMedia: World Conference on Educational Media and Technology · Cited by 14
Wither the Concepts of Mole and Concentration: Conceptual Confusion in applying M1V1 = M2V2
Chong, S. H. (2016) · Universal Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.13189/ujer.2016.040527 · Cited by 14
Exploring prospective chemistry teachers’ perceptions of precipitation, conception of precipitation reactions and visualization of the sub-microscopic level of precipitation reactions
Nakıboğlu, C., & Nakiboğlu, N. (2019) · Chemistry Education Research and Practice · doi:10.1039/c9rp00109c · Cited by 14
Investigating high school chemistry teachers’ assessment item generation processes for a solubility lab
Schafer, A. G. L., & Yezierski, E. J. (2020) · Chemistry Education Research and Practice · doi:10.1039/d0rp00121j · Cited by 14
A Computational Chemistry Course for Teachers: From Research Laboratories to High-School Chemistry Teaching
Traube, T., & Blonder, R. (2023) · Journal of Chemical Education · doi:10.1021/acs.jchemed.3c00645 · Cited by 14
Organic Chemistry in Action! What Is the Reaction?
O’Dwyer, A., & Childs, P. (2015) · Journal of Chemical Education · doi:10.1021/ed5006163 · Cited by 14
Introducing a Culture of Modeling To Enhance Conceptual Understanding in High School Chemistry Courses
Edwards, A. D., & Head, M. L. (2016) · Journal of Chemical Education · doi:10.1021/acs.jchemed.6b00125 · Cited by 14
Students’ chemical literacy development through STEAM integrated with dilemmas stories on acid and base topics
Rahmawati, Y., Ridwan, A., Mardiah, A., et al. (2020) · Journal of Physics Conference Series · doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1521/4/042076 · Cited by 14
Dual Mode Module as New Innovation in Learning Chemistry: Project Based Learning Oriented
Nursiwan, W. A., Mahanan, M. S., Ibrahim, N. H., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM) · doi:10.3991/ijim.v15i18.24549 · Cited by 14
Assessment of preparedness of first-year chemistry students: development and application of an instrument for diagnostic and placement purposes
Potgieter, M., Davidowitz, B., & Venter, E. (2008) · African Journal of Research in Mathematics Science and Technology Education · doi:10.1080/10288457.2008.10740638 · Cited by 14
Inquiry, Chemistry Understanding Levels, and Bilingual Learning
Abir, A., & Dori, Y. J. (2013) · Educación Química · doi:10.1016/s0187-893x(13)73193-8 · Cited by 14
Quantitative Problem Solving in Science: Cognitive Factors and Directions for Practice.
Heyworth, R. M. (1998) · Cited by 14
Can language focussed activities improve understanding of chemical language in non-traditional students?
Rees, S., Kind, V., & Newton, D. P. (2018) · Chemistry Education Research and Practice · doi:10.1039/c8rp00070k · Cited by 14
The DNA Landscape: Development and Application of a New Framework for Visual Communication about DNA
Wright, L. K., Wrightstone, E. A., Trumpore, L. J., Steele, J., Abid, D. M., & Newman, D. L. (2022) · CBE—Life Sciences Education · doi:10.1187/cbe.22-01-0007 · Cited by 14
Gamification and Experiential Learning in Chemistry: A Strategy for Understanding Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Morales‐Nava, R., Nieto-Jalil, J. M., & Díaz-Morales, L. A. (2024) · IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON) · doi:10.1109/educon60312.2024.10578739 · Cited by 13
Fostering inclusive learning: customized kits in chemistry education and their influence on self-efficacy, attitudes and achievements
Easa, E., & Blonder, R. (2024) · Chemistry Education Research and Practice · doi:10.1039/d4rp00144c · Cited by 13
Evaluating student understanding of pharmacodynamics core concepts
Kelly-Laubscher, R. F., Koenig, J., Cunningham, M., Aljofan, M., Babey, A., Hawes, M., Hinton, T., Karpa, K. D., Karunaratne, N. S., Nicolazzo, J. A., et al. (2025) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2025.177257 · Cited by 16
Analytical chemistry students’ explanatory statements in the context of their corresponding lecture
Wang, Y., & Lewis, S. E. (2020) · Chemistry Education Research and Practice · doi:10.1039/d0rp00063a · Cited by 13
Student-generated PowerPoint animations: a study of student teachers’ conceptions of molecular motions through their expressed models
Guspatni, G. (2020) · Chemistry Education Research and Practice · doi:10.1039/d0rp00229a · Cited by 13
The Relationship between Spatial Ability and the Conservation of Matter in Middle School
Cole, M., Wilhelm, J. A., Vaught, B. M.-M., et al. (2020) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci11010004 · Cited by 13
The role of the argumentation-based laboratory on the development of pre-service chemistry teachers’ argumentation skills
Uzuntiryaki-Kondakçı, E., Tüysüz, M., Sarici, E., Soysal, C., & Kılınç, S. (2021) · International Journal of Science Education · doi:10.1080/09500693.2020.1846226 · Cited by 23
Investigating Students’ Difficulties and Approaches to Solving Buffer Related Problems
Salame, I. I., Ramirez, L. M. G., Nikolic, D., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Instruction · doi:10.29333/iji.2022.15152a · Cited by 13
How to Assess Students’ Structure–Property Reasoning?
den Otter, M.-J., Juurlink, L. B. F., & Janssen, F. J. J. M. (2022) · Journal of Chemical Education · doi:10.1021/acs.jchemed.2c00234 · Cited by 13
Analysis of post-secondary instructors’ pedagogical content knowledge of organic acid–base chemistry using content representations
Boothe, J. R., Zotos, E. K., & Shultz, G. V. (2023) · Chemistry Education Research and Practice · doi:10.1039/d2rp00253a · Cited by 13
Using Story to Help Student Understanding of Gas Behavior
Wiebe, R. I., & Stinner, A. O. (2010) · Interchange · doi:10.1007/s10780-010-9135-y · Cited by 13
MUSHI: a multi-device framework for collaborative inquiry learning
Lyons, L., Lee, J. J., Quintana, C., & Soloway, E. M. (2006) · Cited by 13
Development of the Quantization and Probability Representations Inventory as a Measure of Students’ Understandings of Particulate and Symbolic Representations of Electron Structure
Allred, Z. D. R., & Bretz, S. L. (2019) · Journal of Chemical Education · doi:10.1021/acs.jchemed.9b00098 · Cited by 13
An analysis of the visual representation of redox reactions and related content in Brazilian secondary school chemistry textbooks
Institute of Chemistry, U. O. S. P., Goes, L. F., Chen, X., Department of Biology and Chemistry, I. F. S. E., Nogueira, K. S. C., Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, C. B., Fernandez, C., Institute of Chemistry, U. O. S. P., Eilks, I., & Department of Biology and Chemistry, I. F. S. E. (2020) · Science Education International · doi:10.33828/sei.v31.i3.10 · Cited by 12
“One of the important aspects of an advanced understanding of redox reactions is dealing with their three representational levels: The macroscopic, submicroscopic, and symbolic levels (Johnstone, 1991).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Using Gesture Analysis to Assess Students’ Developing Representational Competence
Lira, M. E., & Stieff, M. (2018) · Models and modeling in science education · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-89945-9_10 · Cited by 12
Using an Augmented Reality Learning Environment to Teach the Mechanism of an Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution
Bullock, M., Graulich, N., & Huwer, J. (2024) · Journal of Chemical Education · doi:10.1021/acs.jchemed.3c00903 · Cited by 12
Modes of technology integration in chemistry teaching: theory and practice
Aroch, I., Katchevich, D., & Blonder, R. (2024) · Chemistry Education Research and Practice · doi:10.1039/d3rp00307h · Cited by 20
Algunas reflexiones sobre la distancia entre "hablar química" y "comprender química"
Galagovsky, L. R., Bekerman, D. G., Giacomo, M. A. D., et al. (2014) · Ciência & Educação (Bauru) · doi:10.1590/1516-73132014000400002 · Cited by 12
Student Perceptions of Chemistry Experiments with Different Technological Interfaces: A Comparative Study
Priest, S. J., Pyke, S. M., & Williamson, N. M. (2014) · Journal of Chemical Education · doi:10.1021/ed400835h · Cited by 12
A study on analogies used in new ninth grade biology textbook
Dikmenli, M. (2015) · Asia-Pacific Forum on Science Learning and Teaching · Cited by 12
Language aspects of engineering students' view of entropy
Haglund, J., Andersson, S., & Elmgren, M. (2016) · Chemistry Education Research and Practice · doi:10.1039/c5rp00227c · Cited by 12
Using Item Response Theory To Identify and Address Difficult Topics in General Chemistry
Schurmeier, K. D., Shepler, C. G., Lautenschlager, G. J., et al. (2011) · ACS symposium series · doi:10.1021/bk-2011-1074.ch010 · Cited by 12
Student’s mental model, misconceptions, troublesome knowledge, and threshold concept on thermochemistry with DToM-POE
Wiji, W., & Mulyani, S. (2018) · Journal of Physics Conference Series · doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1013/1/012098 · Cited by 12
How Middle School Students Represent Phase Change and Interpret Textbook Representations: a Comparison of Student and Textbook Representations
Savaşçi, F. (2019) · Research in Science Education · doi:10.1007/s11165-019-9834-z · Cited by 15
Remote Chemistry Teacher Professional Development Delivery: Enduring Lessons for Programmatic Redesign
Wu, M.-Y. M., Magnone, K. Q., Tasker, R., & Yezierski, E. J. (2021) · Journal of Chemical Education · doi:10.1021/acs.jchemed.1c00181 · Cited by 12
The Semiotic Function of a Bridging Representation to Support Students’ Meaning-Making in Solution Chemistry
Pham, L., & Tytler, R. (2021) · Research in Science Education · doi:10.1007/s11165-021-10022-w · Cited by 12
Investigating Differences in Experts’ Chemistry Knowledge Structures and Comparing Them to Those of General Chemistry Students
Gulacar, O., Vernoy, B., Tran, E. N., Wu, A., Huie, E. Z., Santos, E. V., Wadhwa, A., Sathe, R. U., & Milkey, A. (2022) · Journal of Chemical Education · doi:10.1021/acs.jchemed.2c00251 · Cited by 12
Exploring students' abilities to use two different styles of structural representation in organic chemistry
Head, J., Bucat, R. B., Mocerino, M., et al. (2005) · Canadian Journal of Science Mathematics and Technology Education · doi:10.1080/14926150509556648 · Cited by 12
An Analysis of Gender Difference on Students’ Misconceptions in Learning the Material Classification and Its Changes
Cahyanto, M. A. S., Ashadi, A., & Saputro, S. (2019) · Jurnal Inovasi Pendidikan IPA · doi:10.21831/jipi.v5i2.26613 · Cited by 12
Students as Partners: Co-creation of Online Learning to Deliver High Quality, Personalized Content
Curtin, A. L., & Sarju, J. P. (2021) · ACS symposium series · doi:10.1021/bk-2021-1389.ch010 · Cited by 12
Teacher Pathways Through the Particulate Nature of Matter in Lower Secondary School Chemistry: Continuous Switching Between Different Models or a Coherent Conceptual Structure?
Eilks, I. (2013) · Innovations in science education and technology · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-5914-5_10 · Cited by 12
Affect and Meeting the Needs of the Gifted Chemistry Learner: Providing Intellectual Challenge to Engage Students in Enjoyable Learning
Taber, K. S. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-45085-7_7 · Cited by 13
Science learning via multimedia portal resources: The S cottish case
Elliot, D. L., Wilson, D., & Boyle, S. (2013) · British Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.1111/bjet.12085 · Cited by 12
The Courseware of Discontinuous Nature of Matter in Teaching the States of Matter and Their Changes
Sopandi, W., Kadarohman, A., Rosbiono, M., et al. (2017) · International Journal of Instruction · doi:10.12973/iji.2018.1115a · Cited by 12
New Tools and Challenges for Chemical Education: Mobile Learning, Augmented Reality, and Distributed Cognition in the Dawn of the Social and Semantic Web
Pence, H. E., Williams, A. J., & Belford, R. E. (2015) · doi:10.1002/9783527679300.ch28 · Cited by 12
The Role and Potential Dangers of Visualisation when Learning about Sub-Microscopic Explanations in Chemistry Education
Eilks, I., Witteck, T., & Pietzner, V. (2012) · Center for Educational Policy Studies Journal · doi:10.26529/cepsj.398 · Cited by 20
Teachers’ Conceptual Difficulties in Teaching Senior High School Organic Chemistry
Adu-Gyamfi, K., & Asaki, I. A. (2022) · Contemporary Mathematics and Science Education · doi:10.30935/conmaths/12382 · Cited by 11
Enhancing Chemistry Education for Students through a Novel Card Game: Compound Chain
Tursyngozhayev, K., Kavak, N., & Akhmetov, N. K. (2024) · Journal of Chemical Education · doi:10.1021/acs.jchemed.3c00983 · Cited by 15
Preservice Chemistry Teachers’ Conceptual Understanding and Confidence Judgment: Insights from a Three-Tier Chemistry Concept Inventory
Espinosa, A. A., Koperová, D., Kuhnová, M., & Rusek, M. (2024) · Journal of Chemical Education · doi:10.1021/acs.jchemed.4c01146 · Cited by 15
Probing Visual Literacy Skills Reveals Unexpected Student Conceptions of Chromosomes
Uminski, C., Newman, D. L., & Wright, L. K. (2025) · CBE—Life Sciences Education · doi:10.1187/cbe.24-07-0176 · Cited by 11
ChemiBold: A Dynamic and Competitive Game for Learning Basic Functional Groups in Organic Chemistry
Santiago, A., Rodríguez, L., García-Ortega, H., et al. (2025) · Journal of Chemical Education · doi:10.1021/acs.jchemed.4c01449 · Cited by 11
An online categorization task to investigate changes in students' interpretations of organic chemistry reactions
Lapierre, K. R., & Flynn, A. B. (2019) · Journal of Research in Science Teaching · doi:10.1002/tea.21586 · Cited by 11
Rapid Adaptation of a Traditional Introductory Lecture Course on Catalysis into Content for Remote Delivery Online in Response to Global Pandemic
Sarju, J. P. (2020) · Journal of Chemical Education · doi:10.1021/acs.jchemed.0c00786 · Cited by 12
A Research-Based Checklist for Development and Critique of STEM Instructional Videos
Seethaler, S. L., Burgasser, A. J., Bussey, T. J., Eggers, J. R., Lo, S. M., Rabin, J. M., Stevens, L., & Weizman, H. (2020) · The journal of college science teaching · doi:10.1080/0047231x.2020.12290671 · Cited by 11
Supporting multilingual learners’ science learning from the multimodal perspective: the case of a VR-Enhanced science unit
Ding, A.-C. E. (2023) · Journal of Research on Technology in Education · doi:10.1080/15391523.2023.2221871 · Cited by 14
Teaching chemical change modeling to Tunisian students: an “expanded chemistry triplet” for analyzing teachers' discourse
Dumon, A., & Mzoughi-Khadhraoui, I. (2013) · Chemistry Education Research and Practice · doi:10.1039/c3rp00126a · Cited by 11
Collaborative Learning and Skills of Problem-based Learning: A Case of Nigerian Secondary Schools Chemistry Students
Abubakar, A. B., & Arshad, M. Y. (2015) · Asian Social Science · doi:10.5539/ass.v11n27p53 · Cited by 11
Inquiry Practices in Malaysian Secondary Classroom and Model of Inquiry Teaching based on Verbal Interaction
Li, W. S. S., & Arshad, M. Y. (2015) · Malaysian Journal of Learning and Instruction · doi:10.32890/mjli.12.2015.7684 · Cited by 11
Insights and Teacher Perceptions Regarding Students’ Conceptions as They Enter Tertiary Chemistry Studies: a Comparative Study
Lawrie, G. A., Schultz, M., & Wright, A. H. (2017) · International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education · doi:10.1007/s10763-017-9853-z · Cited by 11
¿Cómo ayuda la Pizarra Digital Interactiva (PDI) a la hora de promover prácticas de indagación y modelización en el aula de ciencias?
Simó, V. L., Grimalt‐Álvaro, C., & Couso, D. (2018) · Revista eureka sobre enseñanza y divulgación de las ciencias · doi:10.25267/rev_eureka_ensen_divulg_cienc.2018.v15.i3.3302 · Cited by 11
A New Chemistry Multimedia: How Can It Help Junior High School Students Create a Good Impression?
Sausan, I., Saputro, S., & Indriyanti, N. Y. (2020) · International Journal of Instruction · doi:10.29333/iji.2020.13429a · Cited by 11
Discipline-specific cognitive factors that influence grade 9 students’ performance in chemistry
Li-na, Z., Wang, L., & Treagust, D. F. (2021) · Chemistry Education Research and Practice · doi:10.1039/d0rp00352b · Cited by 11
Timed Report Measures Learning: Game-Based Embedded Assessment
Reese, D. D., Seward, R. J., Tabachnick, B. G., Hitt, B. A., Harrison, A. J., & Mcfarland, L. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-3546-4_9 · Cited by 11
Computerized Molecular Modeling: Enhancing Meaningful Chemistry Learning
Dori, Y. J., & Barak, M. (2000) · Cited by 11
LA ENSEÑANZA DE LA QUÍMICA PRE-UNIVERSITARIA: ¿QUÉ ENSEÑAR, CÓMO, CUÁNTO, PARA QUIÉNES?
Galagovsky, L. R. (2005) · Cited by 11
Using Multimedia Learning Aids from the Internet for Teaching Chemistry
Eilks, I., Witteck, T., & Pietzner, V. (2010) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-61520-690-2.ch004 · Cited by 11
The Australian Chemistry Discipline Network: A Supportive Community of Practice in a Hard Science
Schultz, M., & O’Brien, G. A. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-2866-3_22 · Cited by 11
Teaching Chemistry -A Studybook: A Practical Guide and Textbook for Student Teachers, Teacher Trainees and Teachers. Editada por Ingo Eilks y Avi Hofstein, Rotterdam, The Netherlands: Sense Publishers, 2013. 336 pp. ISBN: 978-9462091382
Garritz, A. (2015) · Educación Química · doi:10.1016/s0187-893x(13)72496-0 · Cited by 11

Authors: Johnstone, A. H.
Affiliations: University of Glasgow (GB)
Corresponding author: Johnstone, A. H.
Venue: Journal of Computer Assisted Learning
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 1991-06
Volume: 7
Issue: 2
Pages: 75-83
ISSN: 0266-4909 (ISSN-L)
1365-2729
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2729.1991.tb00230.x
OpenAlex: W2166624758
Semantic Scholar: e5120cb07075e3a2e46612bfad670ce951b27178
Cited by: 1,321
References: 6
Citations by year: 2026: 103 · 2025: 77 · 2024: 78 · 2023: 79 · 2022: 96 · 2021: 109 · 2020: 80 · 2019: 109 · 2018: 78 · 2017: 48 · 2016: 55 · 2015: 57 · 2014: 56 · 2013: 50 · 2012: 44
FWCI: 2.37
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 6155 d)
Locations: Journal of Computer Assisted Learning (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Education › Science Education and Pedagogy
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Visual and Cognitive Learning Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods
Keywords: science learning difficulties, nature of science, science teaching methods, children's learning, information processing model, cognitive models of learning

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Why is science difficult to learn? Things are seldom what they seem

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks