Cited by 1,889Evolutionary Game Theory and CooperationAnimal Behavior and ReproductionEvolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior

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Social semantics: altruism, cooperation, mutualism, strong reciprocity and group selection.

WEST, S. A., GRIFFIN, A. S., GARDNER, A.·2007·Journal of Evolutionary Biology

DOI 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2006.01258.x

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Abstract

From an evolutionary perspective, social behaviours are those which have fitness consequences for both the individual that performs the behaviour, and another individual. Over the last 43 years, a huge theoretical and empirical literature has developed on this topic. However, progress is often hindered by poor communication between scientists, with different people using the same term to mean different things, or different terms to mean the same thing. This can obscure what is biologically important, and what is not. The potential for such semantic confusion is greatest with interdisciplinary research. Our aim here is to address issues of semantic confusion that have arisen with research on the problem of cooperation. In particular, we: (i) discuss confusion over the terms kin selection, mutualism, mutual benefit, cooperation, altruism, reciprocal altruism, weak altruism, altruistic punishment, strong reciprocity, group selection and direct fitness; (ii) emphasize the need to distinguish between proximate (mechanism) and ultimate (survival value) explanations of behaviours. We draw examples from all areas, but especially recent work on humans and microbes.

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Authors: WEST, S. A., GRIFFIN, A. S., & GARDNER, A.
Affiliations: University of Edinburgh (GB)
Queen's University (CA)
Corresponding author: WEST, S. A.
ORCID: WEST, S. A.
GRIFFIN, A. S.
GARDNER, A.
Venue: Journal of Evolutionary Biology
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 2006-10-16
Volume: 20
Issue: 2
Pages: 415-432
ISSN: 1010-061X (ISSN-L)
1420-9101
DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2006.01258.x
OpenAlex: W2124337033
Cited by: 1,889
References: 187
Citations by year: 2026: 35 · 2025: 66 · 2024: 82 · 2023: 75 · 2022: 69 · 2021: 114 · 2020: 72 · 2019: 102 · 2018: 105 · 2017: 75 · 2016: 97 · 2015: 103 · 2014: 104 · 2013: 95 · 2012: 106
FWCI: 29.98
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Journal of Evolutionary Biology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Korea Institute of Energy Research
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Evolutionary Game Theory and Cooperation
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Animal Behavior and Reproduction
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
Keywords: social semantics, cooperation, altruism, mutualism, strong reciprocity, group selection, kin selection, reciprocal altruism, altruistic punishment, direct fitness, proximate and ultimate explanations, social behavior, human evolution, microbial evolution, terminology confusion
MeSH terms: Altruism, Animals, Cooperative Behavior, Biological Evolution, Humans, Terminology as Topic, Social Behavior

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Social semantics: altruism, cooperation, mutualism, strong reciprocity and group selection.

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