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Group Extinction and Female Transfer in Wild Chimpanzees in the Mahale National Park, Tanzania
Abstract
Abstract and Summary: A unit‐group (K‐group) of chimpanzees has shown a drastic demographic change in the course of 17 years (1966–1983) of field study. K‐group had 6 adult males in 1966. Initially, the group lost adult males one by one between 1969–1975. The number of adult males in the unit‐group was the main factor influencing the immigration of strange, cycling females and the emigration of cycling females, although nulliparous females born into K‐group regularly emigrated to other unit‐groups, regardless of the number of adult males within K‐group. When the number of adult males in the group dropped to only two in early 1978, many cycling females began to associate with the males of a larger unit‐group (M‐group), as well as those of K‐group. When K‐group lost one of the remaining adult males and became essentially a “one‐male” group in 1979, all the fertile, cycling females began to associate mostly with M‐group and radically expanded their ranges, although their core areas tended to be closer to their original ranges. During this time the “alpha” male of K‐group tried to restrict the ranging of “his” females to his normal range with a variety of herding techniques. The extent of the range expansions by immigrant females was influenced by their ages and ages of their youngest offspring. Parous females usually did not transfer or re‐transfer permanently as long as their offspring were alive and the number of adult males within their group was more than three. Juvenile males occasionally followed their mothers and transferred between unit‐groups. Some males refused to transfer even though their mothers transferred permanently. The destiny of these juvenile males who transferred is not clear, as such cases were rare. Annual ranges of immigrant females roughly coincided with those of the resident adult males of the unit‐group. This observation effectively rejects the male‐only community model of chimpanzee social organization (Wrangham 1979a). By the middle of 1983, K‐group consisted of four animals: one lactating female with her infant daughter and one old post‐reproductive female with her adolescent son. The loss of adult males was partly attributed to inter‐unit‐group aggression. Neighbouring unit‐groups expanded their ranges at the expense of a small unit‐group with few adult males. The large‐scale transfer of cycling females to M‐group is regarded as a female reproductive strategy, as such migration may lead to a greater number of available mates, and decrease the possibility of attacks from large neighbouring unit‐groups, and moreover the females can still utilize their familiar feeding areas. Zusammenfassung: Im Verlauf einer 17 Jahre dauernden Feldstudie durchlief eine bestimmte Schimpansengruppe (“K”) drastische demographische Veränderungen. 1966 enthielt sie 6 adulte Männchen, verlor aber von 1969–1975 eins nach dem anderen davon. Als 1978 nur noch 2 adulte Männchen da waren, schlossen sich viele der sexuell aktiven Weibchen abwechselnd diesen und den Männchen der benachbarten größeren M‐Gruppe an. 1979 war nur noch ein K‐Männchen übrig, und alle sexuell aktiven Weibchen hielten sich meist bei den M‐Männchen auf. Dadurch erweiterten sie ihr Streifgebiet beachtlich, behielten aber das Heimatgebiet außerdem bei. Das letzte K‐Männchen versuchte mit verschiedenen Mitteln, “seine” Weibchen in seinem Gebiet zu halten. Die Zahl der erwachsenen Männchen in einer Gruppe bestimmt vorrangig das Zuwandern fremder oder Abwandern eigener Weibchen. Nullipare in der K‐Gruppe geborene Weibchen besuchten regelmäßig andere Gruppen, unabhängig von der Zahl vorhandener Männchen. Die Größe der Gebietserweiterung abwandernder Weibchen hing von ihrem Alter und vom Alter ihres jüngsten Kindes ab. Mütter wanderten gewöhnlich nicht dauerhaft ab, solange ihre Kinder lebten und es wenigstens 3 adulte Männchen in ihrer Gruppe gab. Junge Männchen folgten gelegentlich ihren Müttern zu einer anderen Gruppe, manche Männchen aber blieben, auch wenn die Mutter ausgewandert war. Die zugewanderten Weibchen zogen im Jahr ungefähr dorthin mit, wohin die ansässigen Männchen gingen. In der Mitte des Jahres 1983 bestand die K‐Gruppe nur noch aus 4 Tieren: Einer säugenden Mutter mit ihrer Tochter und einer Greisin mit erwachsenem Sohn. Das Verschwinden der Männchen ging zum Teil auf Zwischen‐gruppen‐Aggression zurück. Benachbarte Gruppen dehnten ihren Wohnbereich aus auf Kosten kleiner Gruppen mit wenigen Männchen. Das Überlaufen so vieler Weibchen zur M‐Gruppe wird als Fortpflanzungstaktik gedeutet: Die Zahl verfügbarer Paarungspartner wächst, die Gefährdung durch Angriffe durch große Nachbargruppen nimmt ab, aber dennoch können die Weibchen weiterhin die gewohnten Freßgebiete benutzen.
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Citations
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Metadata
- Authors
- Nishida, T., Hiraiwa‐Hasegawa, M., Hasegawa, T., & Takahata, Y.
- Venue
- Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1985-01-12
- Volume
- 67
- Issue
- 1-4
- Pages
- 284-301
- ISSN
- 0044-3573 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2149772842
- Cited by
- 306
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 9.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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- Nishida, T., Hiraiwa‐Hasegawa, M., Hasegawa, T., & Takahata, Y. (1985). Group Extinction and Female Transfer in Wild Chimpanzees in the Mahale National Park, Tanzania. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1985.tb01395.x
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