Lethal aggression in Pan is better explained by adaptive strategies than human impacts
Open accessAbstract
Observations of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and bonobos (Pan paniscus) provide valuable comparative data for understanding the significance of conspecific killing. Two kinds of hypothesis have been proposed. Lethal violence is sometimes concluded to be the result of adaptive strategies, such that killers ultimately gain fitness benefits by increasing their access to resources such as food or mates. Alternatively, it could be a non-adaptive result of human impacts, such as habitat change or food provisioning. To discriminate between these hypotheses we compiled information from 18 chimpanzee communities and 4 bonobo communities studied over five decades. Our data include 152 killings (n = 58 observed, 41 inferred, and 53 suspected killings) by chimpanzees in 15 communities and one suspected killing by bonobos. We found that males were the most frequent attackers (92% of participants) and victims (73%); most killings (66%) involved intercommunity attacks; and attackers greatly outnumbered their victims (median 8:1 ratio). Variation in killing rates was unrelated to measures of human impacts. Our results are compatible with previously proposed adaptive explanations for killing by chimpanzees, whereas the human impact hypothesis is not supported.
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Chimpanzee group defense is energetically costly in terms of reduced foraging and increased traveling, and risky, as it may lead to injury or death.
“Chimpanzee group defense is energetically costly in terms of reduced foraging and increased traveling (14), and risky, as it may lead to injury or death (10).”
From Oxytocin reactivity during intergroup conflict in wild chimpanzees (2017) · cites this paper as [10]
Wild chimpanzees in almost all long-term field sites engage in competitive intergroup conflicts.
“Wild chimpanzees in almost all long-term field sites engage in competitive intergroup conflicts (10, 11), which are characterized by two sets of behavior (Movie S1), intergroup encounters and border patrols.”
From Oxytocin reactivity during intergroup conflict in wild chimpanzees (2017) · cites this paper as [10]
Male chimpanzees are more likely to be the victims of lethal intergroup aggression.
“Male chimpanzees are more likely to be the victims of lethal intergroup aggression (10).”
From Oxytocin reactivity during intergroup conflict in wild chimpanzees (2017) · cites this paper as [10]
The risk of intergroup infanticide and female hostage taking by rival groups are substantial threats for females.
“the risk of intergroup infanticide and female hostage taking by rival groups are substantial threats for females (10, 11)”
From Oxytocin reactivity during intergroup conflict in wild chimpanzees (2017) · cites this paper as [10]
In the Taï Forest, rates of intergroup lethal violence are low in comparison with other chimpanzee field sites.
“However, in the Taï Forest, rates of intergroup lethal violence are low in comparison with other chimpanzee field sites (10).”
From Oxytocin reactivity during intergroup conflict in wild chimpanzees (2017) · cites this paper as [10]
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- Authors
- Wilson, M. L., Boesch, C., Fruth, B., Furuichi, T., Gilby, I. C., Hashimoto, C., Hobaiter, C. L., Hohmann, G., Itoh, N., Koops, K., Lloyd, J. N., Matsuzawa, T., Mitani, J. C., Mjungu, D. C., Morgan, D., Muller, M. N., Mundry, R., Nakamura, M., Pruetz, J., Pusey, A. E., Riedel, J., Sanz, C., Schel, A. M., Simmons, N., Waller, M., Watts, D. P., White, F., Wittig, R. M., Zuberbühler, K., & Wrangham, R. W.
- Affiliations
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (DE)
- Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp (BE)
- Kyoto University (JP)
- Duke University (US)
- University of St Andrews (GB)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Makerere University (UG)
- University of Michigan (US)
- The Jane Goodall Institute (US)
- Lincoln Park Zoo (US)
- University of New Mexico (US)
- Iowa State University (US)
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- University of York (GB)
- University of Oregon (US)
- Yale University (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wilson, Michael L.
- ORCID
- Wilson, Michael L.
- Boesch, Christophe
- Fruth, Barbara
- Furuichi, Takeshi
- Gilby, Ian C.
- Hashimoto, Chie
- Hobaiter, Catherine L.
- Itoh, Noriko
- Koops, Kathelijne
- Matsuzawa, Tetsuro
- Mitani, John C.
- Morgan, David
- Muller, Martin N.
- Mundry, Roger
- Nakamura, Michio
- Pruetz, Jill
- Pusey, Anne E.
- Sanz, Crickette
- Schel, Anne M.
- Watts, David P.
- White, Frances
- Wittig, Roman M.
- Zuberbühler, Klaus
- Wrangham, Richard W.
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2014-09
- Volume
- 513
- Issue
- 7518
- Pages
- 414-417
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2118761285
- Cited by
- 474
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 37 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 40 · 2022: 44 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 62 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 51 · 2016: 37 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 13
- FWCI
- 59.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- nrs.harvard.edu
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (acceptedVersion)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Iowa State University Digital Repository (Iowa State University) (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Max Planck Digital Library (submittedVersion)
- KOPS (University of Konstanz) (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- St Andrews Research Repository (St Andrews Research Repository) (submittedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)
- Funders
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (26257408, 24000001, 25304019)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI058715)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Primate Behavior and Ecology
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Animal Behavior and Reproduction
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
- Keywords
- chimpanzees, bonobos, adaptation strategies, intergroup conflict, food provisioning, sex differences in aggression
- MeSH terms
- Africa, Aggression, Animals, Animals, Wild, Behavior, Animal, Pan troglodytes, Female, Food, Humans, Human Activities, Male, Models, Biological, Population Density, Sexual Behavior, Animal, Pan paniscus
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