The DOI matches its Crossref record; 27 of the 27 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 10 of the 38 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Internet-based mental health programs: A powerful tool in the rural medical kit
Open accessAbstract
Objective: To discuss, using two case examples, the potential utility of Internet-based depression information and automated therapy programs in rural regions. Design: Systematic review of evaluations of two Australian web-based mental health programs: MoodGYM and BluePages Depression Information. Setting: Community, school, university. Participants: A total of 12 papers and reports derived from nine separate studies of MoodGYM and BluePages involving sample sizes ranging from 78 to 19 607 people. Outcome measures: Depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, dysfunctional thoughts, depression literacy, stigma, help seeking and cost-effectiveness. Results: Internet-based applications were effectivein reducing depressive symptoms and stigmatising attitudes to depression and in improving depression literacy. School-based programs also showed promise in decreasing depressive symptoms. Conclusions: Depression self-help and information programs can be delivered effectively by means of the Internet. As accessibility of face-to-face mental health services in rural areas is poor and as there is a strong culture of self-reliance and preference for self-managing health problems among rural residents, the Internet might offer an important platform for the delivery of help for depression in rural regions. Consideration should be given to developing programs tailored to rural settings and future research should evaluate the efficacy and effectiveness of such programs in rural settings. © 2007 The Authors; Journal Compilation © 2007 National Rural Health Alliance Inc.
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Claims the paper makes
12 Own interpretation · 9 No full text of the sources · 7 Sources not found · 6 Own result · 5 Supported · 3 No basis given · 2 Supported so far · 2 Partly supported · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“There is evidence that the prevalence of mental health problems in rural areas is at least as high as among metropolitan residents 1,2”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [1] source
- Partly supportedcites [2] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract reports a higher prevalence of diagnosable mental health disorders among rural GP attendees than among attendees at a regional urban practice. It does not compare rural residents with metropolitan residents generally, and it cautions that earlier rural–urban studies had mixed findings. (LLM, conf=0.86)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“MoodGYM but not BluePages reduced dysfunctional thoughts. 20”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [20] source
The ‘Symptoms of depression and mental health literacy’ section states that MoodGYM, but not BluePages, significantly improved dysfunctional thinking compared with the control. This supports the cited contrast in dysfunctional thoughts. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The first evaluation of the effectiveness of MoodGYM was an uncontrolled study of users who visited the site in the initial six months after its release. 19 The study found a systematic decrease in users' online anxiety and depression scores as they progressed through the five modules of the application.”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [19] source
The Abstract Methods section says the study examined MoodGYM visitors over about six months, and the Discussion states that the design did not include a control condition. The Results section reports significant decreases in both online depression and anxiety scores as users progressed through the five modules. The paper cautions that these changes cannot be attributed to MoodGYM itself. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“There was no difference in the pattern of findings across modules for spontaneous and BlueMood users. 24”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [24] source
In “Change in Depression and Anxiety Scores,” the paper reports that its analysis included sample type, number of modules completed, and their interaction terms; neither sample type nor any interaction term was significant. The Discussion likewise says the rate of symptom change did not differ between public registrants and BlueMood trial participants. The claim is supported as a statement about the study’s findings, not proof that the groups’ outcomes were identical. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A total of 12 papers and reports derived from nine separate studies of MoodGYM and BluePages were identified (Table 1).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Preliminary analyses of data from a subsequent clustered randomised controlled trial involving 29 schools from around Australia, more than one-third from rural areas, also suggest that MoodGYM is effective in preventing depression and anxiety in school students. 28”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [28]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“A comparison of the direct costs of MoodGYM with face-to-face CBT and GP-administered antidepressant medication concluded that costs per client are lower for MoodGYM, once 753 are treated with medication or 359 people are provided with a course of CBT (J. Butler et al. , submitted, 2007). 22”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites J. Butler et al. , submitted, 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [22]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirectn = 753- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“A follow-up study suggested that the efficacy of MoodGYM and BluePages was maintained over a 12-month period (A. MacKinnon et al. , under revision, 2007).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites A. MacKinnon et al. , under revision, 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“School-based programs also showed promise in decreasing depressive symptoms.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“None of the studies specifically evaluated the efficacy of the programs among rural users.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 20
- Probably not a substantial claim. 10
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“An intent-to-treat analysis demonstrated that both the MoodGYM and the BluePages interventions were associated with a reduction in depressive and anxiety symptoms relative to the control condition immediately after completion of the program. 20”
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [20] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Symptoms of depression and mental health literacy section states that, in the intention-to-treat analysis, both BluePages and MoodGYM reduced depressive symptoms; the Procedures section says post-intervention questionnaires were administered at six weeks. Our copy does not report a reduction in anxiety symptoms for either intervention, so that part of the claim is unsupported (searched: anxiety). Page numbers were not available in the indexed passages. (LLM, conf=0.88)
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“It has also been argued that rural residents are more 'stoic and self-reliant' 13 and prefer to manage their own health problems. 14-16”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [13] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The citation is attached to the description of rural residents as stoic and self-reliant; the preference for managing their own health problems has separate citations. In the “Culture of self-reliance” section, the authors identify stoic self-reliance as a feature of rural and remote communities that can discourage seeking help for mental health distress. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [14] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [15] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [16] source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“As might be expected, BluePages improved depression literacy in adults 20,21 as did MoodGYM. 20”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [20] source
The 'Symptoms of depression and mental health literacy' section reports improved knowledge of depression treatments with BluePages and improved knowledge of effective psychological treatments and cognitive behaviour therapy with MoodGYM. These are measured aspects of depression literacy. (LLM, conf=0.92)
- Supportedcites [21] source
The Personal stigma section reports that both websites were associated with increased depression literacy. It gives a significant improvement in depression-literacy scores for BluePages (P<0.001) and MoodGYM (P=0.02); the Results section reports mean participant ages in the mid-30s. (LLM, conf=0.92)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Both programs led to reduced personal stigma among adults 21 but were not helpful in reducing perceived stigma in adults 21 or in decreasing personal stigma among school students. 27”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [21] source
The Results sections report greater reductions in personal stigma with both BluePages and MoodGYM than with the control condition, but no reduction in perceived stigma with either program; perceived stigma increased with MoodGYM relative to control. The school-student finding is attached to citation 27, not to this source. (LLM, conf=0.92)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [27] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“There was some evidence that MoodGYMincreased the use of selected evidence-based treatments and that BluePages reduced help seeking from non-professional sources such as family and friends. 23”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [23] source
The Results section reports that MoodGYM participants were more likely than BluePages participants to report using cognitive behavioural therapy and exercise, and that control participants were more likely than BluePages participants to seek help from family and friends. The Discussion likewise describes decreased help seeking from friends and family with BluePages. These findings support the citing sentence’s qualified wording. (LLM, conf=0.92)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
In the paper
“A trial of spontaneous visitors to the site who agreed to be randomised to one of a number of combinations of MoodGYM modules demonstrated that a single module of online CBT was not effective but extended CBT with or without behaviour strategies reduced depression. 25”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [25] source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the nine studies identified, five were concerned with adult members of the community, one involved university students and three involved programs delivered as part of the school curriculum to secondary school students.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The students who completed the post-intervention questionnaires showed a significantly lower level of depression and anxiety than the control group. 26”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [26]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Internet-based applications were effective in reducing depressive symptoms and stigmatising attitudes to depression and in improving depression literacy.”
plaindirectn = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This review of MoodGYM and BluePages evaluations suggests that these programs are associated with improvements in mental health and knowledge and attitudes to depression.”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Indeed, 18.6% of all MoodGYM users report that they are referred by a health practitioner.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, a substantial percentage of the YouthMood study of MoodGYM in schools involved rural schools and according to data collected at registration, 20.5% of spontaneous MoodGYM users worldwide are from rural or remote areas.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, the examples are not specifically tailored for a rural user.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, the study confirmed the utility of MoodGYM and provided the first (and to date only) demonstration that a simple web-based educational program might also be associated with improved depression outcomes.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“knowledge of agencies providing mental health services is poor among rural residents with only 40% of respondents in one study of a rural population being aware of where they could receive help for a mental health problem. 11”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [11] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As accessibility of face-to-face mental health services in rural areas is poor and as there is a strong culture of self-reliance and preference for selfmanaging health problems among rural residents, the Internet might offer an important platform for the delivery of help for depression in rural regions.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“According to rural GPs the greatest need for mental health services relates to the provision of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) groups and patient education about depression. 10”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [10] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Indeed two-thirds of practitioners report a high or extreme need for CBT support and half report such a need for 'patient education'. 10”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [10] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both showed a systematic decrease in anxiety and depression scores across modules consistent with the suggestion that MoodGYM is effective even in the absence of tracking by an interviewer.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although lacking a control group, this was the first demonstration that a website might be capable of delivering effective therapy for depression.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“there is some qualitative evidence that expressing negative feelings or thoughts is considered inappropriate within farming communities and that a person should seek to solve, rather than talk about, their problems. 4”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [4] source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In particular, a culture of self-reliance might be conducive to the use of self-help methods for addressing mental health problems.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“MoodGYM is not suitable for all users, particularly those with lower literacy levels.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is possible that some rural residents in particular will find the learning style involved in CBT inconsistent with their preferred mode of learning.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such programs can be used without input from a clinician, or as an adjunct to treatment by the busy rural GP.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Meanwhile, MoodGYM and BluePages might prove useful for psychologically inclined rural consumers with elevated depressive symptoms.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Australian Bureau of Statistics figures indicate that 51% of people outside metropolitan areas have access to the Internet from home, a figure that although lower than access rates for metropolitan areas (59%), nevertheless suggests a substantial degree of engagement of rural residents with Internet technology. 29”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [29]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“It would allow breast cancer survivors and their carers access to the programme at a time and place convenient to them regardless of their location; furthermore, it may reduce concerns about stigma and privacy”
From A randomised controlled trial comparing internet-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy (iCBT) with and without main carer access versus treatment-as-usual for depression and anxiety among breast cancer survivors: Study protocol (2021) · cites this paper as Griffiths and Christensen, 2007
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Lack of availability of alternative services, greater motivation of supervising staff members, or a preference for health self-management in rural participants are potential explanations for this [38,43,48].”
From Computerized cognitive behavior therapy for anxiety and depression in rural areas:a systematic review (2015) · cites this paper as [48]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In addition, online delivery may be a relatively inexpensive means of delivering treatments to a wide range of people [53], particularly for rural residents [54] whose access to in-person interventions may be limited.”
From A systematic review of help-seeking interventions for depression, anxiety and general psychological distress (2012) · cites this paper as [54]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, while the review by Griffiths and Christensen included studies reporting the efficacy of CCBT for both children/young people and adults, none of their included studies disaggregated the data by location [48].”
From Computerized cognitive behavior therapy for anxiety and depression in rural areas:a systematic review (2015) · cites this paper as [48]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The included systematic review [48] found that, of spontaneous users of the CCBT program MoodGYM worldwide, 20.5% were from rural and remote areas.”
From Computerized cognitive behavior therapy for anxiety and depression in rural areas:a systematic review (2015) · cites this paper as [48]
In the citing paper
“However, one review found that although internet-based interventions led to improved literacy and to reduced stigma in adults, stigma among high school students was not affected.191”
From The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health (2022) · cites this paper as [191]
In the citing paper
“Moreover, leveraging smartphones’ capabilities enables ecological momentary interventions (EMI), whereby patients are able to access psychological care when and where they need it most, in their natural environment and daily routines [190-192].”
From Smartphone Apps for the Treatment of Mental Disorders: Systematic Review (2020) · cites this paper as [190]
In the citing paper
“Internet-based interventions have the potential to overcome some of these barriers by offering anonymity, privacy, accessibility, availability, and cost-effectiveness, and may be perceived as less stigmatising than face-to-face treatments [15–18].”
In the citing paper
“with the added benefits of convenience, privacy, and providing clinicians with the ability to provide a full-spectrum of care to patients even in remote areas [29; 48].”
From Internet-enhanced management of fibromyalgia: A randomized controlled trial (2010) · cites this paper as [29]
Citations
Cites
Delivering interventions for depression by using the internet: randomised controlled trial
Christensen, H. (2004) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.37945.566632.ee · Cited by 928
Self-citationGriffiths, K. M., Christensen, H., Jorm, A. F., Evans, K., & Groves, C. (2004) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.185.4.342 · Cited by 789
Self-citationAchieving the Promise: Transforming Mental Health Care in America
(2003) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e645522010-001 · Cited by 362
Christensen, H., Griffiths, K. M., & Korten, A. (2002) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.4.1.e3 · Cited by 292
Self-citationHousehold use of information technology
Queensland (2006) · Cited by 256
Parslow, R. A., & Jorm, A. F. (2000) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/000486700276 · Cited by 253
Online randomized controlled trial of brief and full cognitive behaviour therapy for depression
CHRISTENSEN, H., GRIFFITHS, K. M., MACKINNON, A. J., & BRITTLIFFE, K. (2006) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291706008695 · Cited by 249
Self-citationSuicide and mental health in rural, remote and metropolitan areas in Australia
Caldwell, T. M., Jorm, A. F., & Dear, K. B. G. (2004) · Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2004.tb06348.x · Cited by 241
Christensen, H., Griffiths, K. M., Korten, A. E., Brittliffe, K., & Groves, C. (2004) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.6.4.e46 · Cited by 240
Self-citationHelp-Seeking by Rural Residents for Mental Health Problems: The Importance of Agrarian Values
Judd, F., Jackson, H., Komiti, A., Murray, G., Fraser, C., Grieve, A., & Gomez, R. (2006) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1614.2006.01882.x · Cited by 219
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Australian Institute of Health and Welfare., 2005, Rural, Regional and Remote Health: Indicators of Health.
- Lowe S, 2004, National Allied Health Workforce Report.
- Christensen H, 2004, MoodGYM Training Program: Clinician's Manual
- GriffithsK ChristensenH ClarkeG. Depression interventions panel. Mednet 2006: 11th World Conference on Internet in Medicine. Toronto 2006.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health
Thornicroft, G., Sunkel, C., Alikhon Aliev, A., Baker, S., Brohan, E., el Chammay, R., Davies, K., Demissie, M., Duncan, J., Fekadu, W., et al. (2022) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(22)01470-2 · Cited by 748
Current and Future Trends in Internet-Supported Mental Health Interventions
Barak, A., & Grohol, J. M. (2011) · Journal of Technology in Human Services · doi:10.1080/15228835.2011.616939 · Cited by 373
“…has demonstrated its generally positive effects in helping reduce symptoms of anxiety and depression, in both adults and teens (Christensen, Griffiths, Korten, Brittliffe, & Groves, 2004; Griffiths & Christensen, 2007; Griffiths, Christensen, Jorm, Evans, & Groves, 2004; O’Kearney et al., 2009).”
BackgroundGulliver, A., Griffiths, K. M., Christensen, H., & Brewer, J. L. (2012) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-12-81 · Cited by 342
“may be a relatively inexpensive means of delivering treatments to a wide range of people [53], particularly for rural residents [54] whose access to in-person interventions may be limited.”
BackgroundSelf-citationMeyer, B., Berger, T., Caspar, F., Beevers, C. G., Andersson, G., & Weiss, M. (2009) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.1151 · Cited by 363
“These findings are consistent with previous evidence, which demonstrated the effectiveness of other online depression programs, such as the Australian MoodGym program or the US-American ODIN program [75-78].”
ResultPrevention of major depression
Muñoz, R. F., Cuijpers, P., Smit, F., Barrera, A. Z., & Leykin, Y. (2010) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-033109-132040 · Cited by 326
Metadata
- Authors
- Griffiths, K. M., & Christensen, H.
- Affiliations
- Australian National University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Griffiths, Kathleen M.
- Venue
- Australian Journal of Rural Health
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2007-04
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 81-87
- ISSN
- 1038-5282 (ISSN-L)
- 1440-1584
- OpenAlex
- W1999735089
- Semantic Scholar
- b4f481a36c49e356d5d8e9543bbcdbd62057764a
- Cited by
- 270
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2025: 6 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 2.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Australian Journal of Rural Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ANU Open Research (Australian National University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Telemedicine and Telehealth Implementation
- Keywords
- depression, rural mental health, MoodGYM, self-help, school-based intervention, depression literacy, stigma, help-seeking, cost-effectiveness
- MeSH terms
- Australia, Computer-Assisted Instruction, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Depressive Disorder, Health Services Accessibility, Health Services Research, Humans, Mental Health Services, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Patient Education as Topic, Research Design, Self Care, Self Concept, Stereotyping, Therapy, Computer-Assisted, Program Evaluation, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Rural Health Services, Evidence-Based Medicine, Internet
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