The DOI matches its Crossref record; 27 of the 27 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 10 of the 38 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Internet-based mental health programs: A powerful tool in the rural medical kit
Open accessAbstract
Objective: To discuss, using two case examples, the potential utility of Internet-based depression information and automated therapy programs in rural regions. Design: Systematic review of evaluations of two Australian web-based mental health programs: MoodGYM and BluePages Depression Information. Setting: Community, school, university. Participants: A total of 12 papers and reports derived from nine separate studies of MoodGYM and BluePages involving sample sizes ranging from 78 to 19 607 people. Outcome measures: Depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, dysfunctional thoughts, depression literacy, stigma, help seeking and cost-effectiveness. Results: Internet-based applications were effectivein reducing depressive symptoms and stigmatising attitudes to depression and in improving depression literacy. School-based programs also showed promise in decreasing depressive symptoms. Conclusions: Depression self-help and information programs can be delivered effectively by means of the Internet. As accessibility of face-to-face mental health services in rural areas is poor and as there is a strong culture of self-reliance and preference for self-managing health problems among rural residents, the Internet might offer an important platform for the delivery of help for depression in rural regions. Consideration should be given to developing programs tailored to rural settings and future research should evaluate the efficacy and effectiveness of such programs in rural settings. © 2007 The Authors; Journal Compilation © 2007 National Rural Health Alliance Inc.
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Claims the paper makes
12 Own interpretation · 9 No full text of the sources · 7 Sources not found · 6 Own result · 5 Supported · 3 No basis given · 2 Supported so far · 2 Partly supported · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“There is evidence that the prevalence of mental health problems in rural areas is at least as high as among metropolitan residents 1,2”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [1] source
- Partly supportedcites [2] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract reports a higher prevalence of diagnosable mental health disorders among rural GP attendees than among attendees at a regional urban practice. It does not compare rural residents with metropolitan residents generally, and it cautions that earlier rural–urban studies had mixed findings. (LLM, conf=0.86)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“MoodGYM but not BluePages reduced dysfunctional thoughts. 20”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [20] source
The ‘Symptoms of depression and mental health literacy’ section states that MoodGYM, but not BluePages, significantly improved dysfunctional thinking compared with the control. This supports the cited contrast in dysfunctional thoughts. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The first evaluation of the effectiveness of MoodGYM was an uncontrolled study of users who visited the site in the initial six months after its release. 19 The study found a systematic decrease in users' online anxiety and depression scores as they progressed through the five modules of the application.”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [19] source
The Abstract Methods section says the study examined MoodGYM visitors over about six months, and the Discussion states that the design did not include a control condition. The Results section reports significant decreases in both online depression and anxiety scores as users progressed through the five modules. The paper cautions that these changes cannot be attributed to MoodGYM itself. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“There was no difference in the pattern of findings across modules for spontaneous and BlueMood users. 24”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [24] source
In “Change in Depression and Anxiety Scores,” the paper reports that its analysis included sample type, number of modules completed, and their interaction terms; neither sample type nor any interaction term was significant. The Discussion likewise says the rate of symptom change did not differ between public registrants and BlueMood trial participants. The claim is supported as a statement about the study’s findings, not proof that the groups’ outcomes were identical. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A total of 12 papers and reports derived from nine separate studies of MoodGYM and BluePages were identified (Table 1).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Preliminary analyses of data from a subsequent clustered randomised controlled trial involving 29 schools from around Australia, more than one-third from rural areas, also suggest that MoodGYM is effective in preventing depression and anxiety in school students. 28”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [28]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“A comparison of the direct costs of MoodGYM with face-to-face CBT and GP-administered antidepressant medication concluded that costs per client are lower for MoodGYM, once 753 are treated with medication or 359 people are provided with a course of CBT (J. Butler et al. , submitted, 2007). 22”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites J. Butler et al. , submitted, 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [22]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirectn = 753- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“A follow-up study suggested that the efficacy of MoodGYM and BluePages was maintained over a 12-month period (A. MacKinnon et al. , under revision, 2007).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites A. MacKinnon et al. , under revision, 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“School-based programs also showed promise in decreasing depressive symptoms.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“None of the studies specifically evaluated the efficacy of the programs among rural users.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 20
- Probably not a substantial claim. 10
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“An intent-to-treat analysis demonstrated that both the MoodGYM and the BluePages interventions were associated with a reduction in depressive and anxiety symptoms relative to the control condition immediately after completion of the program. 20”
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [20] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Symptoms of depression and mental health literacy section states that, in the intention-to-treat analysis, both BluePages and MoodGYM reduced depressive symptoms; the Procedures section says post-intervention questionnaires were administered at six weeks. Our copy does not report a reduction in anxiety symptoms for either intervention, so that part of the claim is unsupported (searched: anxiety). Page numbers were not available in the indexed passages. (LLM, conf=0.88)
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“It has also been argued that rural residents are more 'stoic and self-reliant' 13 and prefer to manage their own health problems. 14-16”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [13] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The citation is attached to the description of rural residents as stoic and self-reliant; the preference for managing their own health problems has separate citations. In the “Culture of self-reliance” section, the authors identify stoic self-reliance as a feature of rural and remote communities that can discourage seeking help for mental health distress. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [14] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [15] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [16] source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“As might be expected, BluePages improved depression literacy in adults 20,21 as did MoodGYM. 20”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [20] source
The 'Symptoms of depression and mental health literacy' section reports improved knowledge of depression treatments with BluePages and improved knowledge of effective psychological treatments and cognitive behaviour therapy with MoodGYM. These are measured aspects of depression literacy. (LLM, conf=0.92)
- Supportedcites [21] source
The Personal stigma section reports that both websites were associated with increased depression literacy. It gives a significant improvement in depression-literacy scores for BluePages (P<0.001) and MoodGYM (P=0.02); the Results section reports mean participant ages in the mid-30s. (LLM, conf=0.92)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Both programs led to reduced personal stigma among adults 21 but were not helpful in reducing perceived stigma in adults 21 or in decreasing personal stigma among school students. 27”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [21] source
The Results sections report greater reductions in personal stigma with both BluePages and MoodGYM than with the control condition, but no reduction in perceived stigma with either program; perceived stigma increased with MoodGYM relative to control. The school-student finding is attached to citation 27, not to this source. (LLM, conf=0.92)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [27] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“There was some evidence that MoodGYMincreased the use of selected evidence-based treatments and that BluePages reduced help seeking from non-professional sources such as family and friends. 23”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [23] source
The Results section reports that MoodGYM participants were more likely than BluePages participants to report using cognitive behavioural therapy and exercise, and that control participants were more likely than BluePages participants to seek help from family and friends. The Discussion likewise describes decreased help seeking from friends and family with BluePages. These findings support the citing sentence’s qualified wording. (LLM, conf=0.92)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
In the paper
“A trial of spontaneous visitors to the site who agreed to be randomised to one of a number of combinations of MoodGYM modules demonstrated that a single module of online CBT was not effective but extended CBT with or without behaviour strategies reduced depression. 25”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [25] source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the nine studies identified, five were concerned with adult members of the community, one involved university students and three involved programs delivered as part of the school curriculum to secondary school students.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The students who completed the post-intervention questionnaires showed a significantly lower level of depression and anxiety than the control group. 26”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [26]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Internet-based applications were effective in reducing depressive symptoms and stigmatising attitudes to depression and in improving depression literacy.”
plaindirectn = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This review of MoodGYM and BluePages evaluations suggests that these programs are associated with improvements in mental health and knowledge and attitudes to depression.”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Indeed, 18.6% of all MoodGYM users report that they are referred by a health practitioner.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, a substantial percentage of the YouthMood study of MoodGYM in schools involved rural schools and according to data collected at registration, 20.5% of spontaneous MoodGYM users worldwide are from rural or remote areas.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, the examples are not specifically tailored for a rural user.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, the study confirmed the utility of MoodGYM and provided the first (and to date only) demonstration that a simple web-based educational program might also be associated with improved depression outcomes.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“knowledge of agencies providing mental health services is poor among rural residents with only 40% of respondents in one study of a rural population being aware of where they could receive help for a mental health problem. 11”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [11] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As accessibility of face-to-face mental health services in rural areas is poor and as there is a strong culture of self-reliance and preference for selfmanaging health problems among rural residents, the Internet might offer an important platform for the delivery of help for depression in rural regions.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“According to rural GPs the greatest need for mental health services relates to the provision of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) groups and patient education about depression. 10”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [10] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Indeed two-thirds of practitioners report a high or extreme need for CBT support and half report such a need for 'patient education'. 10”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [10] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both showed a systematic decrease in anxiety and depression scores across modules consistent with the suggestion that MoodGYM is effective even in the absence of tracking by an interviewer.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although lacking a control group, this was the first demonstration that a website might be capable of delivering effective therapy for depression.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“there is some qualitative evidence that expressing negative feelings or thoughts is considered inappropriate within farming communities and that a person should seek to solve, rather than talk about, their problems. 4”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [4] source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In particular, a culture of self-reliance might be conducive to the use of self-help methods for addressing mental health problems.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“MoodGYM is not suitable for all users, particularly those with lower literacy levels.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is possible that some rural residents in particular will find the learning style involved in CBT inconsistent with their preferred mode of learning.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such programs can be used without input from a clinician, or as an adjunct to treatment by the busy rural GP.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Meanwhile, MoodGYM and BluePages might prove useful for psychologically inclined rural consumers with elevated depressive symptoms.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Australian Bureau of Statistics figures indicate that 51% of people outside metropolitan areas have access to the Internet from home, a figure that although lower than access rates for metropolitan areas (59%), nevertheless suggests a substantial degree of engagement of rural residents with Internet technology. 29”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [29]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“It would allow breast cancer survivors and their carers access to the programme at a time and place convenient to them regardless of their location; furthermore, it may reduce concerns about stigma and privacy”
From A randomised controlled trial comparing internet-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy (iCBT) with and without main carer access versus treatment-as-usual for depression and anxiety among breast cancer survivors: Study protocol (2021) · cites this paper as Griffiths and Christensen, 2007
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Lack of availability of alternative services, greater motivation of supervising staff members, or a preference for health self-management in rural participants are potential explanations for this [38,43,48].”
From Computerized cognitive behavior therapy for anxiety and depression in rural areas:a systematic review (2015) · cites this paper as [48]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In addition, online delivery may be a relatively inexpensive means of delivering treatments to a wide range of people [53], particularly for rural residents [54] whose access to in-person interventions may be limited.”
From A systematic review of help-seeking interventions for depression, anxiety and general psychological distress (2012) · cites this paper as [54]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, while the review by Griffiths and Christensen included studies reporting the efficacy of CCBT for both children/young people and adults, none of their included studies disaggregated the data by location [48].”
From Computerized cognitive behavior therapy for anxiety and depression in rural areas:a systematic review (2015) · cites this paper as [48]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The included systematic review [48] found that, of spontaneous users of the CCBT program MoodGYM worldwide, 20.5% were from rural and remote areas.”
From Computerized cognitive behavior therapy for anxiety and depression in rural areas:a systematic review (2015) · cites this paper as [48]
In the citing paper
“However, one review found that although internet-based interventions led to improved literacy and to reduced stigma in adults, stigma among high school students was not affected.191”
From The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health (2022) · cites this paper as [191]
In the citing paper
“Moreover, leveraging smartphones’ capabilities enables ecological momentary interventions (EMI), whereby patients are able to access psychological care when and where they need it most, in their natural environment and daily routines [190-192].”
From Smartphone Apps for the Treatment of Mental Disorders: Systematic Review (2020) · cites this paper as [190]
In the citing paper
“Internet-based interventions have the potential to overcome some of these barriers by offering anonymity, privacy, accessibility, availability, and cost-effectiveness, and may be perceived as less stigmatising than face-to-face treatments [15–18].”
In the citing paper
“with the added benefits of convenience, privacy, and providing clinicians with the ability to provide a full-spectrum of care to patients even in remote areas [29; 48].”
From Internet-enhanced management of fibromyalgia: A randomized controlled trial (2010) · cites this paper as [29]
Citations
Cites
Delivering interventions for depression by using the internet: randomised controlled trial
Christensen, H. (2004) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.37945.566632.ee · Cited by 928
Self-citationGriffiths, K. M., Christensen, H., Jorm, A. F., Evans, K., & Groves, C. (2004) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.185.4.342 · Cited by 789
Self-citationAchieving the Promise: Transforming Mental Health Care in America
(2003) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e645522010-001 · Cited by 362
Christensen, H., Griffiths, K. M., & Korten, A. (2002) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.4.1.e3 · Cited by 292
Self-citationHousehold use of information technology
Queensland (2006) · Cited by 256
Parslow, R. A., & Jorm, A. F. (2000) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/000486700276 · Cited by 253
Online randomized controlled trial of brief and full cognitive behaviour therapy for depression
CHRISTENSEN, H., GRIFFITHS, K. M., MACKINNON, A. J., & BRITTLIFFE, K. (2006) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291706008695 · Cited by 249
Self-citationSuicide and mental health in rural, remote and metropolitan areas in Australia
Caldwell, T. M., Jorm, A. F., & Dear, K. B. G. (2004) · Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2004.tb06348.x · Cited by 241
Christensen, H., Griffiths, K. M., Korten, A. E., Brittliffe, K., & Groves, C. (2004) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.6.4.e46 · Cited by 240
Self-citationHelp-Seeking by Rural Residents for Mental Health Problems: The Importance of Agrarian Values
Judd, F., Jackson, H., Komiti, A., Murray, G., Fraser, C., Grieve, A., & Gomez, R. (2006) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1614.2006.01882.x · Cited by 219
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health
Thornicroft, G., Sunkel, C., Alikhon Aliev, A., Baker, S., Brohan, E., el Chammay, R., Davies, K., Demissie, M., Duncan, J., Fekadu, W., et al. (2022) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(22)01470-2 · Cited by 748
Current and Future Trends in Internet-Supported Mental Health Interventions
Barak, A., & Grohol, J. M. (2011) · Journal of Technology in Human Services · doi:10.1080/15228835.2011.616939 · Cited by 373
“…has demonstrated its generally positive effects in helping reduce symptoms of anxiety and depression, in both adults and teens (Christensen, Griffiths, Korten, Brittliffe, & Groves, 2004; Griffiths & Christensen, 2007; Griffiths, Christensen, Jorm, Evans, & Groves, 2004; O’Kearney et al., 2009).”
BackgroundGulliver, A., Griffiths, K. M., Christensen, H., & Brewer, J. L. (2012) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-12-81 · Cited by 342
“may be a relatively inexpensive means of delivering treatments to a wide range of people [53], particularly for rural residents [54] whose access to in-person interventions may be limited.”
BackgroundSelf-citationMeyer, B., Berger, T., Caspar, F., Beevers, C. G., Andersson, G., & Weiss, M. (2009) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.1151 · Cited by 363
“These findings are consistent with previous evidence, which demonstrated the effectiveness of other online depression programs, such as the Australian MoodGym program or the US-American ODIN program [75-78].”
ResultPrevention of major depression
Muñoz, R. F., Cuijpers, P., Smit, F., Barrera, A. Z., & Leykin, Y. (2010) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-033109-132040 · Cited by 326
Proudfoot, J., Clarke, J., Birch, M.-R., Whitton, A. E., Parker, G., Manicavasagar, V., Harrison, V., Christensen, H., & Hadzi-Pavlovic, D. (2013) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-13-312 · Cited by 264
“Web-based psychological interventions can facilitate access to empirically supported treatments, and are popular with users [9], cost-effective [10] and clinically efficacious, with effect sizes similar to face-to-face therapy [11].”
BackgroundSelf-citationRichardson, T., Stallard, P., & Velleman, S. (2010) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-010-0069-9 · Cited by 272
“Computerised CBT appears to be a practical solution to the lack of trained CBT therapists (Van Den Berg et al. 2004) and has the ability to increase treatment availability to those in rural areas (Griffiths and Christensen 2007).”
BackgroundOnline Peer-to-Peer Support for Young People With Mental Health Problems: A Systematic Review
Ali, K., Farrer, L. M., Gulliver, A., & Griffiths, K. M. (2015) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/mental.4418 · Cited by 289
“Furthermore, online interventions might be of particular interest for this age group due to the high levels of anonymity, easy access independent of time and location, cost-effectiveness for large populations, and the potential of such interventions to be perceived as less stigmatizing [7-10].”
Self-citationSocial support and online postpartum depression discussion groups: A content analysis
Evans, M., Donelle, L., & Hume-Loveland, L. (2012) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2011.09.011 · Cited by 259
Ryan, M. L., Shochet, I. M., & Stallman, H. M. (2010) · Advances in Mental Health · doi:10.5172/jamh.9.1.73 · Cited by 252
Features and functionality of the Iterapi platform for internet-based psychological treatment
Vlaescu, G., Alasjö, A., Miloff, A., Carlbring, P., & Andersson, G. (2016) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2016.09.006 · Cited by 229
“, 2014), ease of access (Muñoz, 2010; Griffiths and Christensen, 2007), improved screening and assessment (Houston et al.”
BackgroundInternet-enhanced management of fibromyalgia: A randomized controlled trial
Williams, D. A., Kuper, D., Segar, M., Mohan, N., Sheth, M., & Clauw, D. J. (2010) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2010.08.034 · Cited by 210
“Such adapted therapies frequently retain effect-sizes rivaling those of the more traditionally delivered interventions [19,28,41] with the added benefits of convenience, privacy, and providing clinicians with the ability to provide a full-spectrum of care to patients even in remote areas [29,48].”
BackgroundSmartphone Apps for the Treatment of Mental Disorders: Systematic Review
Miralles, I., Granell, C., Díaz-Sanahuja, L., Van Woensel, W., Bretón-López, J., Mira, A., Castilla, D., & Casteleyn, S. (2020) · JMIR mHealth and uHealth · doi:10.2196/14897 · Cited by 188
“Moreover, leveraging smartphones’ capabilities enables ecological momentary interventions (EMI), whereby patients are able to access psychological care when and where they need it most, in their natural environment and daily routines [190-192].”
BackgroundTechnology-based interventions for mental health in tertiary students: Systematic review
Farrer, L., Gulliver, A., Chan, J. K., Batterham, P. J., Reynolds, J., Calear, A., Tait, R., Bennett, K., & Griffiths, K. M. (2013) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.2639 · Cited by 188
“Universities have traditionally delivered mental health services in clinical settings, such as face-to-face individual or group-based consultations [8], which tend to be more costly and time-intensive than distal interventions [15].”
BackgroundComputer- or web-based interventions for perinatal mental health: a systematic review
Ashford, M. T., Olander, E. K., & Ayers, S. (2016) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.02.057 · Cited by 166
Coppens, E., Audenhove, C. V., Scheerder, G., Arensman, E., Coffey, C., Costa, S., Koburger, N., Gottlebe, K., Gusmão, R. M., O’Connor, R. C., et al. (2013) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.04.013 · Cited by 178
“, 2008) and internet-based depression information programs (Griffiths and Christensen, 2007) might be useful to reduce stigma related to depression.”
BackgroundStigma in school‐based mental health: perceptions of young people and service providers
Bowers, H., Manion, I. G., Papadopoulos, D., & Gauvreau, E. (2012) · Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1111/j.1475-3588.2012.00673.x · Cited by 152
Clarke, J., Proudfoot, J., Birch, M.-R., Whitton, A. E., Parker, G., Manicavasagar, V., Harrison, V., Christensen, H., & Hadzi-Pavlovic, D. (2014) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-014-0272-1 · Cited by 138
“Background Online self-management of depression and anxiety has evolved as a popular, clinically effective and costefficient public health solution to reducing the personal and societal burden associated with unmet treatment need [1,2].”
BackgroundSelf-citationPredictors of adherence among community users of a cognitive behavior therapy website.
(2008) · PubMed Central · Cited by 142
Self-citationNissen, E. R., O'Connor, M., Kaldo, V., Højris, I., Borre, M., Zachariae, R., & Mehlsen, M. (2020) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.5237 · Cited by 136
Meta-review of the effectiveness of computerised CBT in treating depression
Foroushani, P. S., Schneider, J., & Assareh, N. (2011) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-11-131 · Cited by 132
Glozier, N., Christensen, H., Naismith, S., Cockayne, N., Donkin, L., Neal, B., Mackinnon, A., & Hickie, I. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0059139 · Cited by 129
“Many previous studies have shown an effect of iCBT interventions, including the precursor to this programme (MoodGYM) and Beating the Blues, [6], [17–23] but only one has done so in people aged over 50 [8], [9] and none have targeted people with comorbid physical health problems.”
Self-citationAn evaluation of an online peer support forum for university students with depressive symptoms
Horgan, A., McCarthy, G., & Sweeney, J. (2013) · Archives of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2012.12.005 · Cited by 127
“Griffiths & Christensen (2007) completed a systematic review of studies on two web-based mental health programs (MoodGYM and BluePages).”
BackgroundMomMoodBooster Web-Based Intervention for Postpartum Depression: Feasibility Trial Results
Danaher, B. G., Milgrom, J., Seeley, J. R., Stuart, S., Schembri, C., Tyler, M. S., Ericksen, J., Lester, W., Gemmill, A. W., Kosty, D. B., et al. (2013) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.2876 · Cited by 124
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy in the Digital Age: Presidential Address
Wilhelm, S., Weingarden, H. M., Ladis, I., Braddick, V., Shin, J. Y., & Jacobson, N. C. (2019) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2019.08.001 · Cited by 128
Stallard, P., Richardson, T., Velleman, S., & Attwood, M. (2011) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s135246581000086x · Cited by 118
“Such work has demonstrated a number of benefits of cCBT, such as increased availability (Griffiths and Christensen, 2007), and the ability to use cCBT in your own home (Beattie, Shaw, Kaur and Kessler, 2009; Graham, Franses, Kenwright and Marks, 2000).”
BackgroundEnhancing early engagement with mental health services by young people
Burns, J. M., & Birrell, E. (2014) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s49151 · Cited by 136
Practitioner Review: School‐based interventions in child mental health
Paulus, F. W., Ohmann, S., & Popow, C. (2016) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12584 · Cited by 134
Vallury, K. D., Jones, M., & Oosterbroek, C. (2015) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.4145 · Cited by 105
“One extra study was identified by hand searching at this stage, resulting in 11 studies being finally included in this review [38-48].”
InfluentialMental distress and language use: Linguistic analysis of discussion forum posts
Lyons, M. T., Aksayli, N. D., & Brewer, G. (2018) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.05.035 · Cited by 126
The Science of Internet Interventions
Ritterband, L. M., & Tate, D. F. (2009) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-009-9132-5 · Cited by 111
“There are many reviews focused on specific areas, such as pediatrics [5]; physical activity [6]; obesity [7]; alcohol and tobacco use [8, 9]; cardiac disease [10]; depression and anxiety [11]; and traumatic stress [12].”
BackgroundRennick‐Egglestone, S., Morgan, K., Llewellyn‐Beardsley, J., Ramsay, A., McGranahan, R., Gillard, S., Hui, A., Ng, F., Schneider, J. M., Booth, S., et al. (2019) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0706743719846108 · Cited by 128
Palozzi, G., Schettini, I., & Chirico, A. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12083318 · Cited by 124
“Accordingly, Griffiths [64], in the field of mental health assistance, has observed that telehealth represents an efficient alternative both for depression management in rural regions and for exceeding of the strong self-reliance culture belonging to rural residents.”
BackgroundMeurk, C., Leung, J., Hall, W., Head, B. W., & Whiteford, H. (2016) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.4827 · Cited by 105
“Prominent mental health researchers and advocates are optimistic about the potential for e-mental health care to enhance accessibility and increase cost efficiency of services, promote consumer empowerment, and overcome geographic obstacles to service utilization [2-6].”
Chan, J. K., Farrer, L. M., Gulliver, A., Bennett, K., & Griffiths, K. M. (2016) · JMIR Human Factors · doi:10.2196/humanfactors.4765 · Cited by 118
“These are often cited as advantages of Web-based resources (eg, [7]).”
BackgroundSelf-citationOnline interventions for anxiety disorders
Christensen, H., Batterham, P., & Calear, A. (2014) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0000000000000019 · Cited by 95
Self-citationMitton, C., Dionne, F., Masucci, L., Wong, S. T., & Law, S. (2011) · International Journal of Circumpolar Health · doi:10.3402/ijch.v70i5.17859 · Cited by 103
“Ehealth was shown in many studies to be a well-received and useful medium for delivering education to providers (34,35) and to patients (36).”
BackgroundOnline Mental Health Resources in Rural Australia: Clinician Perceptions of Acceptability
Sinclair, C., Holloway, K., Riley, G. J., & Auret, K. A. (2013) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.2772 · Cited by 103
“Participants in this study were optimistic about the use of online mental health resources as an innovative means of overcoming some of the barriers to accessing rural mental health services, supporting previous literature [10,13].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialStallard, P. N., Richardson, T. H., & Velleman, S. C. (2010) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465810000421 · Cited by 106
“In terms of accessibility, cCBT may be useful for those in rural areas (Griffiths and Christensen, 2007), and in terms of availability it has the potential to be available 24 hours a day 7 days a week (Kaltenthaler et al.”
BackgroundMethodClarke, J., Proudfoot, J., Whitton, A., Birch, M.-R., Boyd, M., Parker, G., Manicavasagar, V., Hadzi-Pavlovic, D., & Fogarty, A. (2016) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/mental.4656 · Cited by 86
“In the case of depression and anxiety, interventions delivered via the Internet are popular with users [2], cost efficient, and clinically effective, with outcomes equivalent to face-to-face psychological therapies [3-5].”
Herrero, R., Mira, A., Cormo, G., Etchemendy, E., Baños, R., García‐Palacios, A., Ebert, D. D., Franke, M., Berger, T., Schaub, M. P., et al. (2018) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2018.03.005 · Cited by 115
“People can access the web contents of an intervention with little or no cost to the client, with or without minimal assistance from a therapist or other mental health professional (Ashford et al., 2016; Griffiths and Christensen, 2007; Hayward et al., 2007; Kaltenthaler et al., 2006; Mitchell et al., 2010; Muñoz, 2010…”
BackgroundCarper, M. M., McHugh, R. K., & Barlow, D. H. (2013) · Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1007/s10488-011-0377-5 · Cited by 92
Baños, R., Etchemendy, E., Mira, A., Riva, G., Gaggioli, A., & Botella, C. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00010 · Cited by 108
“The information and communication technologies (ICTs), especially the Internet and mobile devices, offer important advantages for reaching different target groups (24).”
BackgroundOutcome predictors in guided and unguided self-help for social anxiety disorder
Nordgreen, T., Havik, O. E., Öst, L. G., Furmark, T., Carlbring, P., & Andersson, G. (2012) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2011.10.009 · Cited by 87
“A shortage of trained personnel (Barlow, Levitt, & Bufka, 1999), the relatively few mental health services in rural areas (Griffiths & Christensen, 2007), and the lower tendency for people with SAD to seek help (Newman, Erickson, Przeworski, & Dzus, 2003; Olfson et al., 2000) may explain the low…”
BackgroundLewis, C., Roberts, N. P., Simon, N., Bethell, A., & Bisson, J. I. (2019) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.13079 · Cited by 91
“These factors include the cost of delivering treatment (4); the limited number of suitably trained therapists (7); the perceived stigma associated with psychological therapy (8); and geographical variations in service provision (9).”
Controversy clarified: an updated review of clinical psychology and tele-health
Perle, J. G., Langsam, L. C., & Nierenberg, B. (2011) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.08.003 · Cited by 83
Sheeber, L. B., Seeley, J. R., Feil, E. G., Davis, B., Sorensen, E., Kosty, D. B., & Lewinsohn, P. M. (2012) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0028820 · Cited by 81
“N IH -PA Author M anuscript N IH -PA Author M anuscript N IH -PA Author M anuscript Internet-based CBT programs for depression have shown significant promise (e.g., Andersson et al., 2005; Christensen, Griffiths, & Jorm, 2004; Clarke et al., 2009; Griffiths & Christensen, 2007; Spek et al., 2007).”
MethodBennett, C. B., Ruggero, C. J., Sever, A. C., & Yanouri, L. (2020) · Journal of Psychotherapy Integration · doi:10.1037/int0000217 · Cited by 87
Lewis, C. E., Farewell, D., Groves, V., Kitchiner, N. J., Roberts, N. P., Vick, T., & Bisson, J. I. (2017) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22645 · Cited by 84
“2008) and inadequate service provision in rural areas (Griffiths and Christensen 2007), has resulted in long waiting times (Hitt, Kitchiner et al.”
BackgroundWang, Z., Wang, J., & Maercker, A. (2013) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.2690 · Cited by 84
“Although suffering from severe distress, many people with PTSD fail to ask for help from mental health professionals, especially in rural areas where people have more difficulties accessing traditional mental health services due to cost, time, geographic constraints, and stigmatization [1-2].”
Cultures of the Internet: Identity, community and mental health
Kirmayer, L. J., Raikhel, E., & Rahimi, S. (2013) · Transcultural Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1363461513490626 · Cited by 82
“The global reach of the Internet makes it a powerful tool for providing resources for rural and remote communities (Griffiths & Christensen, 2007).”
BackgroundMental health literacy as a function of remoteness of residence: an Australian national study
Griffiths, K. M., Christensen, H. M., & Jorm, A. F. (2009) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-9-92 · Cited by 80
“One potential means for overcoming this disparity in access is to provide therapy for depression over the telephone, or the Internet using experts or automated applications, or a combination of these modalities [22,23].”
BackgroundSelf-citationDeveloping a roadmap for the translation of e-mental health services for depression
Batterham, P. J., Sunderland, M., Calear, A. L., Davey, C. G., Christensen, H., Teesson, M., Kay-Lambkin, F., Andrews, G., Mitchell, P. B., Herrman, H., et al. (2015) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0004867415582054 · Cited by 77
“…as cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) can be effectively delivered online to large numbers of people for a fraction of the cost of faceto-face therapies (Andrews et al., 2010; Griffiths and Christensen, 2007; Griffiths et al., 2010; Hedman et al., 2012; McCrone et al., 2004; Scott et al., 2003).”
BackgroundSelf-citationTelepsychology for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A systematic review
Bolton, A., & Dorstyn, D. (2015) · Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare · doi:10.1177/1357633x15571996 · Cited by 74
Health Care Gamification: A Study of Game Mechanics and Elements
Garett, R., & Young, S. D. (2018) · Technology Knowledge and Learning · doi:10.1007/s10758-018-9353-4 · Cited by 78
“However, healthcare providers and researchers have only just begun using technologies to deliver health and medical education (Bowen et al. 2007; Crutzen et al. 2013; Griffiths and Christensen 2007; Kerfoot et al. 2012; Nevin et al. 2014).”
BackgroundMorgan, B. E., & Simmons, L. K. (2021) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2021.642632 · Cited by 99
Milgrom, J., Danaher, B., Seeley, J., Holt, C. J., Holt, C., Ericksen, J., Tyler, M. S., Gau, J. M., & Gemmill, A. W. (2020) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/17185 · Cited by 69
“The perception that the internet is somewhat anonymous may assist in circumventing stigma [40].”
Moock, J. (2014) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2014.00065 · Cited by 82
Hickie, I. B., Davenport, T. A., Burns, J. M., Milton, A. C., Ospina‐Pinillos, L., Whittle, L., Ricci, C. S., McLoughlin, L. T., Mendoza, J. A., Cross, S. P. M., et al. (2019) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/mja2.50349 · Cited by 72
“29 This is a tool that assesses app and e-tool quality on four key domains: engagement, functionality, aesthetics and information quality.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialLeavey, K., & Hawkins, R. M. F. (2017) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2017.1332095 · Cited by 76
“Over the last 10 years, e-health interventions have been shown to have a use in the treatment of various psychological disorders (Andersson, Carlbring, & Cuijpers, 2009; Andersson & Cuijpers, 2009; Barak, Hen, Boniel-Nissim, & Shapira, 2008; Griffiths & Christensen, 2007; Kessler et al., 2009).”
BackgroundHealth Technologies 'In the Wild'
Rennick‐Egglestone, S., Knowles, S. E., Toms, G. R., Bee, P., Lovell, K., & Bower, P. (2016) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/2858036.2858128 · Cited by 68
“These include speeding provision of access to psychological therapies, especially given a shortage of trained professionals [37], opening up access to psychotherapy for those in rural locations [19], opening up access to those with social phobia [37] (for whom traditional psychotherapy may be difficult to engage with…”
BackgroundRodgers, M., Asaria, M., Walker, S., McMillan, D., Lucock, M. P., Harden, M., Palmer, S., & Eastwood, A. J. (2012) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta16280 · Cited by 66
Ellis, L. A., Campbell, A., Sethi, S., & O’Dea, B. (2011) · Cited by 65
Gulliver, A., Farrer, L. M., Chan, J. K., Tait, R. J., Bennett, K., Calear, A. L., & Griffiths, K. M. (2015) · Addiction Science & Clinical Practice · doi:10.1186/s13722-015-0027-4 · Cited by 63
“Given that distally-delivered internet interventions may be perceived as less stigmatizing than traditional approaches to care [18,72] and that smoking [73] and drug use [74] are stigmatized among young people, internet interventions may hold greater appeal for students who may be concerned with stigma associated with…”
BackgroundSelf-citationTelehealth and rural depression: Physician and patient perspectives.
Swinton, J. J., Robinson, W. D., & Bischoff, R. J. (2009) · Families, Systems, & Health · doi:10.1037/a0016014 · Cited by 62
“…or other technological means) is one of the most commonly suggested solutions for providing improved depression treatment in rural areas (Griffiths & Christensen, 2007; President’s New Freedom Commission on Mental Health, 2003; U.S. National Institute of Mental Health, 2000; LaMendola,…”
BackgroundRickwood, D., & Bradford (2012) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s23357 · Cited by 62
Clark, K., Duckham, M., Guillemin, M. N., Hunter, A., McVernon, J., O’Keefe, C. M., Pitkin, C., Prawer, S., Sinnott, R., Warr, D. J., et al. (2018) · Ethics and Information Technology · doi:10.1007/s10676-018-9490-4 · Cited by 66
“In addition, internet-based research has proved particularly useful in improving access to previously ‘hard to reach’ populations, such as rural communities, increasing their participation in research (See Christensen et al. 2004; Griffiths and Christensen 2007; Henderson et al. 2012).”
BackgroundMental health of children and young people
Wilson, R. L., & Riley, S. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781107445536.011 · Cited by 62
Sethi, S. (2013) · Australian Psychologist · doi:10.1111/ap.12006 · Cited by 59
Ojio, Y., Mori, R., Matsumoto, K., Nemoto, T., Sumiyoshi, T., Fujita, H., Morimoto, T., Nishizono‐Maher, A., Fuji, C., & Mizuno, M. (2021) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.12959 · Cited by 59
“Free, internet-accessible educational resources may provide useful tools, given the need to disseminate them nationwide, including rural schools (Griffiths & Christensen, 2007; Rickwood et al., 2019).”
Backgroundvan Mierlo, T., Voci, S., Lee, S., Fournier, R., & Selby, P. (2012) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.1854 · Cited by 58
“Based on this uptake, a large number of randomized controlled trials and observational studies have investigated how Internet-based interventions can successfully help individuals with problem drinking [11-13], mood and anxiety disorders [14-17], and other conditions [18,19].”
BackgroundHandley, T. E., KAY‐LAMBKIN, F. J., Inder, K., Lewin, T. J., Attia, J., Fuller, J. D., Perkins, D. A., Coleman, C., Weaver, N., & Kelly, B. J. (2014) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-014-0249-0 · Cited by 73
“In recent years, there has been an emphasis on increasing the provision of services through innovative strategies, such as internet-delivered treatments [40] and information [20], telehealth facilities, and attempts to attract more MH professionals to rural and remote areas of Australia [41].”
BackgroundMa, K. K. Y., Burn, A., & Anderson, J. (2022) · Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1111/camh.12609 · Cited by 87
The role of technology in Australian youth mental health reform
Burns, J. M., Birrell, E., Bismark, M., Pirkis, J., Davenport, T. A., Hickie, I. B., Weinberg, M. K., & Ellis, L. A. (2016) · Australian Health Review · doi:10.1071/ah15115 · Cited by 54
Healthy minds for country youth: Help‐seeking for depression among rural adolescents
Hernan, A. L., Philpot, B., Edmonds, A., & Reddy, P. (2010) · Australian Journal of Rural Health · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1584.2010.01136.x · Cited by 50
Gulliver, A., Bennett, K., Bennett, A., Farrer, L. M., Reynolds, J., & Griffiths, K. M. (2015) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/mental.4294 · Cited by 50
“Moreover, Internet interventions may be viewed as less stigmatizing than traditional approaches to care [20,21], with university students being concerned with perceived stigma associated with accessing on-campus counseling services [22].”
Self-citationRichards, P., Simpson, S., Bastiampillai, T., Pietrabissa, G., & Castelnuovo, G. (2018) · Clinical Psychologist · doi:10.1111/cp.12102 · Cited by 50
Griffiths, K. M., Crisp, D. A., Christensen, H. M., Mackinnon, A. J., & Bennett, K. (2010) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-10-20 · Cited by 49
Self-citationOrlowski, S., Lawn, S., Matthews, B., Venning, A., Wyld, K., Jones, G. M., Winsall, M., Antezana, G., Schrader, G. D., & Bidargaddi, N. P. (2016) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-016-1790-y · Cited by 47
“With this in mind, a growing body of literature champions the introduction of more affordable, accessible and acceptable health services and support for Australians via technology-related solutions [5 – 9].”
BackgroundSlade, M., Rennick-Egglestone, S., Llewellyn-Beardsley, J., Yeo, C., Roe, J., Bailey, S., Smith, R. A., Booth, S., Harrison, J., Bhogal, A., et al. (2021) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/24417 · Cited by 39
“Digital health technologies [46] are increasingly being used in global mental health practice, motivated by challenges such as lengthy waiting lists for treatment [47], limited access to in-person mental health treatment in rural and remote communities [48-50], and the distress inherent in accessing in-person treatmen…”
BackgroundMigliorini, C., Sinclair, A., Brown, D., Tonge, B., & New, P. (2016) · Spinal Cord · doi:10.1038/sc.2015.221 · Cited by 46
Ali, K., Fassnacht, D. B., Farrer, L. M., Rieger, E., Moessner, M., Bauer, S., & Griffiths, K. M. (2022) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40337-021-00520-7 · Cited by 44
Self-citationMejía, A., Calam, R. M., & Sanders, M. R. (2014) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-014-9911-x · Cited by 43
“They might be particularly suitable for low-resource contexts which tend to be geographically isolated (Griffiths and Christensen 2007).”
BackgroundMcClay, C.-A., Waters, L., Schmidt, U., & Williams, C. (2016) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465814000484 · Cited by 41
“Studies of help-seeking behaviour for mental health problems have indicated that self-help strategies are a popular option for many individuals with mental health problems, including those with BN (Mond et al., 2007; Griffiths and Christensen, 2007; Jorm, 2000).”
BackgroundICT diffusion and health outcome: Effects and transmission channels
Zhang, J., Gong, X., & Zhang, H. (2021) · Telematics and Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.tele.2021.101755 · Cited by 41
Cockayne, N. L., Glozier, N., Naismith, S. L., Christensen, H. M., Neal, B. C., & Hickie, I. B. (2011) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-11-10 · Cited by 40
Self-citationRuggiero, K. J., Grös, D. F., McCauley, J. L., de Arellano, M. A., & Danielson, C. K. (2011) · Telemedicine Journal and e-Health · doi:10.1089/tmj.2010.0195 · Cited by 37
“Much less is known regarding online searches for mental health information, although early findings from Australian studies suggest that Internet resources have high potential value for rural populations.(26)”
Ezell, J. M., Richardson, M., Salari, S., & Henry, J. A. (2018) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1007/s40653-018-0223-y · Cited by 47
Rennick‐Egglestone, S., Elliott, R. A., Smuk, M., Robinson, C., Bailey, S., Smith, R., Keppens, J., Hussain, H., Pollock, K., Cuijpers, P. J., et al. (2020) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-020-04428-6 · Cited by 40
e‐hub: an online self‐help mental health service in the community
Bennett, K., Reynolds, J., Christensen, H. M., & Griffiths, K. M. (2010) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2010.tb03694.x · Cited by 37
Self-citationImproving Information Technology Competencies: Implications for Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing
Fetter, M. S. (2009) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/01612840802555208 · Cited by 37
“In Australia, depression self-help and therapy delivered via the Internet has reduced stigma and improved access for rural and school-aged clients (Griffiths & Christensen, 2007).”
BackgroundNurses and Twitter: The good, the bad, and the reluctant
Wilson, R. L., Ranse, J., Cashin, A. J., & McNamara, P. (2013) · Collegian Journal of the Royal College of Nursing Australia · doi:10.1016/j.colegn.2013.09.003 · Cited by 36
Rickwood, D., Wallace, A. M. R., Kennedy, V., O’Sullivan, S., Telford, N. R., & Leicester, S. (2018) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/12169 · Cited by 44
“The internet has escalated as a source of information for mental health issues in recent years [15-17].”
BackgroundLe, L. K.-D., Sanci, L., Chatterton, M. L., Kauer, S., Buhagiar, K., & Mihalopoulos, C. (2019) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/13065 · Cited by 35
“…include stigma [4-7], embarrassment [5], poor mental health literacy [5,7], lack of knowledge about appropriate mental health services [6-8], and a preference for self-reliance [5,6] in addition to geographic barriers for those living in rural settings with limited access to resources [9,10].”
Usability and acceptability assessment of an empathic virtual agent to prevent major depression
Bresó, A., Martínez‐Miranda, J., Botella, C., Baños, R. M., & García‐Gómez, J. M. (2016) · Expert Systems · doi:10.1111/exsy.12151 · Cited by 36
“Griffiths et al. (Griffiths & Christensen, 2007) present an evaluation of the effectiveness and efficacy of two unguided internet-based self-help systems (commonly used by University students): MoodGYM (http://moodgym.anu.edu.au) and BluePages (http://bluepages.anu.edu.au).”
Program Use and Outcome Change in a Web-Based Trauma Intervention: Individual and Social Factors
Wang, Z., Wang, J., & Maercker, A. R. A. (2016) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.5839 · Cited by 32
“Note that, although it has been argued that Web-based interventions are potentially beneficial for rural residents to receive mental health help, because they have little access to face-to-face mental health resources [22], few empirical studies have evaluated the use and efficacy of such programs among rural users.”
BackgroundNissen, E. R., Zachariae, R., O'Connor, M., Kaldo, V., Jørgensen, C. R., Højris, I., Borre, M., & Mehlsen, M. (2021) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2021.100365 · Cited by 32
“…interventions offer a flexible solution for patients and provide the possibility of disseminating the intervention broader, independently of geographical constraints and lack of educated therapists (Holm et al., 2012; Barak et al., 2008; Griffiths and Christensen, 2007; Stanton, 2006).”
BackgroundWong, P. W. C., Fu, K., Chan, K. Y. K., Chan, W. S. C., Liu, P. M. Y., Law, Y. W., & Yip, P. S. F. (2012) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.03.050 · Cited by 34
“…effective for children and adolescents’ anxiety and depression (Although only a few studies have been conducted to evaluate their effectiveness, they appear promising in reducing depressive symptoms and improving depression literacy (Griffiths & Christensen, 2007Calear & Christensen, 2010).”
BackgroundBringing psychotherapy to primary care: Innovations and challenges.
Alexander, C. L., Arnkoff, D. B., & Glass, C. R. (2010) · Clinical Psychology Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2850.2010.01211.x · Cited by 32
“They may be particularly useful in rural areas where mental health services are relatively scarce and a culture of self-reliance and stigma associated with mental illness may discourage the seeking of treatment (Griffiths & Christensen, 2007).”
BackgroundOlesen, S. C., Butterworth, P., & Leach, L. (2010) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/00048674.2010.483680 · Cited by 33
Metadata
- Authors
- Griffiths, K. M., & Christensen, H.
- Affiliations
- Australian National University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Griffiths, Kathleen M.
- Venue
- Australian Journal of Rural Health
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2007-04
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 81-87
- ISSN
- 1038-5282 (ISSN-L)
- 1440-1584
- OpenAlex
- W1999735089
- Semantic Scholar
- b4f481a36c49e356d5d8e9543bbcdbd62057764a
- Cited by
- 270
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2025: 6 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 2.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Australian Journal of Rural Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ANU Open Research (Australian National University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Telemedicine and Telehealth Implementation
- Keywords
- depression, rural mental health, MoodGYM, self-help, school-based intervention, depression literacy, stigma, help-seeking, cost-effectiveness
- MeSH terms
- Australia, Computer-Assisted Instruction, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Depressive Disorder, Health Services Accessibility, Health Services Research, Humans, Mental Health Services, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Patient Education as Topic, Research Design, Self Care, Self Concept, Stereotyping, Therapy, Computer-Assisted, Program Evaluation, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Rural Health Services, Evidence-Based Medicine, Internet
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