The functional role of biodiversity in ecosystems: incorporating trophic complexity
Open accessAbstract
Understanding how biodiversity affects functioning of ecosystems requires integrating diversity within trophic levels (horizontal diversity) and across trophic levels (vertical diversity, including food chain length and omnivory). We review theoretical and experimental progress toward this goal. Generally, experiments show that biomass and resource use increase similarly with horizontal diversity of either producers or consumers. Among prey, higher diversity often increases resistance to predation, due to increased probability of including inedible species and reduced efficiency of specialist predators confronted with diverse prey. Among predators, changing diversity can cascade to affect plant biomass, but the strength and sign of this effect depend on the degree of omnivory and prey behaviour. Horizontal and vertical diversity also interact: adding a trophic level can qualitatively change diversity effects at adjacent levels. Multitrophic interactions produce a richer variety of diversity‐functioning relationships than the monotonic changes predicted for single trophic levels. This complexity depends on the degree of consumer dietary generalism, trade‐offs between competitive ability and resistance to predation, intraguild predation and openness to migration. Although complementarity and selection effects occur in both animals and plants, few studies have conclusively documented the mechanisms mediating diversity effects. Understanding how biodiversity affects functioning of complex ecosystems will benefit from integrating theory and experiments with simulations and network‐based approaches.
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Loss of one or a few top predator species can reduce plant biomass by at least as much as does the transformation of a diverse plant assemblage into a species monoculture.
“Loss of one or a few top predator species can reduce plant biomass by at least as much 52 as does the transformation of a diverse plant assemblage into a species monoculture 12”
From Biodiversity loss and its impact on humanity (2012) · cites this paper as [52]
The opening passage (indexed as Abstract; page unavailable) describes predator loss cascading to plants, including sea-otter loss followed by kelp overgrazing. The Empirical results section also reports cases where greater predator diversity increased plant performance. But this source does not establish that losing one or a few predators reduces plant biomass by at least as much as converting a diverse plant assemblage to a monoculture; the monoculture comparison has a separate citation in the citing sentence. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe finding of stronger herbivore effects supports conceptual predictions that biodiversity loss should have greater consequences for higher trophic levels, in part because animals typically utilize more diverse resource pools and have more complex behaviours than plants.
“This finding supports conceptual predictions that biodiversity loss should have greater consequences for higher trophic levels, in part because animals typically utilize more diverse resource pools and have more complex behaviours than do plants”
From Biodiversity enhances ecosystem multifunctionality across trophic levels and habitats (2015) · cites this paper as [34]
Because different trophic groups can have complementary or opposing functional effects, studies of single taxa cannot reliably predict the functional consequences of biodiversity loss across multiple groups.
“The functional consequences of biodiversity declines across multiple trophic groups are hard to predict from studies focusing on single taxa, as the functional effects of different groups may complement or oppose each other 5,6,9,10 .”
From Biodiversity at multiple trophic levels is needed for ecosystem multifunctionality (2016) · cites this paper as [10]
Negative relationships might result from interference among species within a trophic group or from compositional shifts that reduce ecosystem functioning.
“Negative relationships might be explained by interference between species within a given trophic group 10 , or compositional shifts leading to declines in ecosystem functioning 17,20,29 .”
From Biodiversity at multiple trophic levels is needed for ecosystem multifunctionality (2016) · cites this paper as [10]
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Logical Fallacies in the Assessment of Functional Redundancy
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Bottom-Up Effects and Feedbacks in Simple and Diverse Experimental Grassland Communities
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- Authors
- Duffy, J. E., Cardinale, B. J., France, K. E., McIntyre, P. B., Thébault, E., & Loreau, M.
- Affiliations
- William & Mary (US)
- University of California, Santa Barbara (US)
- Wright State University (US)
- McGill University (CA)
- Venue
- Ecology Letters
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2007-04-23
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 522-538
- ISSN
- 1461-023X (ISSN-L)
- 1461-0248
- OpenAlex
- W2146616239
- Semantic Scholar
- b837a13350c6edfc2ca9ffeb9a5df9cde5deeb9f
- Cited by
- 1,065
- References
- 97
- Citations by year
- 2026: 50 · 2025: 55 · 2024: 51 · 2023: 55 · 2022: 51 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 61 · 2019: 75 · 2018: 56 · 2017: 64 · 2016: 65 · 2015: 69 · 2014: 71 · 2013: 53 · 2012: 46
- FWCI
- 42.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- scholarworks.wm.edu
- Locations
- Ecology Letters (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- W&M Publish (College of William & Mary) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Mathematical and Theoretical Epidemiology and Ecology Models
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Plant and animal studies
- Keywords
- biodiversity-ecosystem functioning, trophic complexity, vertical diversity, food chain length, omnivory, multitrophic interactions, complementarity effects, selection effects, intraguild predation, plant biomass, resource utilization (natural resources)
- MeSH terms
- Species Specificity, Ecosystem
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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