Biodiversity and ecosystem function: the consumer connection

Duffy, J. Emmett

doi:10.1034/j.1600-0706.2002.990201.x

Cited by 653Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics StudiesPlant and animal studiesMathematical and Theoretical Epidemiology and Ecology Models

Biodiversity and ecosystem function: the consumer connection

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Duffy, J. Emmett·2002·Oikos

DOI 10.1034/j.1600-0706.2002.990201.x

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Abstract

Proposed links between biodiversity and ecosystem processes have generated intense interest and controversy in recent years. With few exceptions, however, empirical studies have focused on grassland plants and laboratory aquatic microbial systems, whereas there has been little attention to how changing animal diversity may influence ecosystem processes. Meanwhile, a separate research tradition has demonstrated strong top‐down forcing in many systems, but has considered the role of diversity in these processes only tangentially. Integration of these research directions is necessary for more complete understanding in both areas. Several considerations suggest that changing diversity in multi‐level food webs can have important ecosystem effects that can be qualitatively different than those mediated by plants. First, extinctions tend to be biased by trophic level: higher‐level consumers are less diverse, less abundant, and under stronger anthropogenic pressure on average than wild plants, and thus face greater risk of extinction. Second, unlike plants, consumers often have impacts on ecosystems disproportionate to their abundance. Thus, an early consequence of declining diversity will often be skewed trophic structure, potentially reducing top‐down influence. Third, where predators remain abundant, declining diversity at lower trophic levels may change effectiveness of predation and penetrance of trophic cascades by reducing trait diversity and the potential for compensation among species within a level. The mostly indirect evidence available provides some support for this prediction. Yet effects of changing animal diversity on functional processes have rarely been tested experimentally. Evaluating impacts of biodiversity loss on ecosystem function requires expanding the scope of current experimental research to multi‐level food webs. A central challenge to doing so, and to evaluating the importance of trophic cascades specifically, is understanding the distribution of interaction strengths within natural communities and how they change with community composition. Although topology of most real food webs is extremely complex, it is not at all clear how much of this complexity translates to strong dynamic linkages that influence aggregate biomass and community composition. Finally, there is a need for more detailed data on patterns of species loss from real ecosystems (community “disassembly” rules).

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The finding of stronger herbivore effects supports conceptual predictions that biodiversity loss should have greater consequences for higher trophic levels, in part because animals typically utilize more diverse resource pools and have more complex behaviours than plants.
“This finding supports conceptual predictions that biodiversity loss should have greater consequences for higher trophic levels, in part because animals typically utilize more diverse resource pools and have more complex behaviours than do plants”
From Biodiversity enhances ecosystem multifunctionality across trophic levels and habitats (2015) · cites this paper as [33]

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Sorted by citations

Regime Shifts, Resilience, and Biodiversity in Ecosystem Management
Folke, C., Carpenter, S., Walker, B., Scheffer, M., Elmqvist, T., Gunderson, L., & Holling, C. S. (2004) · Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics · doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.35.021103.105711 · Cited by 3,847 · see citing works
“Loss of a major functional group, such as apex predators, other consumers, or benthic filter-feeders, may, as previously discussed, cause drastic alterations in ecosystem functioning (Chapin et al. 1997, Duffy 2002, Jackson et al. 2001).”
Background
Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning
Tilman, D., Isbell, F., & Cowles, J. M. (2014) · Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics · doi:10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-120213-091917 · Cited by 2,467 · see citing works
“Consistent with these theoretical predictions, Duffy (2002) found that experimentally increasing grazer diversity increased grazer biomass but decreased algal biomass.”
Result
CAN STABLE ISOTOPE RATIOS PROVIDE FOR COMMUNITY-WIDE MEASURES OF TROPHIC STRUCTURE?
Layman, C. A., Arrington, D. A., Montaña, C. G., & Post, D. M. (2007) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/0012-9658(2007)88[42:csirpf]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 1,756 · see citing works
Biodiversity and Resilience of Ecosystem Functions
Oliver, T. H., Heard, M. S., Isaac, N. J. B., Roy, D. B., Procter, D. A., Eigenbrod, F., Freckleton, R. P., Hector, A., Orme, C. D. L., Petchey, O. L., et al. (2015) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.tree.2015.08.009 · Cited by 1,570 · see citing works
Cascading Effects of the Loss of Apex Predatory Sharks from a Coastal Ocean
Myers, R. A., Baum, J. K., Shepherd, T. D., Powers, S. P., & Peterson, C. H. (2007) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1138657 · Cited by 1,379 · see citing works
The functional role of producer diversity in ecosystems
Cardinale, B. J., Matulich, K. L., Hooper, D. U., Byrnes, J. E., Duffy, E., Gamfeldt, L., Balvanera, P., O'Connor, M. I., & Gonzalez, A. (2011) · American Journal of Botany · doi:10.3732/ajb.1000364 · Cited by 1,336 · see citing works
“This limitation has been discussed at length by authors who have outlined the potential biases and incorrect conclusions that could result from using such simpli-ﬁ ed, model systems ( Duffy, 2002 ; Duffy et al., 2007 ; Cardinale et al., 2009b ).”
Background
The functional role of biodiversity in ecosystems: incorporating trophic complexity
Duffy, J. E., Cardinale, B. J., France, K. E., McIntyre, P. B., Thébault, E., & Loreau, M. (2007) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01037.x · Cited by 1,065 · see citing works
“Heuristic theory has suggested that fundamental biological differences between animals and plants may produce qualitatively different impacts of diversity changes at higher vs. lower trophic levels on ecosystem properties (Duffy 2002).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
CONSEQUENCES OF DOMINANCE: A REVIEW OF EVENNESS EFFECTS ON LOCAL AND REGIONAL ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES
Hillebrand, H., Bennett, D. M., & Cadotte, M. W. (2008) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/07-1053.1 · Cited by 1,040 · see citing works
“As consumer species are under high anthropogenic pressure in many ecosystems (Duffy 2002, Myers and Worm 2003, Lotze et al. 2006), additional effects on evenness can be expected, especially as consumption strongly counteracts enhanced dominance in fertilized environments.”
Background
Cascading top-down effects of changing oceanic predator abundances
Baum, J. K., & Worm, B. (2009) · Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2009.01531.x · Cited by 932 · see citing works
“While predator diversity can enhance trophic cascades through complementarity of diets, interspecific facilitation (Sih et al. 1998; Duffy 2002), increased likelihood of keystone predators, or different behavioural responses by prey (Byrnes et al. 2006), impacts on prey may be reduced if predators…”
BackgroundInfluential
Ecological role and services of tropical mangrove ecosystems: a reassessment
Lee, S. Y., Primavera, J. H., Dahdouh‐Guebas, F., McKee, K. L., Bosire, J. O., Stefano Cannicci, A., Diele, K., Fromard, F., Koedam, N. E., Marchand, C., et al. (2014) · Global Ecology and Biogeography · doi:10.1111/geb.12155 · Cited by 918 · see citing works
“…species richness (and the key fauna they support) between the AEP and IWP has never been assessed in the light of recent concepts and data on biodiversity– ecosystem function relationship and cascading effects along the food chain (e.g. Duffy, 2002; Hector & Bagchi, 2007; Naeem et al., 2012).”
Background
Biodiversity enhances ecosystem multifunctionality across trophic levels and habitats
Lefcheck, J. S., Byrnes, J. E. K., Isbell, F., Gamfeldt, L., Griffin, J. N., Eisenhauer, N., Hensel, M. J. S., Hector, A., Cardinale, B. J., & Duffy, J. E. (2015) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms7936 · Cited by 840 · see citing works
Self-citation
Interaction strengths in food webs: issues and opportunities
Berlow, E. L., Neutel, A. M., Cohen, J. E., de Ruiter, P. C., Ebenman, B., Emmerson, M., Fox, J. W., Jansen, V. A. A., Jones, J. I., Kokkoris, G. D., et al. (2004) · Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.0021-8790.2004.00833.x · Cited by 785 · see citing works
“Additionally, not only stability but also ecosystem functions might be strongly mediated by the arrangement of interaction strengths (Mikola & Setälä 1998; Duffy 2002; Montoya et al .”
Background
Nematodes as soil indicators: functional and biodiversity aspects
Yeates, G. W. (2003) · Biology and Fertility of Soils · doi:10.1007/s00374-003-0586-5 · Cited by 769 · see citing works
“It is also apparent that, at the functional group level, there are subtle differences among species that are manifest only under altered conditions or over long time periods (Yeates et al. 1999; Duffy 2002).”
Background
Biodiversity-ecosystem function research: Is it relevant to conservation?
Srivastava, D. S., & Vellend, M. (2005) · Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics · doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.102003.152636 · Cited by 712 · see citing works
“That is, species richness is inversely related to trophic level (Duffy 2002, Petchey et al. 2004a, Vinebrooke et al. 2003).”
Background
Extinction order and altered community structure rapidly disrupt ecosystem functioning
Larsen, T. H., Williams, N. M., & Kremen, C. (2005) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00749.x · Cited by 695 · see citing works
“Although this trend may be more common for animals (Duffy 2002), it has also been observed in some plants (Duarte 2000).”
Background
Documented and Potential Biological Impacts of Recreational Fishing: Insights for Management and Conservation
Lewin, W., Arlinghaus, R., & Mehner, T. (2006) · Reviews in Fisheries Science · doi:10.1080/10641260600886455 · Cited by 663 · see citing works
“According to the trophic cascade theory, abundance, and species composition at the top predator level affect the lower trophic levels of aquatic ecosystems via the top-down control of the community structure (Carpenter et al., 1985; Duffy, 2002).”
Background
Top Predators as Conservation Tools: Ecological Rationale, Assumptions, and Efficacy
Sergio, F., Caro, T., Brown, D., Clucas, B., Hunter, J., Ketchum, J., McHugh, K., & Hiraldo, F. (2008) · Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics · doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.39.110707.173545 · Cited by 670 · see citing works
Biodiversity, Ecosystem Functioning, and Human Wellbeing: An Ecological and Economic Perspective
(2009) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199547951.001.0001 · Cited by 608 · see citing works
Emerging horizons in biodiversity and ecosystem functioning research
Reiss, J., Bridle, J. R., Montoya, J. M., & Woodward, G. (2009) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.tree.2009.03.018 · Cited by 607 · see citing works
Biodiversity in a complex world: consolidation and progress in functional biodiversity research
Hillebrand, H., & Matthiessen, B. (2009) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01388.x · Cited by 591 · see citing works
Effects of Predator Hunting Mode on Grassland Ecosystem Function
Schmitz, O. J. (2008) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1152355 · Cited by 583 · see citing works
The dissimilarity of species interaction networks
Poisot, T., Canard, E., Mouillot, D., Mouquet, N., & Gravel, D. (2012) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/ele.12002 · Cited by 538 · see citing works
“Network structure is a key theme for numerous ecological topics, including ecosystem stability (May 1972; Allesina & Pascual 2007; Rooney & McCann 2012), functioning (Duffy 2002) and resilience to exploitation or species extinction (Worm & Duffy 2003; Worm et al. 2006).”
Background
Biodiversity and the functioning of seagrass ecosystems
Duffy, J. E. (2006) · Marine Ecology Progress Series · doi:10.3354/meps311233 · Cited by 533 · see citing works
“The reason is that more diverse assemblages contain a wider range of predator-resistant taxa, such that predation shifts dominance toward resistant species (‘species turnover’, Leibold 1996) rather than reducing aggregate prey biomass as in simple food chains (Duffy 2002).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
Biodiversity loss, trophic skew and ecosystem functioning
Duffy, J. E. (2003) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1046/j.1461-0248.2003.00494.x · Cited by 516 · see citing works
“Indeed, with very few exceptions (e.g. Holt & Loreau 2002), trophic interactions have not been incorporated into the framework of BD-EF theory in any systematic way (Duffy 2002).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
Herbivore species richness and feeding complementarity affect community structure and function on a coral reef
Burkepile, D. E., & Hay, M. E. (2008) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0801946105 · Cited by 492 · see citing works
“However, most empirical investigations have focused on diversity of primary producers; the links between consumer diversity and ecosystem function remain understudied (2, 3).”
Background
PREDATOR DIVERSITY AND TROPHIC INTERACTIONS
Schmitz, O. J. (2007) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/06-0937.1 · Cited by 488 · see citing works
Understanding the Effects of Marine Biodiversity on Communities and Ecosystems
Stachowicz, J. J., Bruno, J. F., & Duffy, J. E. (2007) · Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics · doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.38.091206.095659 · Cited by 479 · see citing works
“Mechanisms that might lead to such an effect are similar to those for sessile species discussed previously (see also Duffy 2002).”
BackgroundResultSelf-citation
Ecologically justified charisma: preservation of top predators delivers biodiversity conservation
Sergio, F., Newton, I., Marchesi, L., & Pedrini, P. (2006) · Journal of Applied Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2006.01218.x · Cited by 477 · see citing works
“…are often keystone species, their impact on other biota cascading down through the ecosystem and ultimately affecting community structure and biodiversity levels, with positive effects on species numbers (Terborgh et al. 1999; Schmitz, Hambäck & Beckerman 2000; Berger et al. 2001; Duffy 2002).”
Background
A synthesis of subdisciplines: predator–prey interactions: and biodiversity and ecosystem functioning
Ives, A. R., Cardinale, B. J., & Snyder, W. E. (2005) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2004.00698.x · Cited by 448 · see citing works
“While BEF has not developed in strict isolation from PPI (Wilby & Thomas 2002; Cardinale et al. 2003; Chalcraft & Resetarits 2003), the two research areas clearly have distinct histories and different emphases (Duffy 2002).”
Background
Predator–prey body size, interaction strength and the stability of a real food web
Emmerson, M., & Raffaelli, D. (2004) · Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.0021-8790.2004.00818.x · Cited by 444 · see citing works
“While the patterning of species interactions in real biological communities (Paine 1992; Fagan & Hurd 1994; deRuiter et al . 1995; Raffaelli & Hall 1996; Wootton 1997) affects both their stability (Yodzis 1981; McCann et al . 1998; Neutel et al . 2002) and ecosystem functioning (Hulot et al . 2000; Duffy 2002; Paine 2…”
Background
Consequences of tropical land use for multitrophic biodiversity and ecosystem functioning
Barnes, A. D., Jochum, M., Mumme, S., Haneda, N. F., Farajallah, A., Widarto, T. H., & Brose, U. (2014) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms6351 · Cited by 424 · see citing works
HABITAT COMPLEXITY DISRUPTS PREDATOR–PREY INTERACTIONS BUT NOT THE TROPHIC CASCADE ON OYSTER REEFS
Grabowski, J. H. (2004) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/03-0067 · Cited by 419 · see citing works
“However, these particular attributes have complicated empirical investigations of top-down control within terrestrial food webs (Strong 1992, Holt 2000, Polis et al. 2000, Power 2000, Duffy 2002).”
Background
Global patterns in the impact of marine herbivores on benthic primary producers
Poore, A. G. B., Campbell, A. H., Coleman, R. A., Edgar, G. J., Jormalainen, V., Reynolds, P. L., Sotka, E. E., Stachowicz, J. J., Taylor, R. B., Vanderklift, M. A., et al. (2012) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01804.x · Cited by 416 · see citing works
“The relatively poor understanding of top-down control in terrestrial systems is, in part, due to the difficulties in experimentally manipulating some vertebrate consumers in the field and the long time scale of terrestrial vegetation responses (Duffy 2002; Gruner et al. 2008; Allen & Crawley 2011).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Global Marine Biodiversity Trends
Sala, E., & Knowlton, N. (2006) · Annual Review of Environment and Resources · doi:10.1146/annurev.energy.31.020105.100235 · Cited by 394 · see citing works
“The estimation of the potential number of ecological extinctions caused by overfishing is made easier because these extinctions are typically nonrandom (83, 84).”
Background
Biodiversity in tropical agroforests and the ecological role of ants and ant diversity in predatory function
Philpott, S. M., & Armbrecht, I. (2006) · Ecological Entomology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2311.2006.00793.x · Cited by 393 · see citing works
“Intraspecific differences in foraging or behaviour may augment overall responses to herbivore communities (Schmitz & Suttle, 2001; Duffy, 2002) or may increase functionality under the insurance hypothesis (Yachi & Loreau, 1999).”
BackgroundInfluential
Are the conservation of natural enemy biodiversity and biological control compatible goals?
Straub, C. S., Finke, D. L., & Snyder, W. E. (2008) · Biological Control · doi:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2007.05.013 · Cited by 381 · see citing works
“5 billion annually (Losey and Vaughan, 2006), is impacted by changes in natural enemy diversity may be especially important because these higher trophic level species are particularly vulnerable to extinction (Kreuss and Tscharntke, 1994; Duffy, 2002).”
Background
The Role of Biodiversity in the Functioning of Freshwater and Marine Benthic Ecosystems
Covich, A. P., Austen, M. C., Bärlocher, F., Chauvet, É., Cardinale, B. J., Biles, C. L., Inchausti, P., Dangles, O. J., Solan, M., Gessner, M. O., et al. (2004) · BioScience · doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0767:trobit]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 371 · see citing works
Grazer diversity effects on ecosystem functioning in seagrass beds
Emmett Duffy, J., Paul Richardson, J., & Canuel, E. A. (2003) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1046/j.1461-0248.2003.00474.x · Cited by 346 · see citing works
“Thus, there is general recognition that incorporating consumers represents a frontier in understanding linkages between biodiversity and ecosystem function (Duffy 2002; Naeem 2002; Raffaelli et al. 2002).”
Background
Predator biodiversity strengthens herbivore suppression
Snyder, W. E., Snyder, G. B., Finke, D. L., & Straub, C. S. (2006) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2006.00922.x · Cited by 341 · see citing works
Capturing the cornerstones of coral reef resilience: linking theory to practice
Nyström, M., Graham, N. A. J., Lokrantz, J., & Norström, A. V. (2008) · Coral Reefs · doi:10.1007/s00338-008-0426-z · Cited by 322 · see citing works
“Hence, defining functional groups is a non-trivial and sometimes controversial task (see review by Duffy 2002 ), although more quantitative methods have been explored (e.g., Petchey and Gaston 2002).”
BackgroundMethod
Marine biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: what's known and what's next?
Gamfeldt, L., Lefcheck, J. S., Byrnes, J. E. K., Cardinale, B. J., Duffy, J. E., & Griffin, J. N. (2015) · Oikos · doi:10.1111/oik.01549 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
“Indeed, marine studies have been instrumental in shifting the focus towards higher trophic levels, specifically looking at herbivory and predation (Duffy 2002, Duffy et al. 2003, Bruno and O’Connor 2005, O’Connor and Crowe 2005, Stachowicz et al. 2007, Gamfeldt and Hillebrand 2008), and how these…”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Food-web constraints on biodiversity–ecosystem functioning relationships
Thébault, É., & Loreau, M. (2003) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2434847100 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Marine Reserves Reestablish Lost Predatory Interactions And Cause Community Changes In Rocky Reefs
Guidetti, P. (2006) · Ecological Applications · doi:10.1890/1051-0761(2006)016[0963:mrrlpi]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
“Key words: Arbacia lixula; community changes; Diplodus sargus; Diplodus vulgaris; fishing impacts; marine reserves; Mediterranean Sea; Paracentrous lividus; species interactions; sublittoral rocky reefs; topdown control; trophic cascades.”
Background
Cascading effects of predator diversity and omnivory in a marine food web
Bruno, J. F., & O’Connor, M. I. (2005) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00808.x · Cited by 296 · see citing works
“For example, dietary complementarity or interspecific facilitation among predators could increase herbivore suppression (Sih et al. 1998; Duffy 2002 ).”
Background
Ecosystem consequences of diversity depend on food chain length in estuarine vegetation
Duffy, J. E., Richardson, J. P., & France, K. E. (2005) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00725.x · Cited by 294 · see citing works
“In the context of such multi-trophic level systems, diversity is potentially important in two ways (Duffy 2002).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
BIODIVERSITY LOSS AND ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONING: DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN NUMBER AND IDENTITY OF SPECIES
O’Connor, N. E., & Crowe, T. P. (2005) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/04-1172 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
“This lack of data means that trophic interactions are not incorporated into the current framework of biodiversity–ecosystem functioning theory (Duffy 2002, Raffaelli et al. 2002).”
Background
A framework for the resilience of seagrass ecosystems
Unsworth, R. K. F., Collier, C. J., Waycott, M., McKenzie, L., & Cullen-Unsworth, L. C. (2015) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.08.016 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
“The presence and diversity of a mesograzer community are important for controlling epiphytic algae (Duffy, 2002).”
Background
Consumer diversity interacts with prey defenses to drive ecosystem function
Rasher, D. B., Hoey, A. S., & Hay, M. E. (2013) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/12-0389.1 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
“Thus, the functional diversity of consumers and effects of consumer diversity on ecosystem processes in natural communities remain poorly understood (Duffy 2002, Balvanera et al. 2006).”
Background
Trophic cascades in a temperate seagrass community
Moksnes, P., Gullström, M., Tryman, K., & Baden, S. P. (2008) · Oikos · doi:10.1111/j.0030-1299.2008.16521.x · Cited by 266 · see citing works
“This suggestion that food-web complexity will foil trophic cascades has become a paradigm for many ecologists, although it remains largely untested ( Duffy 2002 ).”
BackgroundInfluential
Predator diversity strengthens trophic cascades in kelp forests by modifying herbivore behaviour
Byrnes, J. E. K., Stachowicz, J. J., Hultgren, K. M., Hughes, A. R., Olyarnik, S. V., & Thornber, C. (2005) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00842.x · Cited by 262 · see citing works
“Thus, our knowledge of the functional role of diversity is weakest for the groups of species that often have the largest effects and may be at greatest risk of extinction ( Duffy 2002; Raffaelli 2004).”
BackgroundInfluential
A continental scale evaluation of the role of limpet grazing on rocky shores
Coleman, R. A., Underwood, A. J., Benedetti‐Cecchi, L., Åberg, P., Arenas, F., Arrontes, J., Castro, J. J., Hartnoll, R. G., Jenkins, S. R., de Paula, J. R., et al. (2006) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/s00442-005-0296-9 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
“Understanding how biodiversity influences ecosystem processes critically depends on our knowledge of the roles of component species (Loreau et al. 2001; Duffy 2002; Ostfeld and LoGiudice 2003).”
Background
Scientific Opinion addressing the state of the science on risk assessment of plant protection products for in‐soil organisms
(PPR), E. P. O. P. P. P. A. T. R., Ockleford, C., Adriaanse, P., Berny, P. J., Brock, T. C. M., Duquesne, S., Grilli, S., Hernández, A. F., Bennekou, S. H., Klein, M., et al. (2017) · EFSA Journal · doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4690 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
“The most difficult species’ benefits to assess are those occurring via trophic cascades and the so-called ‘consumer connections’, since they might be wholly unanticipated or build up unexpectedly, with far reaching consequences even in species-rich communities (Duffy, 2002; Mouillot et al., 2013; Gascon et al., 2015).”
Background
Relative effects of grazers and nutrients on seagrasses: a meta-analysis approach
Hughes, A. R., Bando, K., Rodriguez, L., & Williams, S. (2004) · Marine Ecology Progress Series · doi:10.3354/meps282087 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
“Theoretical and empirical research has demonstrated that complexities such as age-structured omnivory, intraguild predation and anti-consumer defenses can diminish the effects of strong ‘top-down’ forces or trophic cascades (Strong 1992, Polis & Strong 1996, Duffy 2002).”
Background
Impacts of grazing by different large herbivores in grassland depend on plant species diversity
Liu, J., Feng, C., Wang, D., Wang, L., Wilsey, B. J., & Zhong, Z. (2015) · Journal of Applied Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2664.12456 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
“Particular combinations of species (sheep and cattle) with complementary feeding preferences have greater impacts on plant diversity than either herbivore species alone (Duffy 2002).”
BackgroundInfluential
Impact of heavy metals and nanoparticles on aquatic biota
Kahlon, S. K., Sharma, G., JULKA, J. M., Kumar, A., Sharma, S., & Stadler, F. J. (2018) · Environmental Chemistry Letters · doi:10.1007/s10311-018-0737-4 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
“The litter decomposition is considered a significant process which releases carbon into the atmosphere and nutrients in such forms that can be exploited for plant and microbial production (Chapin et al. 1997; Duffy 2002).”
Impact of Herbivore Identity on Algal Succession and Coral Growth on a Caribbean Reef
Burkepile, D. E., & Hay, M. E. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0008963 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
“decreasing the probability that any given macroalga will be well defended against all herbivores [19,20].”
Background
Trophic Interactions and the Relationship between Species Diversity and Ecosystem Stability
Thébault, É., & Loreau, M. (2005) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/444403 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
“The plasticity of consumer diet and interaction strength may have a strong impact on the diversity effects on stability, as already suggested for species richness effects on biomass and productivity (Duffy 2002).”
Background
Redundancy and Response Diversity of Functional Groups: Implications for the Resilience of Coral Reefs
Nyström, M. (2006) · AMBIO · doi:10.1579/0044-7447-35.1.30 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
“Thus, an obstacle for classification of functional groups is that assignment of species functional roles may differ, depending on the functional traits of interest (33, 34).”
Background
The Ecosystem Roles of Parrotfishes on Tropical Reefs
Bonaldo, R. M., Hoey, A. S., & Bellwood, D. R. (2014) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b17143-3 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
The Central Role of Grazing in Seagrass Ecology
Valentine, J. F., & Duffy, J. E. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-2983-7_20 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Self-citation
MACROEVOLUTION AND MACROECOLOGY THROUGH DEEP TIME
BUTTERFIELD, N. J. (2007) · Palaeontology · doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00613.x · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Consumer effects decline with prey diversity
Hillebrand, H., & Cardinale, B. J. (2004) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2004.00570.x · Cited by 214 · see citing works
“This is despite the fact that prey diversity might be expected to decrease the effectiveness of trophic interactions via several plausible mechanisms (Duffy 2002).”
BackgroundInfluential
AN INTRODUCED PREDATOR ALTERS ALEUTIAN ISLAND PLANT COMMUNITIES BY THWARTING NUTRIENT SUBSIDIES
Maron, J. L., Estes, J. A., Croll, D. A., Danner, E. M., Elmendorf, S. C., & Buckelew, S. L. (2006) · Ecological Monographs · doi:10.1890/05-0496 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
“Unquestioned, however, is the need for additional studies that quantify the strength and routes by which indirect effects of large, mobile predators ramify through terrestrial systems (Duffy 2002, Estes 2005).”
Background
Trophic interactions in a changing world
van der Putten, W. H., de Ruiter, P. C., Bezemer, Т. M., Harvey, J. A., Wassen, M. J., & Wolters, V. (2004) · Basic and Applied Ecology · doi:10.1016/j.baae.2004.09.003 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
“invertebrates can be considerably higher than in vertebrate consumers and predators (Duffy, 2002).”
Background
Cascading effects of predator richness
Bruno, J. F., & Cardinale, B. J. (2008) · Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment · doi:10.1890/070136 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Trophic complementarity drives the biodiversity–ecosystem functioning relationship in food webs
Poisot, T., Mouquet, N., & Gravel, D. (2013) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/ele.12118 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
“…[designs where the carrying capacity of each monoculture and each mixture are recorded are relatively tractable in a range of systems including bacteria (Gravel et al. 2011), plants (Schmid et al. 2008), insects and parasites (Tylianakis et al. 2007), plankton (Fox 2004), and animals (Duffy 2002)].”
Background
Species richness changes across two trophic levels simultaneously affect prey and consumer biomass
Gamfeldt, L., Hillebrand, H., & Jonsson, P. R. (2005) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00765.x · Cited by 198 · see citing works
“…et al. 2002; Loreau et al. 2002 for overviews), it is not until recently that the multitrophic effects of diversity change have been analysed (Duffy 2002; Raffaelli et al. 2002; Duffy et al. 2003; Thébault & Loreau 2003; Fox 2004; Hillebrand & Cardinale 2004; Petchey et al. 2004; Ives et…”
Background
Effects of predator richness on prey suppression: a meta‐analysis
Griffin, J. N., Byrnes, J. E. K., & Cardinale, B. J. (2013) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/13-0179.1 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
“It therefore remains unclear whether general effects of predator richness exist and, if so, whether they are comparable to those observed within lower trophic levels (Duffy 2002, Bruno and Cardinale 2008).”
Background
Experimental warming transforms multiple predator effects in a grassland food web
Barton, B. T., & Schmitz, O. J. (2009) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01386.x · Cited by 195 · see citing works
“Second, species traits can determine the mechanisms of direct and indirect interactions (Duffy 2002; Schmitz 2007; Violle et al. 2007).”
Background
A multitrophic perspective on biodiversity–ecosystem functioning research
Eisenhauer, N., Schielzeth, H., Barnes, A. D., Barry, K. E., Bonn, A., Brose, U., Bruelheide, H., Buchmann, N., Buscot, F., Ebeling, A., et al. (2019) · Advances in ecological research/Advances in Ecological Research · doi:10.1016/bs.aecr.2019.06.001 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
“trophic, and also non-trophic interactions (Fig. 2; Duffy, 2002; Hines et al., 2015b; Seabloom et al., 2017; Sobral et al., 2017; Tiede et al., 2016).”
Background
The Pliocene marine megafauna extinction and its impact on functional diversity
Pimiento, C., Griffin, J. N., Clements, C. F., Silvestro, D., Varela, S., Uhen, M. D., & Jaramillo, C. A. (2017) · Nature Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1038/s41559-017-0223-6 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Declines in predatory fish promote bloom‐forming macroalgae
Eriksson, B. K., Ljunggren, L., Sandström, A., Johansson, G., Mattila, J., Rubach, A., Råberg, S., & Snickars, M. (2009) · Ecological Applications · doi:10.1890/08-0964.1 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
“Such trophic cascades are only expected in systems in which interaction strengths are determined by few functionally dominant species (Duffy 2002, Moksnes et al. 2008).”
Background
A general biodiversity–function relationship is mediated by trophic level
O'Connor, M. I., Gonzalez, A., Byrnes, J. E. K., Cardinale, B. J., Duffy, J. E., Gamfeldt, L., Griffin, J. N., Hooper, D., Hungate, B. A., Paquette, A., et al. (2017) · Oikos · doi:10.1111/oik.03652 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
“Th e observed stronger BEF relationship in primary consumers relative to primary producers has been predicted conceptually (Duff y 2002, 2003).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Effects of habitat degradation on the abundance, richness and diversity of raptors across Neotropical biomes
Carrete, M., Tella, J. L., Blanco, G., & Bertellotti, M. (2009) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2009.02.012 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
“Consistent with this idea of higher sensitivity, much evidence suggests that they are usually the first to go extinct or to be seriously affected in a system after anthropogenic perturbations such as contamination (Newton, 1979; Duffy, 2002), or modification of landscape structure and composition (Chamberlain et al.”
Background
Bird dietary guild richness across latitudes, environments and biogeographic regions
Kissling, W. D., Sekercioglu, C. H., & Jetz, W. (2011) · Global Ecology and Biogeography · doi:10.1111/j.1466-8238.2011.00679.x · Cited by 180 · see citing works
“A species’ functional role in an ecosystem considerably depends on its dietary preference, and taxonomically unrelated species can exhibit similar ecological functions in different parts of the world (Lein, 1972; Duffy, 2002).”
Background
Industrial‐strength ecology: trade‐offs and opportunities in algal biofuel production
Shurin, J. B., Abbott, R. L., Deal, M. S., Kwan, G. T., Litchman, E., McBride, R. C., Mandal, S., & Smith, V. H. (2013) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/ele.12176 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
“Because algal taxa vary greatly in their quality as food resources for different consumers, a diverse assemblage is more likely to contain inedible taxa that can resist many of the grazers that are likely to invade biofuel ponds (Duffy 2002).”
Background
HABITAT COMPLEXITY INFLUENCES CASCADING EFFECTS OF MULTIPLE PREDATORS
Grabowski, J. H., Hughes, A. R., & Kimbro, D. L. (2008) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/07-1057.1 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Human transformations of the Wadden Sea ecosystem through time: a synthesis
Lotze, H. K., Reise, K., Worm, B., van Beusekom, J., Busch, M., Ehlers, A., Heinrich, D., Hoffmann, R. C., Holm, P., Jensen, C., et al. (2005) · Helgoland Marine Research · doi:10.1007/s10152-004-0209-z · Cited by 174 · see citing works
“Reduced functional diversity and the loss of higher trophic levels result in reduced niche use, reduced efficiency of energy use and transfer, higher leakage, and as a consequence reduced secondary productivity and biomass ( Duffy 2002 ).”
Background
The relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in food webs
Thébault, É., & Loreau, M. (2005) · Ecological Research · doi:10.1007/s11284-005-0127-9 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
“The plasticity of consumer diet and interaction strength may strongly impact the diversity effects on both the magnitude and variation of ecosystem processes, as already suggested for species richness effects on biomass and productivity (Duffy 2002).”
Influential
The Value of Urban Vacant Land to Support Arthropod Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services
Gardiner, M. M., Burkman, C. E., & Prajzner, S. P. (2013) · Environmental Entomology · doi:10.1603/en12275 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Algal Chemical Ecology
Amsler, C. D. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-74181-7 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
PREDATORS HAVE LARGE EFFECTS ON ECOSYSTEM PROPERTIES BY CHANGING PLANT DIVERSITY, NOT PLANT BIOMASS
Schmitz, O. J. (2006) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/0012-9658(2006)87[1432:phleoe]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
“…function relationships should be examined in two orthogonal dimensions: horizontal diversity within trophic-levels and vertical trophic-level diversity within ecosystems (Duffy 2002, Paine 2002, Dyer and Letourneau 2003, Schmitz 2003, Thébault and Loreau 2003, Ives et al. 2005).”
Background
DO ALTERNATE STABLE COMMUNITY STATES EXIST IN THE GULF OF MAINE ROCKY INTERTIDAL ZONE?
Bertness, M. D., Trussell, G. C., Ewanchuk, P. J., & Silliman, B. R. (2002) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/0012-9658(2002)083[3434:dascse]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Animal diversity and ecosystem functioning in dynamic food webs
Schneider, F. D., Brose, U., Rall, B. C., & Guill, C. (2016) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms12718 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Establishing macroecological trait datasets: digitalization, extrapolation, and validation of diet preferences in terrestrial mammals worldwide
Kissling, W. D., Dalby, L., Fløjgaard, C., Lenoir, J., Sandel, B., Sandom, C. J., Trøjelsgaard, K., & Svenning, J. (2014) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.1136 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
“It constrains metabolic rates of organisms (Brown et al. 2004) and defines the functional roles and trophic interactions of species in ecosystems (Duffy 2002).”
Background
PREDATOR DIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONING: DENSITY MODIFIES THE EFFECT OF RESOURCE PARTITIONING
Griffin, J. N., Haye, K. L. D. L., Hawkins, S. J., Thompson, R. C., & Jenkins, S. R. (2008) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/07-1220.1 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
“…functioning focused on temperate grassland communities (Naeem et al. 1994, Tilman et al. 1996), recognition that species in higher trophic levels are more vulnerable to extinction (Petchey et al. 1999, Duffy 2002) has recently shifted attention onto multi-trophic systems (e.g., Duffy et al. 2007).”
Background
Effects of predator functional diversity on grassland ecosystem function
Schmitz, O. J. (2009) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/08-1919.1 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
“The nature of species impacts on ecosystems can be highly dependent on their functional identity determined by their traits (Chapin et al. 1997, Duffy 2002, Chalcraft and Resetarits 2003, Hooper et al. 2005, McGill et al. 2006, Petchey and Gaston 2006, Wright et al. 2006, Violle et al. 2007).”
Herbivore cross‐scale redundancy supports response diversity and promotes coral reef resilience
Nash, K. L., Graham, N. A. J., Jennings, S., Wilson, S. K., & Bellwood, D. R. (2015) · Journal of Applied Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2664.12430 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
“Coral reefs are high-diversity systems that provide key ecosystem services such as fisheries and coastal protection (Duffy 2002).”
Background
Top‐down control as important as nutrient enrichment for eutrophication effects in North Atlantic coastal ecosystems
Östman, Ö., Eklöf, J., Eriksson, B. K., Olsson, J., Moksnes, P., & Bergström, U. (2016) · Journal of Applied Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2664.12654 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
“Further, the functional diversity and complex trophic interactions in the food web (e.g. omnivory, intraguild predation) may affect the strength and penetrance of trophic cascades (Strong 1992; Abrams 1993; Duffy 2002; Duffy, Richardson & France 2005; Duffy et al. 2015).”
Background
Seed dispersal networks in the Galápagos and the consequences of alien plant invasions
Heleno, R., Olesen, J. M., Nogales, M., Vargas, P., & Traveset, A. (2012) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2012.2112 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
“highly resilient to intermediate levels of disturbance and then suddenly breaking down irreversibly, as suggested for trophic [55] and pollination networks [56].”
Background
Multitrophic functional diversity predicts ecosystem functioning in experimental assemblages of estuarine consumers
Lefcheck, J. S., & Duffy, J. E. (2015) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/14-1977.1 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
“3) is consistent with both conceptual predictions relating to greater physiological, resource, and behavioral complexity with increasing trophic level (Duffy 2002), as well as experimental evidence (Griffin et al.”
BackgroundSelf-citation
DIVERSITY ENHANCES COVER AND STABILITY OF SEAWEED ASSEMBLAGES: THE ROLE OF HETEROGENEITY AND TIME
Stachowicz, J. J., Graham, M., Bracken, M. E. S., & Szoboszlai, A. I. (2008) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/07-1873.1 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
“It is possible that this marine–terrestrial difference is evidence that ecosystem production or biomass may be influenced more by herbivores or predators than by plant diversity in marine systems (Duffy 2002).”
Background
Why biodiversity is important to oceanography: potential roles of genetic, species, and trophic diversity in pelagic ecosystem processes
Duffy, J., & Stachowicz, J. J. (2006) · Marine Ecology Progress Series · doi:10.3354/meps311179 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Self-citation
Food web complexity and higher‐level ecosystem services
Montoya, J. M., Rodríguez, M. Á., & Hawkins, B. A. (2003) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1046/j.1461-0248.2003.00469.x · Cited by 135 · see citing works
“Only a few studies have shown how diversity of higher trophic levels affects functions performed at the base of food webs (see Duffy 2002 for a review).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Urban greenspace composition and landscape context influence natural enemy community composition and function
Burkman, C. E., & Gardiner, M. M. (2014) · Biological Control · doi:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2014.02.015 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Ecosystem functioning in stream assemblages from different regions: contrasting responses to variation in detritivore richness, evenness and density
McKie, B. G., Woodward, G., Hladyz, S., Nistorescu, M., Preda, E., Popescu, C., Giller, P. S., & Malmqvist, B. (2008) · Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2008.01357.x · Cited by 133 · see citing works
“Such heterogeneity varies among assemblages according to larger-scale divergence in the composition of regional species pools and localized fluctuations in species abundances, with potentially complex implications for biodiversity–ecosystem functioning (B–EF) relationships (Duffy 2002; Ives, Cardinale & Snyder 2005; P…”
Background
Consequences of species loss for ecosystem functioning: meta-analyses of data from biodiversity experiments
Schmid, B., Balvanera, P., Cardinale, B. J., Godbold, J. A., Pfisterer, A. B., Raffaelli, D. G., Solan, M., & Srivastava, D. S. (2009) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199547951.003.0002 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
On the importance of the negative selection effect for the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning
Jiang, L., Pu, Z., & Nemergut, D. R. (2008) · Oikos · doi:10.1111/j.0030-1299.2008.16401.x · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Response of pest control by generalist predators to local‐scale plant diversity: a meta‐analysis
Dassou, A. G., & Tixier, P. (2016) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.1917 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
“The services provided differ depending on the nature of the arthropod and plant communities (Duffy 2002).”
Background
Trophic compensation reinforces resistance: herbivory absorbs the increasing effects of multiple disturbances
Ghedini, G., Russell, B. D., & Connell, S. D. (2015) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/ele.12405 · Cited by 128 · see citing works

Authors: Duffy, J. E.
Affiliations: William & Mary (US)
Corresponding author: Duffy, J. Emmett
ORCID: Duffy, J. Emmett
Venue: Oikos
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2002-11
Volume: 99
Issue: 2
Pages: 201-219
ISSN: 0030-1299 (ISSN-L)
1600-0706
DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0706.2002.990201.x
OpenAlex: W2115004610
Cited by: 653
References: 173
Citations by year: 2026: 12 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 37 · 2014: 36 · 2013: 36 · 2012: 27
FWCI: 16.47
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 40 d)
Locations: Oikos (publishedVersion)
W&M Publish (College of William & Mary) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Science Foundation (9521184, 0096226)
Strong
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics Studies
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Plant and animal studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Mathematical and Theoretical Epidemiology and Ecology Models
Keywords: biodiversity-ecosystem functioning, animal biodiversity, top-down control, trophic cascades, predator-prey interactions, species extinction, interaction strength, community disassembly, biodiversity loss, functional traits

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Biodiversity and ecosystem function: the consumer connection

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