Marine biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: what's known and what's next?
Open accessAbstract
Marine ecosystems are experiencing rapid and pervasive changes in biodiversity and species composition. Understanding the ecosystem consequences of these changes is critical to effectively managing these systems. Over the last several years, numerous experimental manipulations of species richness have been performed, yet existing quantitative syntheses have focused on a just a subset of processes measured in experiments and, as such, have not summarized the full data available from marine systems. Here, we present the results of a meta‐analysis of 110 marine experiments from 42 studies that manipulated the species richness of organisms across a range of taxa and trophic levels and analysed the consequences for various ecosystem processes (categorised as production, consumption or biogeochemical fluxes). Our results show that, generally, mixtures of species tend to enhance levels of ecosystem function relative to the average component species in monoculture, but have no effect or a negative effect on functioning relative to the ‘highest‐ performing’ species. These results are largely consistent with those from other syntheses, and extend conclusions to ecological functions that are commonly measured in the marine realm (e.g. nutrient release from sediment bioturbation). For experiments that manipulated three or more levels of richness, we attempted to discern the functional form of the biodiversity–ecosystem functioning relationship. We found that, for response variables related to consumption, a power‐function best described the relationship, which is also consistent with previous findings. However, we identified a linear relationship between richness and production. Combined, our results suggest that changes in the number of species will, on average, tend to alter the functioning of marine ecosystems. We outline several research frontiers that will allow us to more fully understand how, why, and when diversity may drive the functioning of marine ecosystems. Synthesis The oceans host an incredible number and variety of species. However, human activities are driving rapid changes in the marine environment. It is imperative we understand ecosystem consequences of any associated loss of species. We summarized data from 110 experiments that manipulated species diversity and evaluated resulting changes to a range of ecosystem responses. We show that losing species, on average, decreases productivity, growth, and a myriad of other processes related to how marine organisms capture and utilize resources. Finally, we suggest that the loss of species may have stronger consequences for some processes than others.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The study's results agree with findings from recent meta-analyses comparing consumer biodiversity effect sizes with those for primary producers.
“This result also agrees with findings from recent meta-analyses comparing consumer biodiversity effect sizes with those for primary producers”
From Biodiversity enhances ecosystem multifunctionality across trophic levels and habitats (2015) · cites this paper as [36]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
nlme : Linear and nonlinear mixed effects models
DebRoy, S. (2006) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 10,009 · see citing works
EFFECTS OF BIODIVERSITY ON ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONING: A CONSENSUS OF CURRENT KNOWLEDGE
Hooper, D. U., Chapin, F. S., Ewel, J. J., Hector, A., Inchausti, P., Lavorel, S., Lawton, J. H., Lodge, D. M., Loreau, M., Naeem, S., et al. (2005) · Ecological Monographs · doi:10.1890/04-0922 · Cited by 8,046 · see citing works
Biodiversity loss and its impact on humanity
Cardinale, B. J., Duffy, J. E., Gonzalez, A., Hooper, D. U., Perrings, C., Venail, P., Narwani, A., Mace, G. M., Tilman, D., Wardle, D. A., et al. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11148 · Cited by 7,457 · see citing works
Self-citationA global map of human impact on marine ecosystems
Halpern, B. S., Walbridge, S., Selkoe, K. A., Kappel, C. V., Micheli, F., D'Agrosa, C., Bruno, J. F., Casey, K. S., Ebert, C., Fox, H. E., et al. (2008) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1149345 · Cited by 6,627 · see citing works
The value of estuarine and coastal ecosystem services
Barbier, E. B., Hacker, S. D., Kennedy, C. J., Koch, E. W., Stier, A. C., & Silliman, B. R. (2010) · Ecological Monographs · doi:10.1890/10-1510.1 · Cited by 5,697 · see citing works
Model Selection and Multimodel Inference
(2003) · Technometrics · doi:10.1198/tech.2003.s146 · Cited by 5,505 · see citing works
The meta-analysis of response ratios in experimental ecology
Hedges, L. V., Gurevitch, J., & Curtis, P. S. (1999) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/0012-9658(1999)080[1150:tmaorr]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 4,704 · see citing works
Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: Current knowledge and future challenges
Loreau, M., Naeem, S., Inchausti, P., Bengtsson, J., Grime, J. P., Hector, A., Hooper, D. U., Huston, M. A., Raffaelli, D., Schmid, B., et al. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1064088 · Cited by 4,649 · see citing works
Impacts of Biodiversity Loss on Ocean Ecosystem Services
Worm, B., Barbier, E. B., Beaumont, N., Duffy, J. E., Folke, C., Halpern, B. S., Jackson, J. B. C., Lotze, H. K., Micheli, F., Palumbi, S. R., et al. (2006) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1132294 · Cited by 4,544 · see citing works
Self-citationOrganisms as Ecosystem Engineers
Jones, C. G., Lawton, J. H., & Shachak, M. (1994) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-4018-1_14 · Cited by 4,294 · see citing works
The Influence of Functional Diversity and Composition on Ecosystem Processes
Tilman, D. G., Knops, J. M. H., Wedin, D. A., Reich, P. B., Ritchie, M. E., & Siemann, E. (1997) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.277.5330.1300 · Cited by 3,205 · see citing works
Climate change impacts on marine ecosystems
Doney, S. C., Ruckelshaus, M., Emmett Duffy, J., Barry, J. P., Chan, F., English, C. A., Galindo, H. M., Grebmeier, J. M., Hollowed, A. B., Knowlton, N., et al. (2012) · Annual Review of Marine Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-marine-041911-111611 · Cited by 3,014 · see citing works
The Impact of Climate Change on the World’s Marine Ecosystems
Hoegh‐Guldberg, O., & Bruno, J. F. (2010) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1189930 · Cited by 2,946 · see citing works
Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Biodiversity Synthesis
Duraiappah, A. K., Naeem, S., WRI, & Millennium Ecosystems Assessment Board (2005) · Cited by 2,836 · see citing works
Quantifying the evidence for biodiversity effects on ecosystem functioning and services
Balvanera, P., Pfisterer, A. B., Buchmann, N., He, J., Nakashizuka, T., Raffaelli, D., & Schmid, B. (2006) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2006.00963.x · Cited by 2,650 · see citing works
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
Sadler, B., & Dalal-Clayton, B. (2012) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781849772631-19 · Cited by 2,621 · see citing works
A global synthesis reveals biodiversity loss as a major driver of ecosystem change
Hooper, D. U., Adair, E. C., Cardinale, B. J., Byrnes, J. E. K., Hungate, B. A., Matulich, K. L., Gonzalez, A., Duffy, J. E., Gamfeldt, L., & O’Connor, M. I. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11118 · Cited by 2,406 · see citing works
Self-citationBiodiversity and stability in grasslands
Tilman, D. G., & Downing, J. (1994) · Nature · doi:10.1038/367363a0 · Cited by 2,298 · see citing works
Value of Wetlands in Protecting Southeast Louisiana from Hurricane Storm Surges, The
Barbier, E. B., Georgiou, I. Y., Enchelmeyer, B., & Reed, D. J. (2011) · WyoScholar · doi:10.15786/wyoscholar/9645 · Cited by 2,084 · see citing works
AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication
Guiry, M. D. (2013) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,874 · see citing works
Effects of biodiversity on the functioning of trophic groups and ecosystems
Cardinale, B. J., Srivastava, D. S., Emmett Duffy, J., Wright, J. P., Downing, A. L., Sankaran, M., & Jouseau, C. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature05202 · Cited by 1,871 · see citing works
Self-citationScared to death? The effects of intimidation and consumption in predator-prey interactions
Preisser, E. L., Bolnick, D. I., & Benard, M. F. (2005) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/04-0719 · Cited by 1,840 · see citing works
Declining biodiversity can alter the performance of ecosystems
Naeem, S., Thompson, L. J., Lawler, S. P., Lawton, J. H., & Woodfin, R. M. (1994) · Nature · doi:10.1038/368734a0 · Cited by 1,786 · see citing works
Cardinale, B. J., Wright, J. P., Cadotte, M. W., Carroll, I. T., Hector, A., Srivastava, D. S., Loreau, M., & Weis, J. J. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0709069104 · Cited by 1,537 · see citing works
Self-citationBiodiversity and Stability in Grasslands
Tilman, D. G., & Downing, J. (1996) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-4018-1_1 · Cited by 1,495 · see citing works
Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function
Schulze, E., & Mooney, H. A. (1993) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-58001-7 · Cited by 1,339 · see citing works
The Pace of Shifting Climate in Marine and Terrestrial Ecosystems
Burrows, M., Schoeman, D., Buckley, L. B., Moore, P., Poloczanska, E., Brander, K., Brown, C., Bruno, J., Duarte, C. M., Halpern, B., et al. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1210288 · Cited by 1,338 · see citing works
The functional role of producer diversity in ecosystems
Cardinale, B. J., Matulich, K. L., Hooper, D. U., Byrnes, J. E., Duffy, E., Gamfeldt, L., Balvanera, P., O'Connor, M. I., & Gonzalez, A. (2011) · American Journal of Botany · doi:10.3732/ajb.1000364 · Cited by 1,336 · see citing works
Self-citationKiller Whale Predation on Sea Otters Linking Oceanic and Nearshore Ecosystems
Estes, J. A., Tinker, M. T., Williams, T. M., & Doak, D. F. (1998) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.282.5388.473 · Cited by 1,263 · see citing works
Accelerating Invasion Rate in a Highly Invaded Estuary
Cohen, A. N., & Carlton, J. T. (1998) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.279.5350.555 · Cited by 1,172 · see citing works
THE UPLIFT OF SOIL NUTRIENTS BY PLANTS: BIOGEOCHEMICAL CONSEQUENCES ACROSS SCALES
Jobbagy, E. G., & Jackson, R. B. (2004) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/03-0245 · Cited by 1,140 · see citing works
STATISTICAL ISSUES IN ECOLOGICAL META-ANALYSES
Gurevitch, J., & Hedges, L. V. (1999) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/0012-9658(1999)080[1142:siiema]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 1,084 · see citing works
Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning : synthesis and perspectives
Loreau, M., Naeem, S., & Inchausti, P. (2002) · Cited by 1,079 · see citing works
The functional role of biodiversity in ecosystems: incorporating trophic complexity
Duffy, J. E., Cardinale, B. J., France, K. E., McIntyre, P. B., Thébault, E., & Loreau, M. (2007) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01037.x · Cited by 1,065 · see citing works
Self-citationExtinction vulnerability in marine populations
Dulvy, N., Sadovy, Y., & Reynolds, J. (2003) · Fish and Fisheries · doi:10.1046/j.1467-2979.2003.00105.x · Cited by 1,039 · see citing works
Byrnes, J. E. K., Gamfeldt, L., Isbell, F., Lefcheck, J. S., Griffin, J. N., Hector, A., Cardinale, B. J., Hooper, D. U., Dee, L. E., & Emmett Duffy, J. (2014) · Methods in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1111/2041-210x.12143 · Cited by 942 · see citing works
Self-citationImpacts of Biodiversity Loss Escalate Through Time as Redundancy Fades
Reich, P. B., Tilman, D., Isbell, F., Mueller, K., Hobbie, S. E., Flynn, D. F. B., & Eisenhauer, N. (2012) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1217909 · Cited by 897 · see citing works
Species diversity: from global decreases to local increases
Sax, D. F., & Gaines, S. D. (2003) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/s0169-5347(03)00224-6 · Cited by 860 · see citing works
Extinction and Ecosystem Function in the Marine Benthos
Solan, M., Cardinale, B. J., Downing, A. L., Engelhardt, K. A. M., Ruesink, J. L., & Srivastava, D. S. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1103960 · Cited by 821 · see citing works
Self-citationBiodiversity and ecosystem function: the consumer connection
Duffy, J. E. (2002) · Oikos · doi:10.1034/j.1600-0706.2002.990201.x · Cited by 653 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Indeed, marine studies have been instrumental in shifting the focus towards higher trophic levels, specifically looking at herbivory and predation (Duffy 2002, Duffy et al. 2003, Bruno and O’Connor 2005, O’Connor and Crowe 2005, Stachowicz et al. 2007, Gamfeldt and Hillebrand 2008), and how these…”
BackgroundSelf-citationMultiple functions increase the importance of biodiversity for overall ecosystem functioning
Gamfeldt, L., Hillebrand, H., & Jonsson, P. R. (2008) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/06-2091.1 · Cited by 635 · see citing works
Self-citationBiodiversity and ecosystem functioning: A mechanistic model
Loreau, M. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.10.5632 · Cited by 582 · see citing works
Biodiversity impacts ecosystem productivity as much as resources, disturbance, or herbivory
Tilman, D., Reich, P. B., & Isbell, F. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1208240109 · Cited by 566 · see citing works
Sustaining multiple ecosystem functions in grassland communities requires higher biodiversity
Zavaleta, E. S., Pasari, J. R., Hulvey, K. B., & Tilman, G. D. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0906829107 · Cited by 538 · see citing works
Paine, R. T. (1969) · Ecology · doi:10.2307/1936888 · Cited by 517 · see citing works
Vote-counting methods in research synthesis.
Hedges, L., & Olkin, I. (1980) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.88.2.359 · Cited by 511 · see citing works
Functional diversity revealed by removal experiments
Díaz, S. M., Symstad, A. J., Chapin, F. S., Wardle, D. A., & Huenneke, L. F. (2003) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/s0169-5347(03)00007-7 · Cited by 481 · see citing works
Understanding the Effects of Marine Biodiversity on Communities and Ecosystems
Stachowicz, J. J., Bruno, J. F., & Duffy, J. E. (2007) · Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics · doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.38.091206.095659 · Cited by 479 · see citing works
Self-citationFinke, D. L., & Denno, R. F. (2005) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00832.x · Cited by 461 · see citing works
Ives, A. R., Cardinale, B. J., & Snyder, W. E. (2005) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2004.00698.x · Cited by 448 · see citing works
Self-citationPredicting Direct and Indirect Effects: An Integrated Approach Using Experiments and Path Analysis
Wootton, J. T. (1994) · Ecology · doi:10.2307/1939391 · Cited by 421 · see citing works
Global patterns in the impact of marine herbivores on benthic primary producers
Poore, A. G. B., Campbell, A. H., Coleman, R. A., Edgar, G. J., Jormalainen, V., Reynolds, P. L., Sotka, E. E., Stachowicz, J. J., Taylor, R. B., Vanderklift, M. A., et al. (2012) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01804.x · Cited by 416 · see citing works
Self-citationLinking Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services: Current Uncertainties and the Necessary Next Steps
Balvanera, P., Siddique, I., Dee, L., Paquette, A., Isbell, F., Gonzalez, A., Byrnes, J., O’Connor, M. I., Hungate, B. A., & Griffin, J. N. (2014) · BioScience · doi:10.1093/biosci/bit003 · Cited by 387 · see citing works
Self-citationGlobal Human Footprint on the Linkage between Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning in Reef Fishes
Mora, C., Aburto-Oropeza, O., Ayala Bocos, A., Ayotte, P. M., Banks, S., Bauman, A. G., Beger, M., Bessudo, S., Booth, D. J., Brokovich, E., et al. (2011) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000606 · Cited by 363 · see citing works
Grazer diversity effects on ecosystem functioning in seagrass beds
Emmett Duffy, J., Paul Richardson, J., & Canuel, E. A. (2003) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1046/j.1461-0248.2003.00474.x · Cited by 346 · see citing works
Consistent patterns and the idiosyncratic effects of biodiversity in marine ecosystems
Emmerson, M., Solan, M., Emes, C., Paterson, D. M., & Raffaelli, D. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35075055 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
Eisenhauer, N., Dobies, T., Cesarz, S., Hobbie, S. E., Meyer, R. J., Worm, K., & Reich, P. B. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1217382110 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Food-web constraints on biodiversity–ecosystem functioning relationships
Thébault, É., & Loreau, M. (2003) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2434847100 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Cascading effects of predator diversity and omnivory in a marine food web
Bruno, J. F., & O’Connor, M. I. (2005) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00808.x · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Jolliffe, P. A. (2000) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2745.2000.00470.x · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Ecosystem consequences of diversity depend on food chain length in estuarine vegetation
Duffy, J. E., Richardson, J. P., & France, K. E. (2005) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00725.x · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Self-citationExperimental evidence that evolutionarily diverse assemblages result in higher productivity
Cadotte, M. W. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1301685110 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
Marine biodiversity, ecosystem functioning, and carbon cycles
Beaugrand, G., Edwards, M., & Legendre, L. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0913855107 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Hawkins, S. J., Sugden, H. E., Mieszkowska, N., Moore, P. J., Poloczanska, E. S., Leaper, R., Herbert, R., Genner, M. J., Moschella, P., Thompson, R. C., et al. (2009) · Marine Ecology Progress Series · doi:10.3354/meps08378 · Cited by 275 · see citing works
BIODIVERSITY LOSS AND ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONING: DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN NUMBER AND IDENTITY OF SPECIES
O’Connor, N. E., & Crowe, T. P. (2005) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/04-1172 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
GRAZER DIVERSITY, FUNCTIONAL REDUNDANCY, AND PRODUCTIVITY IN SEAGRASS BEDS: AN EXPERIMENTAL TEST
Duffy, J. E., Macdonald, K. S., Rhode, J. M., & Parker, J. D. (2001) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/0012-9658(2001)082[2417:gdfrap]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Self-citationPredator diversity strengthens trophic cascades in kelp forests by modifying herbivore behaviour
Byrnes, J. E. K., Stachowicz, J. J., Hultgren, K. M., Hughes, A. R., Olyarnik, S. V., & Thornber, C. (2005) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00842.x · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Self-citationNorling, K., Rosenberg, R., Hulth, S., Grémare, A., & Bonsdorff, E. (2007) · Marine Ecology Progress Series · doi:10.3354/meps332011 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Indirect effects in complex ecosystems: recent progress and future challenges
Wootton, J. T. (2002) · Journal of Sea Research · doi:10.1016/s1385-1101(02)00149-1 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Invasions and Extinctions Reshape Coastal Marine Food Webs
Byrnes, J. E. K., Reynolds, P. L., & Stachowicz, J. J. (2007) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000295 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Self-citationCascading effects of predator richness
Bruno, J. F., & Cardinale, B. J. (2008) · Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment · doi:10.1890/070136 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Self-citationAn experimental evaluation of competition between three species of intertidal prosobranch gastropods
Underwood, A. J. (1978) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/bf00344847 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Bruno, J. F., Boyer, K. E., Duffy, J. E., Lee, S. C., & Kertesz, J. S. (2005) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00823.x · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Self-citationBiodiversity effects and transgressive overyielding
Schmid, B., Hector, A., Saha, P., & Loreau, M. (2008) · Journal of Plant Ecology · doi:10.1093/jpe/rtn011 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Species richness changes across two trophic levels simultaneously affect prey and consumer biomass
Gamfeldt, L., Hillebrand, H., & Jonsson, P. R. (2005) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00765.x · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Self-citationEffects of predator richness on prey suppression: a meta‐analysis
Griffin, J. N., Byrnes, J. E. K., & Cardinale, B. J. (2013) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/13-0179.1 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Self-citationRecovery of a top predator mediates negative eutrophic effects on seagrass
Hughes, B. B., Eby, R., Dyke, E. V., Tinker, M. T., Marks, C. I., Johnson, K. S., & Wasson, K. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1302805110 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Functional consequences of realistic biodiversity changes in a marine ecosystem
Bracken, M. E. S., Friberg, S. E., Gonzalez-Dorantes, C. A., & Williams, S. L. (2008) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0704103105 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Diversity and dispersal interactively affect predictability of ecosystem function
France, K. E., & Duffy, J. E. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04729 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Self-citationDeclines in predatory fish promote bloom‐forming macroalgae
Eriksson, B. K., Ljunggren, L., Sandström, A., Johansson, G., Mattila, J., Rubach, A., Råberg, S., & Snickars, M. (2009) · Ecological Applications · doi:10.1890/08-0964.1 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Mermillod‐Blondin, F., Carcaillet, F., & Rosenberg, R. (2004) · Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology · doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2004.09.013 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Ieno, E. N., Solan, M., Batty, P., & Pierce, G. J. (2006) · Marine Ecology Progress Series · doi:10.3354/meps311263 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Consumers mediate the effects of experimental ocean acidification and warming on primary producers
Alsterberg, C., Eklöf, J., Gamfeldt, L., Havenhand, J. N., & Sundbäck, K. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1303797110 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Self-citationCompetition for Food between Two Intertidal Starfish Species and its Effect on Body Size and Feeding
Menge, B. A. (1972) · Ecology · doi:10.2307/1934777 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Marine Community Ecology and Conservation
Olsen, J. (2014) · Restoration Ecology · doi:10.1111/rec.12142 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Realistic losses of rare species disproportionately impact higher trophic levels
Bracken, M. E. S., & Low, N. H. N. (2012) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01758.x · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Callaway, J. C., Sullivan, G., & Zedler, J. B. (2003) · Ecological Applications · doi:10.1890/02-5144 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
PREDATOR DIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONING: DENSITY MODIFIES THE EFFECT OF RESOURCE PARTITIONING
Griffin, J. N., Haye, K. L. D. L., Hawkins, S. J., Thompson, R. C., & Jenkins, S. R. (2008) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/07-1220.1 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Self-citationSEAWEED DIVERSITY ENHANCES NITROGEN UPTAKE VIA COMPLEMENTARY USE OF NITRATE AND AMMONIUM
Bracken, M. E. S., & Stachowicz, J. J. (2006) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/0012-9658(2006)87[2397:sdenuv]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Detecting emergent effects of multiple predator species
Griffen, B. D. (2006) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/s00442-006-0414-3 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
DIVERSITY ENHANCES COVER AND STABILITY OF SEAWEED ASSEMBLAGES: THE ROLE OF HETEROGENEITY AND TIME
Stachowicz, J. J., Graham, M., Bracken, M. E. S., & Szoboszlai, A. I. (2008) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/07-1873.1 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: issues of scale and trophic complexity
Raffaelli, D. (2006) · Marine Ecology Progress Series · doi:10.3354/meps311285 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Schmid, B., Balvanera, P., Cardinale, B. J., Godbold, J. A., Pfisterer, A. B., Raffaelli, D. G., Solan, M., & Srivastava, D. S. (2009) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199547951.003.0002 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Self-citationBiodiversity and ecosystem processes in shallow coastal waters: an experimental approach
Raffaelli, D., Emmerson, M., Solan, M., Biles, C. L., & Paterson, D. M. (2003) · Journal of Sea Research · doi:10.1016/s1385-1101(02)00200-9 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Functional diversity predicts overyielding effect of species combination on primary productivity
Griffin, J. N., Méndez, V., Johnson, A. F., Jenkins, S. R., & Foggo, A. (2008) · Oikos · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0706.2008.16960.x · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Self-citationSpatial heterogeneity increases the importance of species richness for an ecosystem process
Griffin, J. N., Jenkins, S. R., Gamfeldt, L., Jones, D. A., Hawkins, S. J., & Thompson, R. C. (2009) · Oikos · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0706.2009.17572.x · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Self-citationPartitioning the effects of algal species identity and richness on benthic marine primary production
Bruno, J. F., Lee, S. C., Kertesz, J. S., Carpenter, R. C., Long, Z. T., & Duffy, J. E. (2006) · Oikos · doi:10.1111/j.2006.0030-1299.14927.x · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Self-citationEvaluating the Relative Strengths of Biotic Versus Abiotic Controls on Ecosystem Processes
Huston, M. A., & McBride, A. C. (2002) · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Marine Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning
Heip, C. H. R., Hummel, H., van Avesaath, P., et al. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199642250.001.0001 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Physiological effects of diet mixing on consumer fitness: a meta‐analysis
Lefcheck, J. S., Whalen, M. A., Davenport, T. M., Stone, J. P., & Duffy, J. E. (2012) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/12-0192.1 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Self-citationBest, R. J., Caulk, N. C., & Stachowicz, J. J. (2012) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/ele.12016 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Relative importance of biodiversity and the abiotic environment in mediating an ecosystem process
Godbold, J. A., & Solan, M. (2009) · Marine Ecology Progress Series · doi:10.3354/meps08401 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Stachowicz, J. J., Best, R. J., Bracken, M. E. S., & Graham, M. H. (2008) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0806425105 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Douglass, J. G., Duffy, J. E., & Bruno, J. F. (2008) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01175.x · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Self-citationSIMULATED PREDATOR EXTINCTIONS: PREDATOR IDENTITY AFFECTS SURVIVAL AND RECRUITMENT OF OYSTERS
O’Connor, N. E., Grabowski, J. H., Ladwig, L. M., & Bruno, J. F. (2008) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/06-2029.1 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Boyer, K. E., Kertesz, J. S., & Bruno, J. F. (2009) · Oikos · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0706.2009.17252.x · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Omnivory in the calanoid copepod Temora longicornis: feeding, egg production and egg hatching rates
Dam, H. G., & Lopes, R. M. (2003) · Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology · doi:10.1016/s0022-0981(03)00162-x · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Experimental climate change weakens the insurance effect of biodiversity
Eklöf, J., Alsterberg, C., Havenhand, J. N., Sundbäck, K., Wood, H. L., & Gamfeldt, L. (2012) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01810.x · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Self-citationDyson, K. E., Bulling, M. T., Solan, M., Hernández-Milian, G., Raffaelli, D. G., White, P. C. L., & Paterson, D. M. (2007) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.0922 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Vanelslander, B., Wever, A. D., Oostende, N. V., Kaewnuratchadasorn, P., Vanormelingen, P., Hendrickx, F., Sabbe, K., & Vyverman, W. (2009) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2009.01535.x · Cited by 79 · see citing works
The consequences of consumer diversity loss: different answers from different experimental designs
Byrnes, J. E. K., & Stachowicz, J. J. (2009) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/08-1073.1 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Self-citationWeis, J. J., Madrigal, D. S., & Cardinale, B. J. (2008) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002825 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Self-citationLee, J. J., Sang, K. M., ter Kuile, B., et al. (1991) · Marine Biology · doi:10.1007/bf01313507 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Marine biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: frameworks, methodologies, and integration
(2013) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.50-4986 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
RELATIVE AND INTERACTIVE EFFECTS OF PLANT AND GRAZER RICHNESS IN A BENTHIC MARINE COMMUNITY
Bruno, J. F., Boyer, K. E., Duffy, J. E., & Lee, S. C. (2008) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/07-1345.1 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Self-citationBiodiversity Effects on Aquatic Ecosystem Functioning – Maturation of a New Paradigm
Gamfeldt, L., & Hillebrand, H. (2008) · International Review of Hydrobiology · doi:10.1002/iroh.200711022 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citationIncreasing accuracy of causal inference in experimental analyses of biodiversity
Benedetti‐Cecchi, L. (2004) · Functional Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.0269-8463.2004.00908.x · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Marine Biological Diversity Program
Ray, G. C., & Grassle, J. F. (1991) · BioScience · doi:10.2307/1311799 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Grazer diversity affects resistance to multiple stressors in an experimental seagrass ecosystem
Blake, R. E., & Duffy, J. E. (2010) · Oikos · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0706.2010.18419.x · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citationMaggi, E., Bertocci, I., Vaselli, S., & Benedetti-Cecchi, L. (2009) · Marine Ecology Progress Series · doi:10.3354/meps07949 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Consumer diversity across kingdoms supports multiple functions in a coastal ecosystem
Hensel, M. J. S., & Silliman, B. R. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1312317110 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Higher diversity of deposit‐feeding macrofauna enhances phytodetritus processing
Karlson, A. M. L., Nascimento, F. J. A., Näslund, J., & Elmgren, R. (2010) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/09-0660.1 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Connell and Slatyer's models of succession in the biodiversity era
Maggi, E., Bertocci, I., Vaselli, S., & Benedetti‐Cecchi, L. (2011) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/10-1323.1 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
EFFECTS OF GRAZER RICHNESS AND COMPOSITION ON ALGAL BIOMASS IN A CLOSED AND OPEN MARINE SYSTEM
Matthiessen, B., Gamfeldt, L., Jonsson, P. R., & Hillebrand, H. (2007) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/0012-9658(2007)88[178:eograc]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationFoster, G. G., Hodgson, A. N., & Balarin, M. G. (1999) · Marine Biology · doi:10.1007/s002270050548 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Cardinale, B. J., Srivastava, D. S., Duffy, J. E., Wright, J. P., Downing, A. L., Sankaran, M., Jouseau, C. F., Cadotte, M. W., Carroll, I. T., Weis, J. J., et al. (2009) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/08-1584.1 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citationMoore, T. N., & Fairweather, P. G. (2006) · Oikos · doi:10.1111/j.2006.0030-1299.14576.x · Cited by 48 · see citing works
FORUM: Sustaining ecosystem functions in a changing world: a call for an integrated approach
Tomimatsu, H., Sasaki, T., Kurokawa, H., Bridle, J. R., Fontaine, C., Kitano, J., Stouffer, D. B., Vellend, M., Bezemer, Т. M., Fukami, T., et al. (2013) · Journal of Applied Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2664.12116 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Consumer and resource diversity effects on marine macroalgal decomposition
Godbold, J. A., Solan, M., & Killham, K. (2008) · Oikos · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0706.2008.17072.x · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Consumer effects on ecosystem functioning in rock pools: roles of species richness and composition
Griffin, J. N., Noël, L. M.-L. J., Crowe, T. P., Burrows, M. T., Hawkins, S. J., Thompson, R. C., & Jenkins, S. R. (2010) · Marine Ecology Progress Series · doi:10.3354/meps08844 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationInteractive effects of losing key grazers and ecosystem engineers vary with environmental context
Crowe, T. P., Frost, N., & Hawkins, S. J. (2011) · Marine Ecology Progress Series · doi:10.3354/meps09023 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Polychaete invader enhances resource utilization in a species-poor system
Karlson, A. M. L., Näslund, J., Rydén, S. B., & Elmgren, R. (2011) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/s00442-011-1936-x · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Predator richness has no effect in a diverse marine food web.
O'Connor, M., & Bruno, J. (2009) · Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2009.01533.x · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Gamfeldt, L., & Hillebrand, H. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0021972 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationDavies, T., Jenkins, S., Kingham, R., Kenworthy, J. M., Hawkins, S., & Hiddink, J. G. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0028362 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Dominant graminoids support restoration of productivity but not diversity in urban wetlands
Doherty, J. M., & Zedler, J. B. (2013) · Ecological Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2013.07.056 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Predator diversity stabilizes and strengthens trophic control of a keystone grazer
Griffin, J. N., & Silliman, B. R. (2010) · Biology Letters · doi:10.1098/rsbl.2010.0626 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationMarine Community Ecology and Conservation
Bertness, M. D., Bruno, J. F., Silliman, B. R., et al. (2013) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Gustafsson, C., & Boström, C. (2009) · Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology · doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2009.10.013 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Byrnes, J. E. K., & Stachowicz, J. J. (2009) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01339.x · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationBenedetti‐Cecchi, L. (2006) · Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology · doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2006.06.020 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Naeem, S., Bunker, D. E., Hector, A., Loreau, M., & Perrings, C. A. (2009) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199547951.003.0001 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Murray, M. M., & Marcus, N. H. (2002) · Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology · doi:10.1016/s0022-0981(02)00016-3 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Walker, M. K., & Thompson, R. M. (2010) · Marine and Freshwater Research · doi:10.1071/mf09244 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
How can marine ecology contribute to the biodiversity-ecosystem functioning debate?
Emmerson, M., & Huxham, M. (2002) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198515708.003.0012 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Grazer diversity effects in an eelgrass–epiphyte–microphytobenthos system
Jaschinski, S., Aberle, N., Gohse-Reimann, S., Brendelberger, H., Wiltshire, K. H., & Sommer, U. J. (2008) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/s00442-008-1236-2 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Salo, T., Gustafsson, C., & Boström, C. (2009) · Marine Ecology Progress Series · doi:10.3354/meps08325 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Lee, X. W. Y., ZHANG, C., Baalen, C. V., et al. (1985) · Marine Ecology Progress Series · doi:10.3354/meps024273 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Moorthi, S. D., Hillebrand, H., Wahl, M., & Berninger, U. (2008) · Estuaries and Coasts · doi:10.1007/s12237-007-9015-6 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Consumer diversity indirectly changes prey nutrient content
Hillebrand, H., Gamfeldt, L., Jonsson, P. R., & Matthiessen, B. (2009) · Marine Ecology Progress Series · doi:10.3354/meps07937 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationGodbold, J. A. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199642250.003.0008 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
How can marine ecologists contribute to the biodiversity ecosystem functioning debate?
Emmerson, M., & Huxham, M. (2002) · Research Portal (Queen's University Belfast) · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Ericson, J., Ljunghager, F., & Gamfeldt, L. (2009) · Marine Biodiversity · doi:10.1007/s12526-009-0008-5 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- processes. -In: Loreau, M. et al. (eds), Biodiversity and eco- system functioning, synthesis and perspectives. Oxford Univ. Press, pp. 47-60.
- Naeem, S. et al. (eds.), Biodiversity, ecosystem functioning and human wellbeing. Oxford Univ. Press, pp. 3-13.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Biodiversity enhances ecosystem multifunctionality across trophic levels and habitats
Lefcheck, J. S., Byrnes, J. E. K., Isbell, F., Gamfeldt, L., Griffin, J. N., Eisenhauer, N., Hensel, M. J. S., Hector, A., Cardinale, B. J., & Duffy, J. E. (2015) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms7936 · Cited by 840 · see citing works
Self-citationA general biodiversity–function relationship is mediated by trophic level
O'Connor, M. I., Gonzalez, A., Byrnes, J. E. K., Cardinale, B. J., Duffy, J. E., Gamfeldt, L., Griffin, J. N., Hooper, D., Hungate, B. A., Paquette, A., et al. (2017) · Oikos · doi:10.1111/oik.03652 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Gamfeldt, L., Lefcheck, J. S., Byrnes, J. E. K., Cardinale, B. J., Duffy, J. E., & Griffin, J. N.
- Affiliations
- University of Gothenburg (SE)
- William & Mary (US)
- University of Massachusetts Boston (US)
- University of Michigan (US)
- Smithsonian Institution (US)
- Swansea University (GB)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Oikos
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2014-11-04
- Volume
- 124
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 252-265
- ISSN
- 0030-1299 (ISSN-L)
- 1600-0706
- OpenAlex
- W1992505849
- Cited by
- 297
- References
- 155
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 48 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 18.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- scholarworks.wm.edu
- Locations
- Oikos (publishedVersion)
- W&M Publish (College of William & Mary) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (1031061, 1046121)
- Vetenskapsrådet
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics Studies
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Marine Biology and Ecology Research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Coral and Marine Ecosystems Studies
- Keywords
- biodiversity-ecosystem functioning, marine ecosystems, species richness, species mixtures, monoculture, ecosystem production, consumption, biogeochemical fluxes, trophic levels, power function relationship, linear relations, species extinction, marine biodiversity loss
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
