Consequences of Positive and Negative Feedback: The Impact on Emotions and Extra‐Role Behaviors
Abstract
These studies examine employees’ emotional reactions to performance feedback from their supervisors as well as subsequent effects on attitudes and (intentions to show) affect‐driven work behaviors (counterproductive behavior, turnover, citizenship, and affective commitment). A pre‐study ( N = 72) illustrates that employees regularly receive performance feedback from supervisors and that this feedback elicits different positive and negative emotions. Next, a scenario experiment (Study 1) comparing the effects of positive/negative feedback given in public/private was conducted, with a student sample ( N = 240) and a sample of working adults ( N = 107). In both samples, feedback has an impact on emotions and subsequently on work attitudes and behavioral intentions. The results from the scenario experiment were validated in a survey study (Study 2) among employees of a for‐profit research firm ( N = 86) who reported on recalled emotions and work behaviors after receiving performance feedback during appraisals. Again, different types of feedback relate to different emotions. In turn, these emotions were related to subsequent work behaviors and attitudes. Together, these studies show that feedback affects recipients’ emotions and that such emotional reactions mediate the relationship between feedback and counterproductive behavior, turnover intentions, citizenship, and affective commitment. Ces travaux abordent les réactions émotives des salariés suite au feedback sur leurs performances en provenance de leur supérieur, ainsi que l’impact sur les attitudes et, au niveau des intentions, sur les conduites professionnelles soumises aux affects (comportements contre‐productifs, démissions, citoyenneté et implication affective). Une préenquête ( N = 72) a montré que les salariés reçoivent régulièrement des informations sur leurs résultats de la part de leur supérieur et que cette situation provoque des émotions à la fois positives et négatives. Ensuite, une expérience (Etude n° 1) comparant les conséquences d’un feedback positif ou négatif exprimé en public ou en privé a été menée à bien sur un échantillon d’étudiants ( N = 240) et sur un échantillon de travailleurs ( N = 107). Dans les deux cas, la rétroaction avait des retombées sur les émotions et par suite sur les attitudes professionnelles et les intentions comportementales. Les conclusions de cette expérience ont été confirmées lors d’une enquête (Etude n˚ 2) réalisées auprès de salariés d’une société commerciale qui décrirent leurs émotions et leurs comportements professionnels à l’issue d’une rétroaction sur leur performance lors d’une évaluation. Comme prévu, les différentes sortes de feedback sont en relation avec des émotions différentes; puis ces émotions provoquent des attitudes et des conduites professionnelles spécifiques. Au total, ces travaux montrent que le feedback affecte les émotions des individus concernés et que ces réactions émotives s’insèrent dans la relation entre la rétroaction et les comportements contre‐productifs, les projets de démission, la citoyenneté et l’implication affective.
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Positive emotions may arise from feedback when the provider does so in a supportive and constructive way.
“Positive emotions may arise from feedback when the provider does so in a supportive and constructive way (Belschak and Den Hartog 2009).”
From Work engagement in health professions education (2017) · cites this paper as Belschak and Den Hartog 2009
Not all feedback has a directly positive effect on well-being.
“But not all feedback has a directly positive effect on well-being.”
From Work engagement in health professions education (2017) · cites this paper as Belschak and Den Hartog 2009
Feedback may lead to negative emotions with detrimental effects on work and attitude towards work.
“Feedback may lead to positive emotions, with positive effects on work behavior, and negative emotions with detrimental effects on work and attitude towards work (Belschak and Den Hartog 2009).”
From Work engagement in health professions education (2017) · cites this paper as Belschak and Den Hartog 2009
Feedback may lead to positive emotions, with positive effects on work behavior.
“Feedback may lead to positive emotions, with positive effects on work behavior, and negative emotions with detrimental effects on work and attitude towards work (Belschak and Den Hartog 2009).”
From Work engagement in health professions education (2017) · cites this paper as Belschak and Den Hartog 2009
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How leaders' emotional displays shape followers' organizational citizenship behavior
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“Positive emotions may arise from feedback when the provider does so in a supportive and constructive way (Belschak and Den Hartog 2009).”
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Assessing the Impact and Underlying Pathways of Sequenced AI feedback on Student Learning
Cao, J., Zhao, C. Q., Schunn, C., McLaughlin, E. A., Lin, J., & Koedinger, K. R. (2026) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.07469
- Authors
- Belschak, F. D., & Den Hartog, D. N.
- Affiliations
- University of Amsterdam (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Belschak, Frank D.
- ORCID
- Belschak, Frank D.
- Venue
- Applied Psychology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2009-03-05
- Volume
- 58
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 274-303
- ISSN
- 0269-994X (ISSN-L)
- 1464-0597
- OpenAlex
- W1973638302
- Cited by
- 307
- References
- 8
- Citations by year
- 2026: 30 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 44 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 5.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Applied Psychology (publishedVersion)
- UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (publishedVersion)
- UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Job Satisfaction and Organizational Behavior
- Social Sciences › Human Factors and Ergonomics › Employee Performance and Management
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Employee Performance and Motivation
- Keywords
- performance feedback, supervisor feedback, positive and negative feedback, emotions, counterproductive work behavior, turnover intention, organizational citizenship behavior, affective commitment, extra-role behavior, appraisal, work attitudes, behavioral intention, counterproductive behavior, performance evaluation (human resources)
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