Diabetes and anxiety in US adults: findings from the 2006 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System
Abstract
Aims Anxiety disorders may cause substantial impairment in patient functioning and well‐being. Little is known about the relationship between diabetes and anxiety. We estimated the prevalence of lifetime diagnosis of anxiety in adults aged ≥ 18 years with and without diabetes in the USA. Methods We analysed data from the 2006 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (total, N = 201 575; 20 142 with diabetes; 39.4% men, 77.9% non‐Hispanic Whites, 8.1% non‐Hispanic Blacks and 7.7% Hispanics; mean age 52.4 years). Diabetes and lifetime diagnosis of anxiety were self‐reported. A multivariable log–binomial model was used to estimate prevalence ratios (PR) and associated 95% confidence intervals (CI) of anxiety based on diabetes status. Results The overall age‐adjusted prevalence of lifetime diagnosis of anxiety was 19.5 and 10.9% in people with and without diabetes, respectively. After adjustment for educational level, marital status, employment status, current smoking, leisure‐time physical activity and body mass index, people with diabetes had a 20% higher prevalence of lifetime diagnosis of anxiety than those without (PR 1.20; 95% CI 1.12, 1.30). There were no significant differences in the PR by gender (P = 0.06). However, the ratios differed significantly by age (P = 0.04) and by race/ethnicity (P < 0.01), indicating that people aged 18−29 years (PR 1.70; 95% CI 1.19, 2.43) and Hispanics (PR 1.69; 95% CI 1.33, 2.15) had a higher ratio than their counterparts. Conclusion Diabetes was significantly associated with anxiety in adults in this large population‐based sample, particularly in Hispanics and young adults.
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The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System estimated the lifetime prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder at 19.5% in people with type 1 or type 2 diabetes.
“the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System estimated the lifetime prevalence of GAD to be 19.5% in people with either type 1 or type 2 diabetes (62).”
From Psychosocial care for people with diabetes: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association (2016) · cites this paper as [62]
Negative psychological syndromes such as depression and anxiety have been consistently associated with poor outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes.
“Negative psychological syndromes such as depression and anxiety have been consistently associated with poor outcomes in patients with T2D [18–20].”
From Positive Psychological Interventions for Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: Rationale, Theoretical Model, and Intervention Development (2015) · cites this paper as [19]
The lifetime prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder is estimated to be 19.5% in people with either type 1 or type 2 diabetes.
“The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System estimated the lifetime prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder to be 19.5% in people with either type 1 or type 2 diabetes (374).”
From 5. Facilitating Positive Health Behaviors and Well-being to Improve Health Outcomes:<i>Standards of Care in Diabetes—2023</i> (2023) · cites this paper as [374]
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- Authors
- Li, C., Barker, L., Ford, E. S., Zhang, X., Strine, T. W., & Mokdad, A. H.
- Affiliations
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
- Corresponding author
- Li, C.
- Ford, E. S.
- Venue
- Diabetic Medicine
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2008-07
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 878-881
- ISSN
- 0742-3071 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-5491
- OpenAlex
- W2072750128
- Cited by
- 175
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 6.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Diabetic Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- diabetes mellitus, anxiety disorders, prevalence, Hispanic adults, young adults, racial and ethnic differences, sex differences, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Anxiety Disorders, Diabetic Neuropathies, Epidemiologic Methods, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, United States
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