Prevalence of symptoms of depression and anxiety in a diabetes clinic population
Abstract
Summary: Aims To investigate the use of a short questionnaire to measure psychological symptoms in a busy clinic setting, and to examine the prevalence of these symptoms in adults with diabetes. The perceived need for psychological treatment services was also measured. Methods Adults (> 18 years) with either Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes were invited to complete a short demographic form and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) whilst waiting for their routine diabetes outpatients appointment. Complication status was measured via patients' medical records. Glycaemic control (HbA 1c) was also recorded. Results A high response rate (96%) was achieved. Prevalence rates of psychological symptoms were high (overall 28% of study participants reported moderate–severe levels of depression or anxiety or both). Men were somewhat more likely to report moderate–severe depressive symptoms, whereas women reported more moderate–severe anxiety. A significant association between depression and poor glycaemic control was observed in the men, but not in the women. Regression analysis demonstrated that the interaction between sex and glycaemic control, HbA 1c and sex were all significantly associated with depression and anxiety (R2 = 0.16 and 0.19, respectively). One‐third of subjects reported that at the moment they would be interested in receiving counselling or psychotherapy if it was currently available at the diabetes clinic. Conclusions This study has shown that the HADS is an appropriate questionnaire to use in a clinic setting in adults with diabetes. There may be a stronger association between glycaemic control and psychological symptomatology in men than in women. There remains a significant proportion of individuals with diabetes who require psychological support, which, if available, might help improve glycaemic control and thus overall wellbeing.
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A number of tools have been utilised and validated to screen depression (PHQ-9, HADS) and anxiety (HADS, GAD-7) in diabetes.
“a number of tools have been utilised and validated to screen depression (PHQ-9 [50, 51], HADS [52, 53]) and anxiety (HADS [52], Generalised Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale (GAD-7) [54, 55]) in diabetes.”
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- Authors
- Lloyd, C. E., Dyer, P. H., & Barnett, A. H.
- Affiliations
- The Open University (GB)
- Heartlands Hospital (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Lloyd, C. E.
- Venue
- Diabetic Medicine
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2000-03
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 198-202
- ISSN
- 0742-3071 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-5491
- OpenAlex
- W2103551376
- Cited by
- 244
- References
- 15
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 24
- FWCI
- 5.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Diabetic Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Open Research Online - ORO (The Open University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- depression, anxiety, diabetes mellitus, type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, glycemic control, HbA1c, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, psychological symptoms, sex differences, diabetes clinic, prevalence
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Anxiety, Depression, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Female, Glycated Hemoglobin, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Regression Analysis, Sex Characteristics
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