Re-examining a measure of diabetes-related burden in parents of young people with Type 1 diabetes: The Problem Areas in Diabetes Survey---Parent Revised version (PAID-PR)
Open accessAbstract
AIMS: In a pediatric patients, the burden of diabetes lies within the family. In the current era of intensive insulin therapy, perceived parental burden may affect the family's efforts at effective diabetes management. The aims of this study were to re-examine and revise a measure of perceived parental burden associated with caring for a child with diabetes in the current era. METHODS: A geographically diverse population of young people (N = 376) with Type 1 diabetes and their parents included participants in the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation continuous glucose monitoring study and patients from the Joslin Diabetes Center. Participants provided data on demographics, diabetes management, diabetes-specific family conflict, and quality of life at baseline and after 6 months of follow-up. RESULTS: Young people were 12.9 ± 2.7 years old with diabetes duration of 6.3 ± 3.5 years. Mean HbA(1C) was 8.0 ± 1.2%(64 mmol/mol), 58% received insulin pump therapy, and young people monitored blood glucose 5.2 ± 2.3 times/day. Factor analysis yielded two factors, 'Immediate Burden' and 'Theoretical Burden'. The Problem Areas in Diabetes Survey - Parent Revised version (PAID-PR) demonstrated excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.87; factor 1 α = 0.78; factor 2 α = 0.83). Greater parental burden was associated with more frequent blood glucose monitoring, higher HbA(1C) levels, greater diabetes-specific family conflict, and lower quality of life. Test-retest analysis was acceptable (r = 0.62). CONCLUSIONS: The PAID-PR demonstrated excellent internal consistency, good test-retest reliability, and associations with diabetes-specific family conflict and quality of life. This brief measure may have both clinical and research utility in the management of young people with Type 1 diabetes.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
PAID-PR is a validated 18-item measure of diabetes distress.
“Problem Areas in Diabetes (PAID-PR) [21] is a validated 18-item measure of diabetes distress, with higher scores suggesting greater distress.”
From A nonrandomized pilot of a group, video-based telehealth intervention to reduce diabetes distress in parents of youth with type 1 diabetes mellitus (2022) · cites this paper as [21]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Varni, J. W., Seid, M., & Kurtin, P. S. (2001) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/00005650-200108000-00006 · Cited by 5,131 · see citing works
Making Sense of Factor Analysis
Pett, M., Lackey, N., & Sullivan, J. (2003) · doi:10.4135/9781412984898 · Cited by 2,168 · see citing works
Assessment of Diabetes-Related Distress
Polonsky, W. H., Anderson, B. J., Lohrer, P. A., Welch, G., Jacobson, A. M., Aponte, J. E., & Schwartz, C. E. (1995) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.18.6.754 · Cited by 1,497 · see citing works
Self-citationThe PedsQL™ in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes
Varni, J. W., Burwinkle, T. M., Jacobs, J. R., Gottschalk, M. E., KAUFMAN, F. R., & Jones, K. L. (2003) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.26.3.631 · Cited by 596 · see citing works
Anderson, B., Ho, J., Brackett, J., Finkelstein, D., & Laffel, L. (1997) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(97)70352-4 · Cited by 531 · see citing works
Self-citationAnderson, B. J., Brackett, J., Ho, J., & Laffel, L. M. (1999) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.22.5.713 · Cited by 397 · see citing works
Self-citationFamily conflict, adherence, and glycaemic control in youth with short duration Type 1 diabetes
Anderson, B. J., Vangsness, L., Connell, A. J., Butler, D. A., GOEBEL-FABBRI, A. E., & Laffel, L. M. (2002) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1464-5491.2002.00752.x · Cited by 345 · see citing works
Self-citationStreisand, R. M., Swift, E., Wickmark, T., Chen, R., & Holmes, C. S. (2005) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsi076 · Cited by 343 · see citing works
Laffel, L. M. B., Vangsness, L., Connell, A., Goebel-Fabbri, A., Butler, D., & Anderson, B. J. (2003) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1067/mpd.2003.138 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
Self-citationUpdated and Revised Diabetes Family Conflict Scale
Hood, K. K., Butler, D. A., Anderson, B. J., & Laffel, L. M. (2007) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc06-2358 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Self-citationRandomized Trial of Behavioral Family Systems Therapy for Diabetes
Wysocki, T., Harris, M. A., Buckloh, L. M., Mertlich, D., Lochrie, A. S., Mauras, N., & White, N. H. (2007) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc06-1613 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Alan, M. J., Hauser, S. T., Lavori, P. W., Wolfsdorf, J. I., Herskowitz, R. D., Milley, J. E., Bliss, R., Gelfand, E., Wertlieb, D. L., & Stein, J. (1990) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/15.4.511 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Weissberg-Benchell, J. A., & Antisdel, J. E. (2011) · Pediatric Diabetes · doi:10.1111/j.1399-5448.2010.00720.x · Cited by 164 · see citing works
The impact of modifiable family factors on glycemic control among youth with type 1 diabetes
Butler, D. A., Zuehlke, J. B., Tovar, A., Volkening, L. K., Anderson, B. J., & Laffel, L. M. (2008) · Pediatric Diabetes · doi:10.1111/j.1399-5448.2008.00370.x · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Self-citationMoreland, E. C., Tovar, A., Zuehlke, J. B., Butler, D. A., Milaszewski, K., & Laffel, L. M. (2004) · Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1515/jpem.2004.17.11.1533 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Blood Glucose Monitoring Communication Questionnaire
Hood, K. K., Butler, D. A., Volkening, L. K., Anderson, B. J., & Laffel, L. M. (2004) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.27.11.2610 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationDiabetes-specific distress among parents of youth with type 1 diabetes
Antisdel, J. E. (2000) · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The detection and management of diabetes distress in people with type 1 diabetes
Sturt, J., Dennick, K., Due-Christensen, M., & McCarthy, K. (2015) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-015-0660-z · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Strategies to Enhance New CGM Use in Early Childhood (SENCE) Study Group, Laffel, L., Harrington, K., Hanono, A., Naik, N., Ambler-Osborn, L., Schultz, A., DiMeglio, L., Woerne, S., Jolivette, H., et al. (2021) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc20-1060 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Self-citationManaging diabetes in preschool children
Sundberg, F., Barnard, K., Cato, A., de Beaufort, C., DiMeglio, L. A., Dooley, G., Hershey, T., Hitchcock, J., Jain, V., Weissberg-Benchell, J., et al. (2017) · Pediatric Diabetes · doi:10.1111/pedi.12554 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Hessler, D., Fisher, L., Polonsky, W., & Johnson, N. (2016) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsw002 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Psychometric properties of the parent and child problem areas in diabetes measures
Evans, M. A., Weil, L. E. G., Shapiro, J. B., Anderson, L. M., Vesco, A. T., Rychlik, K., Hilliard, M. E., Antisdel, J., & Weissberg-Benchell, J. (2019) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsz018 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Parental depression and diabetes-specific distress after the onset of type 1 diabetes in children
Noser, A. E., Dai, H., Marker, A. M., Raymond, J. K., Majidi, S., Clements, M. A., Stanek, K. R., & Patton, S. R. (2019) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0000699 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Patton, S. R., Monzon, A. D., Marker, A. M., & Clements, M. A. (2022) · Canadian Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1016/j.jcjd.2021.10.007 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
- Authors
- Markowitz, J. T., Volkening, L. K., Butler, D. A., Antisdel‐Lomaglio, J., Anderson, B. J., & Laffel, L. M. B.
- Affiliations
- Joslin Diabetes Center (US)
- Baylor College of Medicine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Laffel, L. M. B.
- Venue
- Diabetic Medicine
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2012-03-12
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 526-530
- ISSN
- 0742-3071 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-5491
- PMC
- PMC3510480
- OpenAlex
- W1892593110
- Cited by
- 122
- References
- 17
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 6 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 1.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Diabetic Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK095273, T32DK007260)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Diabetes and associated disorders
- Keywords
- type 1 diabetes, parental burden, psychometric validation, family conflict, quality of life, glycemic control, blood glucose monitoring, insulin pump therapy, intensive insulin therapy, children and adolescents
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Child, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Glycated Hemoglobin, Humans, Hypoglycemic Agents, Insulin, Insulin Infusion Systems, Male, Parents, Quality of Life, Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring, Reproducibility of Results, Family Conflict
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
