Psychometric properties of the parent and child problem areas in diabetes measures
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: Children with type 1 diabetes and their parents face daily self-care demands, leading to diabetes-specific emotional distress. A standardized measure of diabetes distress can guide clinical care and prevent negative outcomes. METHODS: This study evaluated the psychometric properties of child- and parent-report measures of the Problem Areas in Diabetes Scale, adapted for children ages 8-12 (PAID-C) and their parents (P-PAID-C). Participants were from 42 diabetes camps in the United States. Children (N = 804; mean age = 10.3 ± 1.1) and parents (N = 968) completed measures of diabetes distress, diabetes-related strengths, and self-care skills. Half of the sample was used for exploratory factor analyses (EFA) with direct oblimin rotation and the other half for confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs). RESULTS: For the PAID-C, EFA and CFAs supported an 11-item two-factor measure, Cronbach's α = .91, accounting for 54.6% of the variance. For the P-PAID-C, analyses resulted in a 16-item measure, Cronbach's α = .92, accounting for 51.9% of the variance. PAID-C and P-PAID-C scores were positively correlated with HbA1c (rchild = .08, p = .04; rparent = .18, p < .001), and negatively correlated with diabetes-related strengths (rchild = -.38, p < .001, rparent = -.29, p < .001) and parent report of child self-care skills (rparent = -.13, p < .001; rchild = -0.07, p = ns). CONCLUSIONS: Initial psychometrics suggest that the PAID-C and P-PAID-C reliably and validly capture diabetes-specific emotional distress for children and their parents. Associations with glycemic control, self-care, and diabetes strengths demonstrate criterion validity. Both measures have potential applications for routine, clinic-based assessments of diabetes distress and may guide clinical decision-making.
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Between 20-33% of parents of school-age youth with type 1 diabetes endorse diabetes distress.
“despite recent data suggesting between 20–33% of parents of school-age youth with type 1 diabetes endorse diabetes distress [4, 5].”
From A nonrandomized pilot of a group, video-based telehealth intervention to reduce diabetes distress in parents of youth with type 1 diabetes mellitus (2022) · cites this paper as [4]
Diabetes distress can include diabetes-specific behavioral symptoms that can directly relate to higher glucose levels and increase the risk for future health complications.
“Diabetes distress can also include diabetes-specific behavioral symptoms such as suboptimal treatment engagement or maladaptive coping strategies (e.g., guessing an insulin dose to avoid checking glucose) that can directly relate to higher glucose levels and increase the risk for future health complications [3–5].”
From A nonrandomized pilot of a group, video-based telehealth intervention to reduce diabetes distress in parents of youth with type 1 diabetes mellitus (2022) · cites this paper as [4]
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- Authors
- Evans, M. A., Weil, L. E. G., Shapiro, J. B., Anderson, L. M., Vesco, A. T., Rychlik, K., Hilliard, M. E., Antisdel, J., & Weissberg-Benchell, J.
- Affiliations
- Lurie Children's Hospital (US)
- Northwestern University (US)
- Loyola University Chicago (US)
- Baylor College of Medicine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Evans, Meredyth A
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Pediatric Psychology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2019-03-28
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 703-713
- ISSN
- 0146-8693 (ISSN-L)
- 1465-735X
- PMC
- PMC6573474
- OpenAlex
- W2927098421
- Cited by
- 75
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 3
- FWCI
- 4.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model (vor)
- Locations
- Journal of Pediatric Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Helmsley Charitable Trust
- National Institutes of Health (K12 DK097696)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- diabetes distress, type 1 diabetes, children, parents, Problem Areas in Diabetes scale, psychometric validation, factor structure, glycemic control, HbA1c, diabetes self-care, diabetes camp
- MeSH terms
- Psychological Distress, Child, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Male, Parents, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Self Care, Stress, Psychological, Reproducibility of Results
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