The DOI matches its Crossref record; 36 of the 37 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Narcissistic Illusions in Self‐Evaluations of Intelligence and Attractiveness
Abstract
In this study we compared the ability of narcissism and self‐esteem to predict positive illusions in self‐evaluations of intelligence and physical attractiveness in a sample of 146 college students. Narcissism predicted both types of illusion for males and females; self‐esteem predicted intelligence self‐illusion for males. Both males and females overestimated their own intelligence, with males, but not females, also overestimating their attractiveness. Positive illusions for intelligence and attractiveness were correlated. Males showed greater positive illusions than females, with this effect at least partly attributable to observed gender differences in narcissism.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“For example, narcissists often believe that they are incredibly attractive (Gabriel, Critelli, & Ee, 1994), even when others might think that they are not.”
From The "Why" and "How" of Narcissism: A Process Model of Narcissistic Status Pursuit (2020) · cites this paper as Gabriel, Critelli, & Ee, 1994
Citations
Cites
Illusion and well‐being: A social psychological perspective on mental health
Taylor, S. E., & Brown, J. D. (1988) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.103.2.193 · Cited by 7,814
Raskin, R., & Terry, H. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.5.890 · Cited by 2,273
The Culture of Narcissism: American Life in an Age of Diminishing Expectations
Smith, G., & Lasch, C. (1979) · Foreign Affairs · doi:10.2307/20040235 · Cited by 1,592
(1971) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,270
The Culture of Narcissism: American Life in an Age of Diminishing Expectations
King, J. O., III, & Lasch, C. (1981) · Social Science History · doi:10.2307/1170906 · Cited by 1,237
Women and weight a normative discontent
Rodin, J., Silberstein, L. R., & Moore, R. S. (1985) · Cited by 1,048
Factor analysis and construct validity of the narcissistic personality inventory.
Emmons, R. A. (1984) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa4803_11 · Cited by 900
On various intraclass correlation reliability coefficients.
Bartko, J. J. (1976) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.83.5.762 · Cited by 830
Raskin, R. N., & Hall, C. S. (1981) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa4502_10 · Cited by 635
Overview: narcissistic personality disorder
Akhtar, S., & Thomson, J. J. (1982) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.139.1.12 · Cited by 350
Research works printed but not linked: 6
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–400 of 476
Southard, A. C., Zeigler‐Hill, V., Vrabel, J. K., & McCabe, G. A. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-92171-6_26 · Cited by 9
Re-conceptualizing Machiavellianism and Social-Cognitive Skills
Hart, W., Breeden, C. J., & Kinrade, C. (2020) · Journal of Individual Differences · doi:10.1027/1614-0001/a000340 · Cited by 13
Correction: Expensive Egos: Narcissistic Males Have Higher Cortisol
Reinhard, D. A., Konrath, S., Lopez, W. D., & Cameron, H. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/annotation/1c60eca3-794f-4a09-8a82-e43ed3cc2009 · Cited by 9
Li, X., Si, W., & Chan, K. W. (2023) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.21943 · Cited by 10
Liu, Z., Zhou, K., & Wang, J. (2024) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/00187267241239855 · Cited by 8
“Narcissistic employees are characterized by excessive self-confidence, often leading them to overestimate their abilities and performance relative to others (Gabriel et al., 1994; John and Robins, 1994).”
The attractiveness of narcissists: Hard work or natural beauty?
Weber, S., Geukes, K., Leckelt, M., & Back, M. D. (2019) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2019.1575899 · Cited by 9
“A null-effect of narcissism on attractiveness (e.g., Bleske-Rechek et al., 2008; Gabriel et al., 1994; Grijalva & Zhang, 2016), which was found in more than half of the meta-analytically considered studies (Holtzman & Strube, 2010), and also reported for personality traits more generally (Feingold, 1992), would neithe…”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Problem with the Problem of Human Irrationality
Eigenauer, J. D. (2018) · International Journal of Educational Reform · doi:10.1177/105678791802700402 · Cited by 9
Using social cognition to understand people's grandiose narcissism
Giacomin, M. (2019) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12435 · Cited by 8
Using Instagram While “In a Relationship”
Lee, E., Choi, T. R., Lee, T., & Sung, Y. (2019) · Journal of Individual Differences · doi:10.1027/1614-0001/a000282 · Cited by 8
Collisson, B., Howell, J. L., & Monleon, J. (2021) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/02654075211001127 · Cited by 8
Beyond Belief Updating: A Framework for Self-Belief FormationPreprint
Krach, S., Müller‐Pinzler, L., Czekalla, N., Schröder, A., Wilhelm, I., Luebber, F., Rademacher, L., Stolz, D. S., Paulus, F. M., & Mayer, A. V. (2024) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/2y5tv · Cited by 7
The Influence of Narcissism and Self-Control on Reactive Aggression
Harrison, M. (2010) · Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida) · Cited by 7
Dark Triad, Risk Taking and Counterproductive Work Behavior in Different Organizational Contexts
Stoica, A. A. (2021) · doi:10.47040/sd/sdpsych.v12i1.120 · Cited by 7
“Moreover, they also tend to overestimate their level of physical attractiveness (Buffardi & Campbell, 2008) and intelligence (Gabriel et al., 1994), amplifying their qualities (Paulhus, 1998).”
BackgroundGrandiose Fantasies and Low Self-Esteem: An Experimental Study
Ruggiero, G. M., Veronese, G., Castiglioni, M., & Sassaroli, S. (2011) · Psychological Studies · doi:10.1007/s12646-011-0095-9 · Cited by 7
“Of course, this result can be used to understand possible aspects of grandiose states, but cannot be considered a confirmation of the model of pathological narcissism of Horowitz (1989), Akhtar and Thomson (1982), and Dimaggio et al.”
BackgroundSELF-PERCEPTIONS OF PHYSICAL ATTRACTIVENESS
Garcia, S. D., Khersonsky, D., & Stacey, S. (1997) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1997.84.1.243 · Cited by 7
The longitudinal influence of narcissism in the team context
Felty, R. J., Whitaker, B. G., Bergman, S. M., & Bergman, J. Z. (2015) · International Journal of Organization Theory and Behavior · doi:10.1108/ijotb-18-02-2015-b001 · Cited by 9
Carlson, E. N., & Khafagy, R. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-92171-6_29 · Cited by 8
Perceptions of narcissism in college professors
Wallace, H. M., Carrillo, A., & Kelley, J. (2022) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.2022.2050167 · Cited by 6
Psychological Correlates of Perfectionistic Self-Presentation Among Social Media Users
Ubaradka, A., Fathima, A., & Batra, S. (2023) · International Journal of Cyber Behavior Psychology and Learning · doi:10.4018/ijcbpl.324089 · Cited by 9
“Narcissism is characterised by inflated self-constructs specifically associated with the traits like intelligence, dominance, and appeal (Brown & Zeigler-Hill, 2004; Buffardi & Campbell, 2008; Campbell et al., 2002; Gabriel et al., 1994).”
BackgroundLearning in multilateral trade negotiations: some results from simulation for developing countries
Dupont, C. G., Beverelli, C., & Pézard, S. (2006) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511491610.005 · Cited by 6
Performance Effects of Thinking You're More (or Less) Socially Skilled Than Others Think You Are
Zingoni, M. (2015) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/01973533.2014.996223 · Cited by 6
“Whereas some employees may accurately assess their own social skill, for some employees, high self-ratings of social skill may reflect narcissistic tendencies and low actual ability in social interactions (e.g., Gabriel et al., 1994; Judge et al., 2006).”
BackgroundCan financial literacy overconfidence be predicted by narcissistic tendencies?
Hamurcu, Ç., & Hamurcu, H. D. (2020) · Review of Behavioral Finance · doi:10.1108/rbf-05-2020-0113 · Cited by 6
Weiser, E. B. (2017) · Advances in media, entertainment and the arts (AMEA) book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-3373-3.ch001 · Cited by 6
Dal, N. (2018) · Universal Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.13189/ujer.2018.061222 · Cited by 6
Narcissism and Romantic Relationship: The Mediating Role of Perception Discrepancy
Lam, Z. K. W. (2012) · Cited by 6
All The Web's A Stage: The Dramaturgy of Young Adult Social Media Use
Riccio, J. R. (2013) · Syracuse University Libraries (Syracuse University) · Cited by 6
Dworkis, K. K., & Patelli, L. (2022) · Management Accounting Research · doi:10.1016/j.mar.2022.100806 · Cited by 5
Understanding and Coping in Social Relationships with Narcissists
Brunell, A. B., & Hermann, A. D. (2024) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108908306 · Cited by 5
The Best Words: Linguistic Indicators of Grandiose Narcissism in Politics
Underberg, J. E., Gollwitzer, A., Oettingen, G., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (2019) · Journal of Language and Social Psychology · doi:10.1177/0261927x19883898 · Cited by 9
What motivates narcissistic individuals to lead? The role of identity across cultures
Schyns, B., Braun, S. H., & Xia, Y. (2023) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2023.112107 · Cited by 7
Chambers, V. A., Reckers, P. M. J., & Whitecotton, S. M. (2023) · Behavioral Research in Accounting · doi:10.2308/bria-2021-031 · Cited by 6
Zajenkowski, M., Gignac, G. E., Leniarska, M., Turek, A., & Czepiel, Z. (2023) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2023.112248 · Cited by 5
Reininger, K. M., Biel, H. M., Hennig, T., Moritz, S., Briken, P., & Löwe, B. (2024) · Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/02668734.2023.2274450 · Cited by 5
“…research papers over the years (most notably Krizan & Johar, 2015; but also, for example: Bushman & Baumeister, 1998; Campbell et al., 2000, 2004; Gabriel et al., 1994; Krizan & Bushman, 2011; Konrath et al., 2006; Morf & Rhodewalt, 1993; Reidy et al., 2008; Rhodewalt et al., 1998; Rhodewalt…”
BackgroundKościński, K. (2011) · Anthropological Review · doi:10.2478/v10044-010-0007-y · Cited by 5
“The evaluation of own attractiveness also correlates with psychological well-being [Noles et al. 1985, Diener et al. 1995], mental health [Feingold 1992], and narcissism [Gabriel et al. 1994, Bleske-Rechek et al. 2008] which may be a cue to mate value and/or sexual strategy [Holtzman & Strube 2010].”
BackgroundÖzgen, C., & Argan, M. (2017) · Athens Journal of Sports · doi:10.30958/ajspo.4.3.1 · Cited by 5
Mandal, E., & Latusek, A. (2018) · Current Issues in Personality Psychology · doi:10.5114/cipp.2018.75647 · Cited by 5
Zajenkowski, M., & Fronczyk, K. (2019) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2019.109595 · Cited by 6
Zajenkowski, M., & Gignac, G. E. (2020) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.110579 · Cited by 5
Narcissistic individuals exhibit poor recognition memory
Giacomin, M., Brinton, C. G., & Rule, N. O. (2021) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12690 · Cited by 5
Humberg, S., Dufner, M., Schönbrodt, F. D., Geukes, K., Hutteman, R., van Zalk, M. H. W., Denissen, J. J. A., Nestler, S., & Back, M. D. (2018) · Collabra Psychology · doi:10.1525/collabra.137 · Cited by 5
Veronese, G., Ruggiero, G. M., Sassaroli, S., & Castiglioni, M. (2011) · The Open Psychology Journal · doi:10.2174/1874350101104010001 · Cited by 5
How the Adoption of Impression Management Goals Alters Impression Formation
Gibson, B. D., & Poposki, E. M. (2010) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167210385008 · Cited by 5
Narcissism in Leadership and Management: A Research Summary
Germain, M. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-60330-8_4 · Cited by 6
Affect Disorders: An Husserlian Interpretation of Alexytimia, BPD and Narcissistic Traits
Ferrarello, S. (2024) · Human Studies · doi:10.1007/s10746-024-09712-x · Cited by 4
“…vulnerable to criticisms from others, although at the same time they pretend to be better than those same people (e.g., Campbell et al., 2002; Gabriel et al., 1994) and unique by comparison (Emmons, 1987), which might be associated with a high degree of psychological entitlement (Campbell et…”
우성범, Yang, E., 이승민, & 남숙경 (2012) · 한국심리학회지 사회및성격 · doi:10.21193/kjspp.2012.26.1.006 · Cited by 4
Physical and psychosocial correlates of facial attractiveness.
Costa, M., & Maestripieri, D. (2023) · Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1037/ebs0000331 · Cited by 7
Koskinen, E., Henttonen, P., Harjunen, V. J., Krusemark, E. A., Piispanen, M., Voutilainen, L., Wuolio, M. P., & Peräkylä, A. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0302703 · Cited by 4
Alcohol Consumption and Perceived Sexual Coercion: Effects of Gender and Personality Determinants
Bartolucci, A. D., Zeichner, A., & Miller, J. D. (2009) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826080902961583 · Cited by 4
“Narcissistic individuals tend to overestimate both their attractiveness and intelligence (Gabriel, Critelli, and Ee, 1994), which may lead to an inflated sense of sexual prowess.”
BackgroundAccuracy and bias in self-perception of performance: Narcissism matters in Korea as well
Park, S. W., Tignor, S. M., Joo, M., & Heo, Y. H. (2016) · Korean Social Science Journal · doi:10.1007/s40483-016-0030-8 · Cited by 5
“Gabriel et al. (1994) demonstrated narcissism predicted self-enhancement in the domains of intelligence and physical attractiveness for both genders, while selfesteem predicted self-enhancement among men for intelligence only.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialPride and Humility: Possible Mediators of the Motivating Effect of Praise
Zell, A. L. (2007) · Cited by 4
Attractiveness and self-esteem: A test of sociometer theory
Bale, C. (2010) · CLOK (University of Central Lancashire) · Cited by 4
How did you do? Social comparison in secondary education
Wehrens, M. J. P. W. (2008) · University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) · Cited by 4
der Nest, V., & Johannes, L. (2010) · SUNScholar (Stellenbosch University) · Cited by 4
CEO Narcissism, Human Capital, and Firm ValuePreprint
Johnson, S. A., Kolasinski, A. C., & Nordlund, J. (2018) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3209882 · Cited by 4
A Cognitive-Ecological Approach to Temporal Self-AppraisalPreprint
Baldwin, M. W., Alves, H., & Unkelbach, C. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/f69dq · Cited by 4
Narcissism and other-derogation in the absence of ego threat
Park, S. W. (2013) · doi:10.17760/d20003144 · Cited by 4
Financial performance and tone of financial disclosures: The moderating effect of CEO narcissism
Márquez-Illescas, G., Sauer, S. J., Zebedee, A. A., & Zhou, L. (2024) · Accounting and Finance · doi:10.1111/acfi.13344 · Cited by 3
Believing in one's abilities: Ability estimates as a form of beliefs
Neubauer, A. C., & Hofer, G. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.943255 · Cited by 7
Neyer, F. J., Asendorpf, J. B., & Asendorpf, J. B. (2017) · Springer-Lehrbuch · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-54942-1_4 · Cited by 3
Giacomin, M., & Jordan, C. H. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-28099-8_1168-1 · Cited by 3
Lewi, A., & Bonnaire, C. (2024) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-024-10360-0 · Cited by 3
“…specifically meant for highly-skilled and high-status individuals (Brochu et al., 2015; Dufour et al., 2013), which are perceptions that could be particularly appealing to narcissistic gamblers, who already believe to be special and skilled (Emmons, 1984; Gabriel et al., 1994; John & Robins, 1994).”
Meddeb, S., & St-Jean, É. (2025) · Mentoring & Tutoring Partnership in Learning · doi:10.1080/13611267.2025.2469732 · Cited by 3
“Highly narcissistic individuals tend to believe they are unique (Emmons, 1984), more intelligent (Gabriel et al., 1994), and have superior qualities over others (Morf & Rhodewalt, 2001).”
How accurately does self-reported intelligence reflect psychometrically measured IQ?
Allïk, J., & Pullmann, H. (2025) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2025.101933 · Cited by 2
Too proud to doubt? The relationship between narcissism and intellectual humility
Zajenkowski, M., Bąk, W., Zeigler‐Hill, V., Górniak, J., Wojciechowski, J., & Stefanowicz, M. (2025) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2025.104670 · Cited by 3
Nárcizmus és jóllét – a nárcisztikus működésmód költségei
Engyel, M. (2019) · Magyar Pszichológiai Szemle · doi:10.1556/0016.2019.74.3.8 · Cited by 2
Narcissism and self-estimated intelligence: New insights from multidimensional assessments
Schneider, S., Kornberger, S., & Mokros, A. (2024) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2024.112901 · Cited by 2
The strategic benefits of overconfidence
Page, L. (2025) · Mind & Society · doi:10.1007/s11299-025-00355-8 · Cited by 2
“…to others: most drivers believe they are more skilled than average Svenson ( 1981); most students think they are smarter than the average student Gabriel et al. ( 1994); in a well-known survey, over 90% of US university professors believed they were better teachers than their colleagues Cross (…”
INVESTIGATING GRANDIOSE NARCISSISM AS A PERSONALITY PROCESS
Giacomin, M. (2016) · Scholars Commons (Wilfrid Laurier University) · Cited by 2
A Scale Measuring the Intensity of Nonclinical Narcissism: Construction and Findings
Bartoš, F. (2010) · Czech Sociological Review · doi:10.13060/00380288.2010.46.1.04 · Cited by 2
Gender, BMI, and Personality as Predictors of Self-Assessed Attractiveness and Intelligence
Furnham, A. F. (2017) · Psychology · doi:10.4236/psych.2017.814147 · Cited by 2
“Gabriel et al. (1994) found that trait narcissism predicted both the attractiveness and intelligence illusion and that positive illusions based on self-ratings for intelligence and attractiveness were correlated.”
BackgroundNarcissistic Tendency and Stress Response: A Focus on Ego Threat Scenes
Kamekura, D., & Ambo, H. (2018) · The Japanese Journal of Personality · doi:10.2132/personality.27.3.4 · Cited by 2
Dal, N. (2019) · International Journal of Sport Exercise & Training Sciences · doi:10.18826/useeabd.592614 · Cited by 2
“For example, Gabriel et al. (1994) found no relationship between narcissism and performance in an intelligence test. Moreover, similar to the present results, Gabriel et al. demonstrated that narcissistic individuals might tend to overestimate their intelligence. Woodman et al. (2011) also provided strong support for…”
BackgroundResultVanity and Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Lafta, I. (2016) · ALUSTATH JOURNAL FOR HUMAN AND SOCIAL SCIENCES · doi:10.36473/ujhss.v216i2.596 · Cited by 2
Narcyz w sieci społecznej, czyli co analiza sieci mówi o funkcjonowaniu osób narcystycznych
Czarna, A. Z. (2011) · Social Psychological Bulletin · Cited by 2
Mitrovic, A., & Goller, J. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198824350.013.25 · Cited by 2
Chruszczewski, M. H. (2013) · Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego eBooks · doi:10.31338/uw.9788323519843 · Cited by 2
Choi, H., & Yoon, Y. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13052764 · Cited by 4
“, warmth, agreeableness, harmony) traits [34].”
Wike, A. E. (2014) · University of North Texas Digital Library (University of North Texas) · doi:10.12794/metadc699842 · Cited by 2
Al‐Shammari, M. (2017) · UTA ResearchCommons (University of Texas Arlington) · Cited by 2
Gauglitz, I. K. (2021) · doi:10.20378/irb-54906 · Cited by 2
The Realm of Romantic Relational Functioning in Five-Factor Narcissism
Asadi, Z., Mazinani, Z., Entezami, M., & Shakiba, S. (2021) · Annales Médico-psychologiques revue psychiatrique · doi:10.1016/j.amp.2021.10.019 · Cited by 1
Pan, Y., & Motevalli, S. (2023) · International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development · doi:10.6007/ijarped/v12-i3/17869 · Cited by 4
“Nevertheless, individuals with a high level of narcissism have unrealistic views of themselves (Gabriel et al., 1994).”
BackgroundWang, T., & Chen, R. (2025) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2025.104556 · Cited by 3
The Wider Context of Non-clinical Narcissism: Professional Life, Communication, and Self Control
Bartoš, F. (2010) · Czech Sociological Review · doi:10.13060/00380288.2010.46.5.03 · Cited by 1
Narcissism and Performance in a Management Education Teamwork Project
Felty, R. J. (2015) · NC Digital Online Collection of Knowledge and Scholarship (The University of North Carolina at Greensboro) · doi:10.71889/5fylantbak.29860058 · Cited by 1
Envy in Siblings-in-Law Relationships
Dolev, A., & Shifron, R. (2016) · The Journal of Individual Psychology · doi:10.1353/jip.2016.0010 · Cited by 1
Relationship between Narcissism and Emotional Competence: A Review
kackar, A. (2020) · Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research · Cited by 1
Mine is Bigger than Yours! Narcissism Predicts Biases in Perceived Head Size
Lyons, M. T., Blinkhorn, V., Collier, E. S., & Bertamini, M. (2019) · Studia Psychologica · doi:10.21909/sp.2019.04.786 · Cited by 1
“This could be related to the tendency of narcissistic men to over-enhance their intelligence (Gabriel et al., 1994).”
BackgroundShin, H., & Youn, N. (2020) · Psychology of Aesthetics Creativity and the Arts · doi:10.1037/aca0000303 · Cited by 1
HARADA, Y., HISASAKA, T., KUSABA, M., & Suzuki, M. (2020) · Journal of Research in Science Education · doi:10.11639/sjst.19048 · Cited by 1
A Homeostatic Perspective on Narcissistic Personality Dynamics
Zeigler‐Hill, V. (2021) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2021.2007700 · Cited by 1
“…individuals often claim to be more intelligent (e.g., Gabriel, Critelli, & Ee, 1994; Zajenkowski, Czarna, Szymaniak, & Dufner, 2020) and attractive (e.g., Bleske- Rechek, Remiker, & Baker, 2008; Gabriel et al., 1994) than is warranted by either objective standards or the perceptions of others.”
BackgroundKörner, R., Schütz, A., & Petersen, L.-E. (2024) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0297850
“Narcissists think they are more intelligent than they actually are [54] and are thus more prone than others to illusory thinking [55,56].”
BackgroundBabeva, K. N. (2015) · University of Southern California Digital Library · doi:10.25549/usctheses-m3647 · Cited by 1
Phantom Menace: the Effect of Narcissism on Word-of-mouth Communications
Ngamsiriudom, W. (2014) · doi:10.12794/metadc699949 · Cited by 1
Amadi, S. C. (2015) · Aquila Digital Community (University of Southern Mississippi) · Cited by 1
The effects of self-esteem and ego threat on decision making
Rawn, C. D., Mead, N. L., Kerkhof, P., Vohs, K. D., Vohs, K. D., Baumeister, R. F., & Loewenstein, G. (2008) · Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) · Cited by 1
Dark Personality Features and Employment
Czarna, A. Z., & Zajas, A. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_2094 · Cited by 2
Triandis, H. C. (2011) · doi:10.1093/obo/9780199828340-0067 · Cited by 1
Positive Illusions and Forecasting Errors in Mutual Fund Investment DecisionsPreprint
Moore, D. A., Kurtzberg, T. R., Fox, C. R., et al. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/8f2rh · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Gabriel, M. T., Critelli, J. W., & Ee, J. S.
- Affiliations
- University of North Texas (US)
- Corresponding author
- Critelli, Joseph W.
- Venue
- Journal of Personality
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1994-03
- Volume
- 62
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 143-155
- ISSN
- 0022-3506 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-6494
- OpenAlex
- W1996705059
- Semantic Scholar
- 5535ac46bf46cfdc14f7c40d0fecad5c92745a9a
- Cited by
- 478
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 29 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 4.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Keywords
- narcissism, self-esteem, positive illusions, self-assessment, gender differences, university students
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
