Cited by 478Personality Traits and PsychologyEvolutionary Psychology and Human BehaviorEmotions and Moral Behavior

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Narcissistic Illusions in Self‐Evaluations of Intelligence and Attractiveness

Gabriel, Marsha T., Critelli, Joseph W., Ee, Jullana S.·1994·Journal of Personality

DOI 10.1111/j.1467-6494.1994.tb00798.x

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Abstract

In this study we compared the ability of narcissism and self‐esteem to predict positive illusions in self‐evaluations of intelligence and physical attractiveness in a sample of 146 college students. Narcissism predicted both types of illusion for males and females; self‐esteem predicted intelligence self‐illusion for males. Both males and females overestimated their own intelligence, with males, but not females, also overestimating their attractiveness. Positive illusions for intelligence and attractiveness were correlated. Males showed greater positive illusions than females, with this effect at least partly attributable to observed gender differences in narcissism.

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BackgroundInfluential
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Schmitt, D. P., Alcalay, L., Allik, J., & Ruch, W. (2017) · DSpace (Open University in the Netherlands) · doi:10.5167/uzh-147425 · Cited by 41
Can normal narcissism be managed to promote green product purchases? Investigating a counterintuitive proposition
Naderi, I., & Strutton, D. R. (2014) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/jasp.12230 · Cited by 42
Psychological Vulnerability and Problem Gambling: The Mediational Role of Cognitive Distortions
David Levesque, B. A., Sévigny, S., Giroux, I., & Jacques, C. J. (2018) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-017-9740-0 · Cited by 45
“…level of narcissistic traits generally show an excessively positive self-image that may promote the maintenance of certain cognitive distortions, such as the belief that they are better or more efficient than others in general (Gabriel et al. 1994; John and Robins 1994; Morf and Rhodewalt 2001).”
Background
Narcissistic Pathology: Empirical Approaches
Levy, K. N., Chauhan, P., Clarkin, J. F., Wasserman, R. H., & Reynoso, J. S. (2009) · Psychiatric Annals · doi:10.3928/00485713-20090401-03 · Cited by 41
The Narcissism Spectrum Model: A Spectrum Perspective on Narcissistic Personality
Križan, Z. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-92171-6_2 · Cited by 42
A Longitudinal Test of Three Theories of Overconfidence
Murphy, S. C., Barlow, F. K., & von Hippel, W. (2017) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550617699252 · Cited by 38
The lure of the noisy ego: Narcissism as a social trap.
Campbell, W. K., & Buffardi, L. E. (2008) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/11771-002 · Cited by 38
“There is also evidence that these views are inflated insomuch as narcissism positively predicts self-perceived intelligence and attractiveness but not objectively assessed intelligence and attractiveness (Gabriel et al., 1994).”
Background
Are All Narcissistic CEOs Socially Responsible? An Empirical Investigation of an Inverted U-Shaped Relationship Between CEO Narcissism and Corporate Social Responsibility
Al‐Shammari, M., Rasheed, A. A., & Banerjee, S. N. (2021) · Group & Organization Management · doi:10.1177/10596011211040665 · Cited by 42
Gender Differences in Object of Desire Self-Consciousness Sexual Fantasies
Bogaert, A. F., Visser, B., & Pozzebon, J. A. (2015) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-014-0456-2 · Cited by 36
Narcissism, self-evaluations, and partner preferences among men who have sex with men
Moskowitz, D., Rieger, G., & Seal, D. W. (2009) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2009.01.033 · Cited by 37
The View From The Looking Glass: How Are Narcissistic Individuals Perceived by Others?
Malkin, M. L., Zeigler‐Hill, V., Barry, C. T., & Southard, A. C. (2012) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2013.00780.x · Cited by 39
Interactive Effects of Different Visual Imagery Perspectives and Narcissism on Motor Performance
Roberts, R., Callow, N., Hardy, L., Woodman, T., & Thomas, L. B. (2010) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.32.4.499 · Cited by 37
“, Gabriel et al., 1994; John & Robins, 1994). However, Wallace and Baumeister (2002) suggest that the performance of narcissists will be moderated by the degree of self-enhancement opportunity afforded by the task. More specifically, narcissists should perform better in tasks that offer a high degree of self-enhanceme…”
Intelligence and Personality
Bédard, M.-A., & Corff, Y. L. (2019) · Journal of Individual Differences · doi:10.1027/1614-0001/a000311 · Cited by 38
Why do angry people overestimate their intelligence? Neuroticism as a suppressor of the association between Trait-Anger and subjectively assessed intelligence
Zajenkowski, M., & Gignac, G. E. (2018) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2018.07.003 · Cited by 41
What Separates Narcissism from Self-esteem? A Social-Cognitive Perspective
Brummelman, E., Gürel, Ç., Thomaes, S. C. E., & Sedikides, C. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-92171-6_5 · Cited by 43
Emerging adult reactions to labeling regarding age-group differences in narcissism and entitlement
Grubbs, J. B., Exline, J. J., McCain, J., Campbell, W. K., & Twenge, J. M. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0215637 · Cited by 39
Why Do Narcissists Care So Much About Intelligence?
Zajenkowski, M., & Dufner, M. (2020) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721420917152 · Cited by 39
Watch me go big: CEO narcissism and corporate acquisitions
Aabo, T., Als, M., Thomsen, L., & Wulff, J. N. (2020) · Review of Behavioral Finance · doi:10.1108/rbf-05-2020-0091 · Cited by 42
Gender differences in brain structure and resting-state functional connectivity related to narcissistic personality
Yang, W., Cun, L., Du, X., Yang, J., Wang, Y., Wei, D., Zhang, Q., & Qiu, J. (2015) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep10924 · Cited by 36
Narcissism and mate value: Is beauty in the eye of the narcissistic beholder?
Zeigler‐Hill, V., & Trombly, D. R. C. (2017) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.10.021 · Cited by 37
Self-reported Emotional and Social Intelligence and Empathy as Distinctive Predictors of Narcissism
Delič, L., Novak, P. K., Kovačič, J., & Avsec, A. (2011) · Psihologijske teme · Cited by 34
Women’s sexual competition and the Dark Triad
Carter, G. L., Montanaro, Z., Linney, C., & Campbell, A. C. (2014) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.10.022 · Cited by 33

Authors: Gabriel, M. T., Critelli, J. W., & Ee, J. S.
Affiliations: University of North Texas (US)
Corresponding author: Critelli, Joseph W.
Venue: Journal of Personality
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 1994-03
Volume: 62
Issue: 1
Pages: 143-155
ISSN: 0022-3506 (ISSN-L)
1467-6494
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.1994.tb00798.x
OpenAlex: W1996705059
Semantic Scholar: 5535ac46bf46cfdc14f7c40d0fecad5c92745a9a
Cited by: 478
References: 37
Citations by year: 2026: 7 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 29 · 2012: 19
FWCI: 4.08
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 4441 d)
Locations: Journal of Personality (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
Keywords: narcissism, self-esteem, positive illusions, self-assessment, gender differences, university students

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Narcissistic Illusions in Self‐Evaluations of Intelligence and Attractiveness

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