Cited by 478Personality Traits and PsychologyEvolutionary Psychology and Human BehaviorEmotions and Moral Behavior

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Narcissistic Illusions in Self‐Evaluations of Intelligence and Attractiveness

Gabriel, Marsha T., Critelli, Joseph W., Ee, Jullana S.·1994·Journal of Personality

DOI 10.1111/j.1467-6494.1994.tb00798.x

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Abstract

In this study we compared the ability of narcissism and self‐esteem to predict positive illusions in self‐evaluations of intelligence and physical attractiveness in a sample of 146 college students. Narcissism predicted both types of illusion for males and females; self‐esteem predicted intelligence self‐illusion for males. Both males and females overestimated their own intelligence, with males, but not females, also overestimating their attractiveness. Positive illusions for intelligence and attractiveness were correlated. Males showed greater positive illusions than females, with this effect at least partly attributable to observed gender differences in narcissism.

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Sedikides, C., Hart, C. M., Cisek, S. Z., & Routledge, C. D. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-6527-6_15 · Cited by 13
Do we need positive illusions to carry out plans? Illusion
Boyd-Wilson, B. M., Walkey, F. H., McClure, J., et al. (2000) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(99)00261-5 · Cited by 13
The dark side of mental toughness: a meta-analysis of the relationship between the dark triad traits and mental toughness
Liang, T., Wang, X., Ng, S., Xu, X., & Ning, Z. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1403530 · Cited by 15
“The reliance on self-report questionnaires for assessing mental toughness may introduce self-presentation or self-evaluation biases, particularly among individuals with high narcissistic traits who may overestimate their capabilities (Gabriel et al., 1994).”
Background
Self- and Other-Estimates of Intelligence
Neubauer, A. C., & Hofer, G. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108770422.050 · Cited by 13
Telling people they are intelligent correlates with the feeling of narcissistic uniqueness: The influence of IQ feedback on temporary state narcissism
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Self-assessment of attractiveness of persons with body decoration
Kozieł, S. M., & Sitek, A. (2013) · HOMO · doi:10.1016/j.jchb.2013.04.004 · Cited by 12
“The art of decorating the body was also often used to mark social status (Gilbert, 2001).”
Method
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“Specifically, highly narcissistic individuals tend to believe they are unique (Emmons, 1984), more intelligent (Gabriel et al., 1994) and have superior qualities over others (Morf and Rhodewalt, 2001).”
Background
Communicating with Compassion: The Exploratory Factor Analysis and Primary Validation Process of the Compassionate Communication Scale
Salazar, L. R. (2013) · Cited by 11
Narcissism: are accounting students using their personality traits to perform better?
de Lima, G. A. S. F., Avelino, B. C., & da Cunha, J. V. A. (2018) · Revista de Contabilidade e Organizações · doi:10.11606/rco.v11i31.137775 · Cited by 11
“For males and females, “[…] narcissism was correlated with intelligence self-illusion” (Gabriel et al., 1994, p. 147), what was not observed in relation to the actual intelligence.”
Background
Dark Triad Personality Traits and Selective Hedging
Pelster, M., Hofmann, A., Klocke, N., & Warkulat, S. (2021) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-021-04985-z · Cited by 11
On environmental sources of child narcissism: Are parents really to blame?
Horton, R. S. (2010) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/12352-007 · Cited by 11
In the mind of the beholder: Narcissism relates to a distorted and enhanced self-image
Steiner, T. G., Levy, K. N., Brandenburg, J. C., & Adams, R. B. (2021) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.110608 · Cited by 13
Measuring Narcissism Within Add Health: The Development and Validation of a New Scale
Davis, M. S., & Brunell, A. B. (2012) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2012.00833.x · Cited by 12
Do narcissistic employees remain silent? Examining the moderating roles of supervisor narcissism and traditionality in China
Min, W., Zhang, Y.-J., & Li, M.-Z. (2021) · Asian Business & Management · doi:10.1057/s41291-021-00153-3 · Cited by 9
Self-Ratings of Physical Attractiveness in a Competitive Context: When Males are More Sensitive to Self-Perceptions Than Females
Saad, G., & Gill, T. (2009) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224540903232332 · Cited by 10
“For instance, Gabriel, Critelli, and Ee (1994 ) stated that positive self-illusions may be an adaptive feature of social adjustment within a culture.”
Background
Self-perceptions and their Prediction of Aggression in Male Juvenile Offenders
Smith, S. D., Lynch, R. J., Stephens, H. F., & Kistner, J. A. (2014) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-014-0504-0 · Cited by 9

Authors: Gabriel, M. T., Critelli, J. W., & Ee, J. S.
Affiliations: University of North Texas (US)
Corresponding author: Critelli, Joseph W.
Venue: Journal of Personality
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 1994-03
Volume: 62
Issue: 1
Pages: 143-155
ISSN: 0022-3506 (ISSN-L)
1467-6494
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.1994.tb00798.x
OpenAlex: W1996705059
Semantic Scholar: 5535ac46bf46cfdc14f7c40d0fecad5c92745a9a
Cited by: 478
References: 37
Citations by year: 2026: 7 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 29 · 2012: 19
FWCI: 4.08
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 4441 d)
Locations: Journal of Personality (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
Keywords: narcissism, self-esteem, positive illusions, self-assessment, gender differences, university students

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Narcissistic Illusions in Self‐Evaluations of Intelligence and Attractiveness

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