The DOI matches its Crossref record; 28 of the 28 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Three‐month‐olds, but not newborns, prefer own‐race faces
Open accessAbstract
Adults are sensitive to the physical differences that define ethnic groups. However, the age at which we become sensitive to ethnic differences is currently unclear. Our study aimed to clarify this by testing newborns and young infants for sensitivity to ethnicity using a visual preference (VP) paradigm. While newborn infants demonstrated no spontaneous preference for faces from either their own‐ or other‐ethnic groups, 3‐month‐old infants demonstrated a significant preference for faces from their own‐ethnic group. These results suggest that preferential selectivity based on ethnic differences is not present in the first days of life, but is learned within the first 3 months of life. The findings imply that adults’ perceptions of ethnic differences are learned and derived from differences in exposure to own‐ versus other‐race faces during early development.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Imitation of Facial and Manual Gestures by Human Neonates
Meltzoff, A. N., & Moore, M. K. (1977) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.198.4312.75 · Cited by 3,263
Newborns' preferential tracking of face-like stimuli and its subsequent decline
Johnson, M. H., Dziurawiec, S., Ellis, H., & Morton, J. (1991) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/0010-0277(91)90045-6 · Cited by 1,462
A Unified Account of the Effects of Distinctiveness, Inversion, and Race in Face Recognition
Valentine, T. (1991) · The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A · doi:10.1080/14640749108400966 · Cited by 1,386
Thirty years of investigating the own-race bias in memory for faces: a meta-analytic review
Meissner, C. A., & Brigham, J. C. (2001) · Psychology, Public Policy, and Law · doi:10.1037/1076-8971.7.1.3 · Cited by 1,204
Visual Following and Pattern Discrimination of Face-like Stimuli by Newborn Infants
Goren, C. C., Sarty, M., & Wu, P. Y. K. (1975) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.56.4.544 · Cited by 1,158
CONSPEC and CONLERN: A two-process theory of infant face recognition.
Morton, J., & Johnson, M. H. (1991) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037//0033-295x.98.2.164 · Cited by 1,123
Is Face Processing Species-Specific During the First Year of Life?
Pascalis, O., de Haan, M., & Nelson, C. A. (2002) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1070223 · Cited by 900
Self-citationRepresentation of the Gender of Human Faces by Infants: A Preference for Female
Quinn, P. C., Yahr, J., Kuhn, A., Slater, A. M., & Pascalis, O. (2002) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p3331 · Cited by 679
Self-citationPattern Vision in Newborn Infants
Fantz, R. L. (1963) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.140.3564.296 · Cited by 676
Race in the Making: Cognition, Culture, and the Child's Construction of Human Kinds
Hirschfeld, L. A. (1996) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/5734.001.0001 · Cited by 628
Cited by
Social evaluation by preverbal infants
Hamlin, J. K., Wynn, K., & Bloom, P. (2007) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature06288 · Cited by 1,566
Spelke, E. S., & Kinzler, K. D. (2007) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2007.00569.x · Cited by 1,089
Three‐month‐olds show a negativity bias in their social evaluations
Kiley Hamlin, J., Wynn, K., & Bloom, P. (2010) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2010.00951.x · Cited by 494
Race as a Bundle of Sticks: Designs that Estimate Effects of Seemingly Immutable Characteristics
Sen, M., & Wasow, O. (2016) · Annual Review of Political Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-032015-010015 · Cited by 422
Development of the other-race effect during infancy: Evidence toward universality?
Kelly, D. J., Liu, S., Lee, K., Quinn, P. C., Pascalis, O., Slater, A. M., & Ge, L. (2009) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2009.01.006 · Cited by 317
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Kelly, D. J., Quinn, P. C., Slater, A. M., Lee, K., Gibson, A., Smith, M., Ge, L., & Pascalis, O.
- Venue
- Developmental Science
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2005-10-25
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- F31-6
- ISSN
- 1363-755X (ISSN-L)
- 1467-7687
- OpenAlex
- W2154285871
- Cited by
- 686
- References
- 28
- FWCI
- 5.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Three‐month‐olds, but not newborns, prefer own‐race faces. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2005.0434a.x
- The paper
- Kelly, D. J., Quinn, P. C., Slater, A. M., Lee, K., Gibson, A., Smith, M., Ge, L., & Pascalis, O. (2005). Three‐month‐olds, but not newborns, prefer own‐race faces. Developmental Science. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2005.0434a.x
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.