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Environmental correlates of physical activity in youth – a review and update
Open accessAbstract
Summary: Obesogenic environments are thought to underlie the increased obesity prevalence observed in youth during the past decades. Understanding the environmental factors that are associated with physical activity (PA) in youth is needed to better inform the development of effective intervention strategies attempting to halt the obesity epidemic. We conducted a systematic semi‐quantitative review of 150 studies on environmental correlates of youth PA published in the past 25 years. The ANalysis Grid for Environments Linked to Obesity (ANGELO) framework was used to classify the environmental correlates studied. Most studies retrieved used cross‐sectional designs and subjective measures of environmental factors and PA. Variables of the home and school environments were especially associated with children’s PA. Most consistent positive correlates of PA were father’s PA, time spent outdoors and school PA‐related policies (in children), and support from significant others, mother’s education level, family income, and non‐vocational school attendance (in adolescents). Low crime incidence (in adolescents) was characteristic of the neighbourhood environment associated with higher PA. Convincing evidence of an important role for many other environmental factors was, however, not found. Further research should aim at longitudinal and intervention studies, and use more objective measures of PA and its potential (environmental) determinants.
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“In contrast to these findings, a review of studies published through 2004 concluded that availability or accessibility of physical activity equipment, facilities, and programs was unrelated to physical activity levels in youth.344”
From Population Approaches to Improve Diet, Physical Activity, and Smoking Habits: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2012) · cites this paper as [344]
In the citing paper
“When different aspects of safety were evaluated, most studies evaluating traffic safety (eg, related to aspects of road or pedestrian crossings) observed positive relationships with children’s physical activity.”
From Population Approaches to Improve Diet, Physical Activity, and Smoking Habits: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2012) · cites this paper as [344]
In the citing paper
“In 2 studies using objective measures of neighborhood crime, significant inverse associations with children’s physical activity were seen.”
From Population Approaches to Improve Diet, Physical Activity, and Smoking Habits: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2012) · cites this paper as [344]
In the citing paper
“In the great majority of studies, parental perceptions of overall neighborhood safety were positively associated with children’s physical activity.”
From Population Approaches to Improve Diet, Physical Activity, and Smoking Habits: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2012) · cites this paper as [344]
In the citing paper
“For self-reported measures of crime or personal danger, findings were often mixed and nonsignificant.”
From Population Approaches to Improve Diet, Physical Activity, and Smoking Habits: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2012) · cites this paper as [344]
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ResultAdams, M. A., Ryan, S., Kerr, J., Sallis, J. F., Patrick, K., Frank, L. D., & Norman, G. J. (2009) · Journal of Physical Activity and Health · doi:10.1123/jpah.6.s1.s113 · Cited by 169
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Kaushal, N., & Rhodes, R. E. (2014) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.07.026 · Cited by 175
“Researchers have identified several correlates of PA behavior which can be broadly defined into categories of: demographic, biological, intra-individual/psychological, behavioral, social/inter-individual, environmental and policy (Bauman et al., 2012; Ferreira et al., 2007; Trost et al., 2002).”
BackgroundChow, C. K., Lock, K., Teo, K., Subramanian, S., McKee, M., & Yusuf, S. (2009) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyn258 · Cited by 160
Memari, A. H., Panahi, N., Ranjbar, E., Moshayedi, P., Shafiei, M., Kordi, R., & Ziaee, V. (2015) · Neurology Research International · doi:10.1155/2015/531906 · Cited by 161
Brug, J., Kremers, S. P., Lenthe, F. V., Ball, K., & Crawford, D. (2008) · Proceedings of the Nutrition Society · doi:10.1017/s0029665108008616 · Cited by 157
Self-citationMuthuri, S. K., Onywera, V. O., Tremblay, M. S., Broyles, S. T., Chaput, J., Fogelholm, M., Hu, G., Kuriyan, R., Kurpad, A. V., Lambert, E. V., et al. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0147746 · Cited by 156
“It is noteworthy that mothers’ education level is more often examined and relationships consistently found in these papers [9, 24, 25].”
BackgroundResultFactors of physical activity among Chinese children and adolescents: a systematic review
Lu, C., Stolk, R. P., Sauer, P. J. J., Sijtsma, A., Wiersma, R., Huang, G., & Corpeleijn, E. (2017) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-017-0486-y · Cited by 155
“We presented the correlates for children and adolescents separately, because, due to differences in age, results might show differences as demonstrated in previous studies [18, 22].”
ResultJones, A., Coombes, E. G., Griffin, S. J., & van Sluijs, E. M. F. (2009) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/1479-5868-6-42 · Cited by 166
The role of grandparents in childhood obesity in China - evidence from a mixed methods study
Bai, L., Adab, P., & Cheng, K. K. (2015) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-015-0251-z · Cited by 148
“However, a review of methods for assessing physical activity patterns in children concluded that parent-proxy reports were more accurate than children’s self reports [61].”
Backgroundvan Stralen, M. M., Yıldırım, M., Wulp, A., te Velde, S. J., Verloigne, M., Doessegger, A., Androutsos, O., Kovács, É., Brug, J., & Chinapaw, M. J. M. (2014) · Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport · doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2013.04.019 · Cited by 144
Self-citationThe value of (pre)school playgrounds for children's physical activity level: a systematic review
Broekhuizen, K., Scholten, A.-M., & de Vries, S. I. (2014) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/1479-5868-11-59 · Cited by 145
“Several reviews have summarized the evidence on correlates of children’s physical activity [10-15].”
BackgroundBauer, K. W., Neumark‐Sztainer, D., Fulkerson, J. A., Hannan, P. J., & Story, M. T. (2011) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/1479-5868-8-25 · Cited by 161
“In their review of environmental correlates of PA in youth, Ferriera et al [10] noted that studies that utilized parental report of their own activity were more likely to show associations between parental PA and adolescents’ activity, a factor that may have contributed to the associations between parental PA and girl…”
BackgroundMapping the Walk to School Using Accelerometry Combined with a Global Positioning System
Cooper, A. R., Page, A. S., Wheeler, B. W., Griew, P., Davis, L., Hillsdon, M. M., & Jago, R. (2010) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2009.10.036 · Cited by 143
Patnode, C. D., Lytle, L. A., Erickson, D. J., Sirard, J. R., Barr‐Anderson, D. J., & Story, M. T. (2010) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/1479-5868-7-79 · Cited by 157
“Of more recent interest is the relationship between the home and neighborhood environments and PA [18-20].”
Lambert, A., Vlaar, J., Herrington, S., & BRUSSONI, M. J. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16203840 · Cited by 141
“One of the most robust findings links time spent in outdoor play to physical activity, indicating that children playing outside are more physically active and less sedentary than when indoors [5,6].”
BackgroundVerloigne, M., Lippevelde, W. V., Maes, L., Brug, J., & Bourdeaudhuij, I. D. (2012) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980011003168 · Cited by 140
“The coding of results was similar to previous reviews (8,9,14,16,38) and is also explained in the footnotes to Tables 3–6, where each studied correlate received a final summary association code: no association, an indeterminate association or a positive or negative association.”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationSport-based youth development interventions in the United States: a systematic review
Whitley, M. A., Massey, W. V., Camiré, M., Boutet, M., & Borbee, A. (2019) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-019-6387-z · Cited by 122
Eime, R., Harvey, J. T., Craike, M. J., Symons, C. M., & Payne, W. R. (2013) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/1479-5868-10-50 · Cited by 158
“especially so in younger years and regardless of the child’s gender [68], but when a relationship is found between the mother’s support and their child’s PA, it is more often associated with girls [68].”
Vanhees, L., SUTTER, J. D., Geladas, N. D., Doyle, F., Prescott, E., Cornelissen, V., Kouidi, E. J., Dugmore, D., Vanuzzo, D., Börjesson, M., et al. (2012) · European Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1177/2047487312437059 · Cited by 145
“For example, both attendance at non-vocational schools for adolescents and school PArelated policies were consistent predictors of childhood PA levels in a recent systematic review.(69) Furthermore, cycling or walking to school is on the decrease, due to real or perceived traffic danger,(68,69,76) and lower PA levels…”
BackgroundFactors Related to Objectively Measured Physical Activity in Preschool Children
Pfeiffer, K. A., Dowda, M. C., McIver, K. L., & Pate, R. R. (2009) · Pediatric Exercise Science · doi:10.1123/pes.21.2.196 · Cited by 136
“A recent review that investigated environmental correlates of physical activity in youth did not identify distance to parks or home equipment for physical activity to be among the most consistent correlates of activity (5).”
BackgroundSpittaels, H., Verloigne, M., Gidlow, C. J., Gloanec, J., Titze, S., Foster, C. E., Oppert, J., Rutter, H., Oja, P., Sjöstróm, M., et al. (2010) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/1479-5868-7-48 · Cited by 133
“Also in youth, only some specific consistent associations were found between environmental factors and physical activity [6].”
BackgroundPredictors of time spent outdoors among children: 5-year longitudinal findings
Cleland, V. J., Timperio, A. F., Salmon, J., Hume, C., Baur, L. A., & Crawford, D. A. (2009) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.2009.087460 · Cited by 133
“Although existing evidence examining relationships between time outdoors and children’s physical activity has been cross-sectional and primarily on preschool-aged children, findings suggest that time spent outdoors is positively associated with physical activity.(8) 9 One longitudinal study found that for every additi…”
BackgroundDeforche, B. I., Dyck, D. V., Verloigne, M., & Bourdeaudhuij, I. D. (2009) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2009.08.017 · Cited by 133
“Most present studies investigating physical environmental correlates of adolescents’ physical activity are conducted in the US, Canada, or Australia (see review by Davison and Lawson, 2006; Ferreira et al., 2007).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialCisłak, A., Safron, M., Pratt, M., Gaspar, T., & Łuszczyńska, A. (2011) · Child Care Health and Development · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2214.2011.01285.x · Cited by 132
Fundamental movement skill performance of preschool children in relation to family context
Cools, W., Martelaer, K. D., Samaey, C., & Andries, C. (2011) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2010.551540 · Cited by 129
“During early childhood, interests, skills, and confidence in physical activity are founded within family and school contexts (Ferreira et al., 2006; Gallahue & Ozmun, 2006).”
BackgroundHecke, L. V., Ghekiere, A., Veitch, J., Dyck, D. V., Cauwenberg, J. V., Clarys, P., & Deforche, B. I. (2018) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2018.03.008 · Cited by 129
Owen, K. B., Nau, T., Reece, L. J., Bellew, W., Rose, C. L., Bauman, A. E., Halim, N. K., & Smith, B. J. (2022) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-022-01263-7 · Cited by 135
“Similarly, Ferreira, Van Der Horst [6] conducted a large review on environmental correlates of physical activity, including socioeconomic status, among children and reported inconsistent findings.”
BackgroundEnvironmental factors associated with physical activity in childcare centers
Henderson, K. E., Grode, G. M., O’Connell, M., & Schwartz, M. B. (2015) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-015-0198-0 · Cited by 124
“Given the importance of establishing a pattern of regular physical activity early in life [4,5], understanding environmental factors that affect the activity levels of young children is essential.”
BackgroundCumulative Adversity in Childhood and Emergent Risk Factors for Long-Term Health
Slopen, N. B., Koenen, K. C., & Kubzansky, L. D. (2013) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.11.003 · Cited by 128
Hankonen, N. E., Heino, M. T. J., Kujala, E., Hynynen, S.-T., Absetz, P., Araújo‐Soares, V., Borodulin, K., & Haukkala, A. (2017) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3880-5 · Cited by 126
“SES differences in PA appear already in youth [10], and worldwide, this difference has increased over the last decade [6, 11].”
Backgroundde Vries, S. I., Hopman-Rock, M., Bakker, I. M. C., Hirasing, R. A., & van Mechelen, W. (2010) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph7052309 · Cited by 122
“Most of these studies have been performed in the United States and Australia [13,21].”
BackgroundThe FLASHE Study: Survey Development, Dyadic Perspectives, and Participant Characteristics
Nebeling, L. C., Hennessy, E., Oh, A., Dwyer, L. A., Patrick, H., Blanck, H. M., Perna, F. M., Ferrer, R. A., & Yaroch, A. L. (2017) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2017.01.028 · Cited by 122
Correlates of objectively measured physical activity and sedentary behaviour in English children
King, A. C., Parkinson, K. N., Adamson, A., Murray, L. S., Besson, H., Reilly, J. J., Basterfield, L., & the Gateshead Millennium Study Core Team (2010) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckq104 · Cited by 121
Jerrett, M., McConnell, R., Chang, C.-C., Wolch, J. R., Reynolds, K. D., Lurmann, F., Gilliland, F. D., & Berhane, K. T. (2009) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2009.09.026 · Cited by 122
“Another review suggested that home and school environments influenced physical activity levels in children, whereas low residential crime incidence was associated with more physical activity in adolescents (Ferreira et al., 2007).”
BackgroundKörperlich-sportliche Aktivität und Nutzung elektronischer Medien im Kindes- und Jugendalter
KiGGS Study Group, Manz, K., Schlack, R., Poethko‐Müller, C., Mensink, G., Finger, J. D., & Lampert, T. (2014) · Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz · doi:10.1007/s00103-014-1986-4 · Cited by 121
Metadata
- Authors
- Ferreira, I., Van Der Horst, K., Wendel‐Vos, W., Kremers, S., Van Lenthe, F. J., & Brug, J.
- Affiliations
- Erasmus MC (NL)
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (NL)
- Maastricht University (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Brug, J.
- Venue
- Obesity Reviews
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2006-08-22
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 129-154
- ISSN
- 1467-7881 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-789X
- OpenAlex
- W2068241985
- Cited by
- 993
- References
- 243
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 50 · 2020: 56 · 2019: 48 · 2018: 45 · 2017: 51 · 2016: 54 · 2015: 81 · 2014: 77 · 2013: 78 · 2012: 72
- FWCI
- 3.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Obesity Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (publishedVersion)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion)
- Rivm (National Institute for Public Health and the Environment) (submittedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Social Sciences › Transportation › Urban Transport and Accessibility
- Keywords
- physical activity, youth, environmental correlates, childhood obesity, adolescents, family environment, school environment, parental physical activity, neighborhood crime, school physical activity policy, social support, household income
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Child, Child, Preschool, Cross-Sectional Studies, Educational Status, Environment, Family Relations, Humans, Motor Activity, Obesity, Socioeconomic Factors, Global Health, Prevalence
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