Environmental and societal influences acting on cardiovascular risk factors and disease at a population level: a review
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It has long been known that cardiovascular disease (CVD) rates vary considerably among populations, across space and through time. It is now apparent that most of the attributable risk for myocardial infarction 'within' populations from across the world can be ascribed to the varying levels of a limited number of risk factors among individuals in a population. Individual risk factors (e.g. blood pressure) can be modified with resulting health gains. Yet, the persistence of large international variations in cardiovascular risk factors and resulting CVD incidence and mortality indicates that there are additional factors that apply to 'populations' that are important to understand as part of a comprehensive approach to CVD control. This article reviews the evidence on why certain populations are more at risk than others.
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Few studies evaluated walkability and adiposity in either children or adults, with a minority of these observing positive findings.
“Few studies evaluated walkability and adiposity in either children or adults, with a minority of these observing positive findings.”
From Population Approaches to Improve Diet, Physical Activity, and Smoking Habits: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2012) · cites this paper as [358]
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- Authors
- Chow, C. K., Lock, K., Teo, K., Subramanian, S., McKee, M., & Yusuf, S.
- Affiliations
- Population Health Research Institute (CA)
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (GB)
- Harvard University (US)
- Venue
- International Journal of Epidemiology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2009-03-04
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1580-1594
- ISSN
- 0300-5771 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-3685
- PMC
- PMC2786248
- OpenAlex
- W2143426262
- Cited by
- 160
- References
- 134
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 23
- FWCI
- 2.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- International Journal of Epidemiology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (PDF/01/2008/031)
- National Institutes of Health
- National Health and Medical Research Council
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (K25 HL081275), 1 K25 HL081275, HL081275)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Risk Factors
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Healthcare Systems and Public Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Health Promotion and Cardiovascular Prevention
- Keywords
- cardiovascular disease, cardiovascular risk factors, environmental influences, societal influence, myocardial infarction, cardiovascular disease control, cardiovascular mortality, cardiovascular disease incidence
- MeSH terms
- Air Pollution, Cardiovascular Diseases, Environment, Humans, Obesity, Risk Factors, Smoking, Population Groups
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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