The DOI matches its Crossref record; 63 of the 63 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Physical activity, fitness and fatness: relations to mortality, morbidity and disease risk factors. A systematic review
Abstract
Summary: The purpose of this systematic review was to study the relative health risks of poor cardio‐respiratory fitness (or physical inactivity) in normal‐weight people vs. obesity in individuals with good cardio‐respiratory fitness (or high physical activity). The core inclusion criteria were: publication year 1990 or later; adult participants; design prospective follow‐up, case–control or cross‐sectional; data on cardio‐respiratory fitness and/or physical activity; data on BMI (body mass index), waist circumference or body composition; outcome data on all‐cause mortality, cardiovascular disease mortality, cardiovascular disease incidence, type 2 diabetes or cardiovascular and type 2 diabetes risk factors. Thirty‐six publications filled the criteria for inclusion. The data indicate that the risk for all‐cause and cardiovascular mortality was lower in individuals with high BMI and good aerobic fitness, compared with individuals with normal BMI and poor fitness. In contrast, having high BMI even with high physical activity was a greater risk for the incidence of type 2 diabetes and the prevalence of cardiovascular and diabetes risk factors, compared with normal BMI with low physical activity. The conclusions of the present review may not be applicable to individuals with BMI > 35.
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“Poor fitness or low PA in physically unfit individuals is a greater all-cause and cardiovascular mortality risk than obesity in physically fit individual (185).”
From Lack of Exercise Is a Major Cause of Chronic Diseases (2012) · cites this paper as [185]
In the citing paper
“for individuals with BMI of 25–35 having high BMI even with high physical activity were at a greater risk for the incidence of T2D and the prevalence of cardiovascular and diabetes risk factors, compared with normal BMI with low physical activity.”
From Lack of Exercise Is a Major Cause of Chronic Diseases (2012) · cites this paper as [185]
In the citing paper
“one of the mechanisms by which physical fitness and activity reduce health risk associated with high BMI is by decreasing fat-to-lean mass ratio and also by decreasing visceral-to-subcutaneous fat ratio.”
From Lack of Exercise Is a Major Cause of Chronic Diseases (2012) · cites this paper as [185]
In the citing paper
“decreasing VAT is particularly important for BMIs between 25 and 30 (185).”
From Lack of Exercise Is a Major Cause of Chronic Diseases (2012) · cites this paper as [185]
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HASKELL, W. L., LEE, I.-M., PATE, R. R., POWELL, K. E., BLAIR, S. N., FRANKLIN, B. A., MACERA, C. A., HEATH, G. W., THOMPSON, P. D., & BAUMAN, A. (2007) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3180616b27 · Cited by 4,616
The anti-inflammatory effect of exercise
Petersen, A. M. W., & Pedersen, B. K. (2005) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00164.2004 · Cited by 3,100 · cited 1×
“Moreover, the working muscle acts as an endocrine organ by producing interleukin-6 that has anti-inflammatory properties (51,53).”
BackgroundPhysical activity and reduced occurrence of non–insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
Helmrich, S. P., Ragland, D. R., Leung, R. W., & Paffenbarger, R. S. (1991) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199107183250302 · Cited by 1,634
Effects of the amount and intensity of exercise on plasma lipoproteins
Kraus, W. E., Houmard, J. A., Duscha, B. D., Knetzger, K. J., Wharton, M. B., McCartney, J. S., Bales, C. W., Henes, S., Samsa, G. P., Otvos, J. D., et al. (2002) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa020194 · Cited by 1,554
Effect of Exercise on Coronary Endothelial Function in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease
Hambrecht, R., Wolf, A., Gielen, S., Linke, A., Hofer, J., Erbs, S., Schoene, N., & Schuler, G. (2000) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm200002173420702 · Cited by 1,340
Wei, M. (1999) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.282.16.1547 · Cited by 1,168
Is physical activity or physical fitness more important in defining health benefits?
Blair, S. N., Cheng, Y. J., & HOLDER, J. S. (2001) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-200106001-00007 · Cited by 1,140
Adiposity as Compared with Physical Activity in Predicting Mortality among Women
Hu, F. B., Willett, W. C., Li, T., Stampfer, M. J., Colditz, G. A., & Manson, J. E. (2004) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa042135 · Cited by 820
A Prospective Study of Exercise and Incidence of Diabetes Among US Male Physicians
Manson, J. E. (1992) · JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association · doi:10.1001/jama.1992.03490010065031 · Cited by 778
BLAIR, S. N., & BRODNEY, S. (1999) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-199911001-00025 · Cited by 704
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Exercise as medicine - evidence for prescribing exercise as therapy in 26 different chronic diseases
Pedersen, B. K., & Saltin, B. (2015) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.12581 · Cited by 3,514
Lack of Exercise Is a Major Cause of Chronic Diseases
Booth, F. W., Roberts, C. K., & Laye, M. J. (2012) · Comprehensive Physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.c110025 · Cited by 2,575
Ross, R., Blair, S. N., Arena, R., Church, T. S., Després, J.-P., Franklin, B. A., Haskell, W. L., Kaminsky, L. A., Levine, B. D., Lavie, C. J., et al. (2016) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000461 · Cited by 2,486
Virani, S. S., Newby, L. K., Arnold, S. V., Bittner, V., Brewer, L. C., Demeter, S. H., Dixon, D. L., Fearon, W. F., Hess, B., Johnson, H. M., et al. (2023) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000001168 · Cited by 1,598
Physical activity, exercise, and chronic diseases: A brief review
Anderson, E., & Durstine, J. L. (2019) · Sports Medicine and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.smhs.2019.08.006 · Cited by 1,162
Metadata
- Authors
- Fogelholm, M.
- Affiliations
- Research Council of Finland (FI)
- Corresponding author
- Fogelholm, M.
- ORCID
- Fogelholm, M.
- Venue
- Obesity Reviews
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2010-02-22
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 202-221
- ISSN
- 1467-7881 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-789X
- OpenAlex
- W2041545551
- Cited by
- 517
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 43 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 44 · 2014: 43 · 2013: 54 · 2012: 50
- FWCI
- 3.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Obesity Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Keywords
- cardiorespiratory fitness, physical activity, obesity, body mass index, all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, cardiovascular disease incidence, type 2 diabetes, diabetes risk factors, cardiovascular risk factors, physical inactivity, waist circumference, body composition
- MeSH terms
- Cardiovascular Diseases, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Humans, Morbidity, Obesity, Physical Fitness, Risk Factors, Exercise, Body Mass Index, Overweight
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