A Prospective Study of Exercise and Incidence of Diabetes Among US Male Physicians
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To examine prospectively the association between regular exercise and the subsequent development of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). DESIGN: Prospective cohort study including 5 years of follow-up. PARTICIPANTS: 21,271 US male physicians participating in the Physicians' Health Study, aged 40 to 84 years and free of diagnosed diabetes mellitus, myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular disease, and cancer at baseline. Morbidity follow-up was 99.7% complete. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Incidence of NIDDM. RESULTS: At baseline, information was obtained about frequency of vigorous exercise and other risk indicators. During 105,141 person-years of follow-up, 285 new cases of NIDDM were reported. The age-adjusted incidence of NIDDM ranged from 369 cases per 100,000 person-years in men who engaged in vigorous exercise less than once weekly to 214 cases per 100,000 person-years in those exercising at least five times per week (P, trend, less than .001). Men who exercised at least once per week had an age-adjusted relative risk (RR) of NIDDM of 0.64 (95% Cl, 0.51 to 0.82; P = .0003) compared with those who exercised less frequently. The age-adjusted RR of NIDDM decreased with increasing frequency of exercise: 0.77 for once weekly, 0.62 for two to four times per week, and 0.58 for five or more times per week (P, trend, .0002). A significant reduction in risk of NIDDM persisted after adjustment for both age and body-mass index: RR, 0.71 (95% Cl, 0.56 to 0.91; P = .006) for at least once per week compared with less than once weekly, and P, trend, .009, for increasing frequency of exercise. Further control for smoking, hypertension, and other coronary risk factors did not materially alter these associations. The inverse relation of exercise to risk of NIDDM was particularly pronounced among overweight men. CONCLUSIONS: Exercise appears to reduce the development of NIDDM even after adjusting for body-mass index. Increased physical activity may be a promising approach to the primary prevention of NIDDM.
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These epidemiological prospective studies demonstrated that various levels of regular physical activity once to several times a week were associated with a decreased incidence of the disease at long-term follow-up (14 years and five years respectively).
“These epidemiological prospective studies demonstrated that various levels of regular physical activity once to several times a week were associated with a decreased incidence of the disease at long-term follow-up (14 years and five years respectively) (Helmrich 1991;Manson 1992).”
From Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (2017) · cites this paper as Manson 1992
There are prospective cohort studies that have shown that increased physical activity, independent of other risk factors, has a protective effect against the development of T2DM.
“There are prospective cohort studies that have shown that increased physical activity, independent of other risk factors, has a protective effect against the development of T2DM (Helmrich 1991;Manson 1992).”
From Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (2017) · cites this paper as Manson 1992
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- Authors
- Manson, J. E.
- Corresponding author
- Manson, JoAnn E.
- ORCID
- Manson, JoAnn E.
- Venue
- JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 1992-07-01
- Volume
- 268
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 63
- ISSN
- 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
- 0098-7484
- OpenAlex
- W4242270851
- Cited by
- 778
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 39
- FWCI
- 9.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- JAMA (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Cancer Institute (CA-40356)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK 36798, R01DK036798)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Keywords
- physical activity, type 2 diabetes, type 2 diabetes incidence, diabetes prevention, male physicians, body mass index, overweight, primary prevention, risk factors, smoking, hypertension, coronary risk factors, Physicians' Health Study, exercise frequency, high-intensity exercise, cancer risk reduction, quality of life
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Physicians, Prospective Studies, United States, Health Behavior, Exercise, Incidence, Logistic Models
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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