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Bariatric surgery, bone loss, obesity and possible mechanisms
Abstract
Summary: Bariatric surgery remains the most effective treatment for severely obese patients. However, the potential long‐term effects of bariatric surgical procedures on health, including bone health, are only partially understood. The goal of this review was to present data on the impact of bariatric surgery on bone metabolism and to analyse possible reasons for the loss of bone mass that frequently occurs after bariatric surgery. Such factors include nutritional deficiencies, rapid weight loss per se, effects of fat‐derived adipokines and gut‐derived appetite‐regulatory hormones. However, the relative roles of these factors in skeletal regulation and the mechanisms by which they work are not yet fully defined. Our review was focussed on the complex relationship between body weight, fat mass and bone mass, as well as peripheral and central mediators potentially involved in the dual regulation of both energy and bone homeostasis. We also review the data on the inverse relationship between central obesity, bone marrow fat and osteoporosis. As the number of bariatric operations increases, it is imperative to recognize mechanisms responsible for bariatric surgery‐induced bone loss, with careful monitoring of bone health including long‐term fracture incidence in patients undergoing these procedures.
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“Sleeve gastrectomy is becoming increasingly common, with weight loss falling between the purely restrictive and malabsorptive procedures (1 to 2 year weight loss: 20-30%; excess BMI loss: 45-80%).36, 46-50.”
From Bone loss after bariatric surgery: causes, consequences, and management (2014) · cites this paper as [50]
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BackgroundUncoupling protein-1 is protective of bone mass under mild cold stress conditions
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Shahraki, M. S., Mahmoudieh, M., Kalidari, B., Melali, H., Mousavi, M., Abadi, M. R. G., Mirhosseini, S. H., & Dehabadi, S. A. M. (2022) · Advanced Biomedical Research · doi:10.4103/abr.abr_182_21 · Cited by 25
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Micronutrient Deficiencies Following Minimally Invasive Esophagectomy for Cancer
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“Nonetheless, similar to other types of gastric surgery [17,21], Elliot et al.”
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“Long-term complications include gallstone disease (25) and bone loss (26).”
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Self-citationOsteoporosis: From Bone Biology to Individual Treatment Decision
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Svanevik, M., Risstad, H., Hofsø, D., Blom-Høgestøl, I. K., Kristinsson, J. A., Sandbu, R., Småstuen, M. C., Thorsby, P. M., Mala, T., & Hjelmesaeth, J. S. (2019) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11695-019-03909-1 · Cited by 16
Guerrero‐Pérez, F., Casajoana, A., Gómez‐Vaquero, C., Virgili, N. M., López‐Urdiales, R., Hernández-Montoliu, L., Pujol-Gebellí, J., Osorio, J., Prats, A. R., Vidal‐Alabró, A., et al. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm9061830 · Cited by 17
“Bariatric surgery produces detrimental effects on bone health and there is a significant and non-uniform reduction in BMD across different bone sites [3,16,41,42].”
BackgroundWei, J., Hunter, D. J., Lane, N. E., Wu, J., Zeng, C., Lei, G., & Zhang, Y. (2023) · Arthritis & Rheumatology · doi:10.1002/art.42754 · Cited by 16
“42 Taken together, the discordant fi ndings between the all-cause mortality outcome and each of the other outcomes in the fast rate of weight loss group compared with the reference group might be attributed to the potential drawbacks (eg, myo fi brilla damage and increased risk of metabolic bone…”
BackgroundLong-Term Bone Health After Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass: A Pilot Study
Cook, F., Khanna, I., Giordano, J., Matarese, L. E., & Hudson, S. (2017) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.4158/ep171823.or · Cited by 15
Physical activity and sitting time in bariatric surgery patients 1–16 years post‐surgery
Herman, K. M., Carver, T. E., Christou, N. V., & Andersen, R. E. (2014) · Clinical Obesity · doi:10.1111/cob.12069 · Cited by 15
“PA increases total daily energy expenditure, improves abdominal visceral fat loss (23) and attenuates the loss of lean muscle mass and bone mineral density which accompanies large weight losses (24,25), thus helping to optimize energy balance and physical functioning compared with weight loss without exercise.”
BackgroundEffects of bariatric surgery on bone
Uebelhart, B. (2016) · Joint Bone Spine · doi:10.1016/j.jbspin.2016.02.013 · Cited by 13
The impact of obesity on bone health: an overview
Mendonça, F. M., Soares, R. A., Carvalho, D. M., & Freitas, P. (2022) · Endokrynologia Polska · doi:10.5603/ep.a2022.0063 · Cited by 14
Bariatric Surgery: Bad to the Bone, Part 1.
Pizzorno, L. (2016) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 12
Bsm1 Vitamin D Receptor Polymorphism and Calcium Homeostasis Following Bariatric Surgery
Alexandrou, A. P., Armeni, E., Kaparos, G., Rizos, D., Tsoka, E., Deligeoroglou, E., Creatsa, M. G., Augoulea, A., Diamantis, T., & Lambrinoudaki, I. V. (2014) · Journal of Investigative Surgery · doi:10.3109/08941939.2014.943857 · Cited by 12
“significant associations between post-surgical weight loss and increased markers of bone remodeling [3, 39, 40], which is in agreement with our findings.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialLima, T. P., Nicoletti, C. F., Marchini, J. S., Salgado, W., & Nonino, C. B. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Densitometry · doi:10.1016/j.jocd.2014.08.002 · Cited by 11
Outcomes of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy in elderly obese Japanese patients
Hayashi, A., Maeda, Y., Takemoto, M., Tokuyama, H., Koide, H., Kitahara, A., Hayashi, H., Kitamoto, T., Yamaga, M., Kobayashi, K., et al. (2017) · Geriatrics and gerontology international/Geriatrics & gerontology international · doi:10.1111/ggi.13022 · Cited by 11
Zarshenas, N., Tapsell, L. C., Batterham, M. J., Neale, E. P., & Talbot, M. L. (2022) · Nutrition & Dietetics · doi:10.1111/1747-0080.12747 · Cited by 10
“suggests a strong inverse relationship between total fat mass and bone mineral density, discussing the consequence of obesity and its related metabolic syndrome in bone formation rate, bone mineral density and increasing fractures.(30) Given the impact of weight loss on metabolic bone health following bariatric surger…”
BackgroundBariatric surgery, weight loss and bone
White, C. P. (2013) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/nrendo.2013.189 · Cited by 10
VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY AND PARATOHOMMONIUM INCREASE IN LATE POSTOPERATIVE GASTRIC BYPASS IN ROUX-EN-Y
Mônaco-Ferreira, D. V., Leandro‐Merhi, V. A., Aranha, N. C., Brandalise, A., & Brandalise, N. A. (2018) · ABCD Arquivos Brasileiros de Cirurgia Digestiva (São Paulo) · doi:10.1590/0102-672020180001e1407 · Cited by 10
“2/5 ABCD Arq Bras Cir Dig 2018;31(4):e1407”
InfluentialRobinson, D. E., Douglas, I., Tan, G. D., Delmestri, A., Judge, A., Cooper, C. C., Javaid, M. K., Strauss, V. Y., & Prieto‐Alhambra, D. (2021) · Journal of Bone and Mineral Research · doi:10.1002/jbmr.4405 · Cited by 9
“The mechanisms behind the identified increased incidence and potential predictors of major fractures are not known.((23)) After bariatric surgery, patients experience nutritional deficits, including deficits in the absorption of calcium and vitamin D, key nutrients for bone health.”
BackgroundHany, M., Wuyts, S. C. M., Abouelnasr, A. A., Zidan, A., Demerdash, H. M., Hussein, H. A. S. M., Arida, R. E., Elsharkawi, S. M., Kramers, C., & Torensma, B. (2024) · Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.soard.2024.10.034 · Cited by 8
Hammoud, E., Jacob, C., Pinti, A., Khalil, N., Hage, Z. E., Toumi, H., & Hage, R. E. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Densitometry · doi:10.1016/j.jocd.2024.101556 · Cited by 8
The Impact of Bariatric Surgery on Bone Health: State of the Art and New Recognized Links
Mendonça, F. M., Soares, R. A., Carvalho, D. M., & Freitas, P. (2022) · Hormone and Metabolic Research · doi:10.1055/a-1767-5581 · Cited by 8
“This hormone – which is produced in the gastric antrum and fundus – is thought to be an important player in the long-term maintenance of energy stores as it stimulates appetite and decreases energy expenditure [106].”
BackgroundHofsø, D., Bollerslev, J., Sandbu, R., Jørgensen, A. P., Godang, K., Hjelmesaeth, J. S., & Ueland, T. (2016) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-016-0903-z · Cited by 8
The hunger games of skeletal metabolism
Wee, N. K. Y., & Baldock, P. A. J. (2014) · BoneKEy Reports · doi:10.1038/bonekey.2014.83 · Cited by 7
“These responses have great interest in terms of obesity and glycaemic control; however, they are also likely to shed light upon their influence upon bone mass (reviewed in Brzozowska et al.(70)).”
BackgroundSelf-citationSchakarowski, F. B., Padoin, A. V., Mottin, C. C., & de Castro, E. K. (2018) · Temas em Psicologia · doi:10.9788/tp2018.1-13pt · Cited by 6
Transient osteoporosis of the hip after bariatric surgery
Hong, C. S., Bergen, M. A., & Watters, T. S. (2018) · Arthroplasty Today · doi:10.1016/j.artd.2018.10.010 · Cited by 5
“data on the direct effects of bariatric surgery on bone density in patients postoperatively [24], so it is unclear if this could be a factor contributing to TOH in this patient population.”
Background18. Diet-induced obesity alters skeletal microarchitecture and the endocrine activity of bone
Wee, N. K. Y., Herzog, H., & Baldock, P. A. J. (2016) · Wageningen Academic Publishers eBooks · doi:10.3920/978-90-8686-823-0_18 · Cited by 4
Self-citationThe incidence of fractures following bariatric surgery: A systematic review
Marcil, G., Bourget-Murray, J., Shinde, S., Switzer, N. J., Debru, E., Church, N. G., Mitchell, P., Reso, A., & Gill, R. S. (2018) · International Journal of Surgery Open · doi:10.1016/j.ijso.2018.08.005 · Cited by 5
de Almeida, C. M., Lopes, K. G., Bezerra, M. D. C. T., Leal, P. R. F., Bouskela, E., da Gama, E. M. F., Farias, M. L. F., Madeira, M., & Kraemer‐Aguiar, L. G. (2026) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.70132 · Cited by 3
Effects of bariatric surgery on bone metabolism: focusing on vitamin D
Avdeeva, V. A., Suplotova, L. A., & Rozhinskaya, L. Y. (2022) · Obesity and metabolism · doi:10.14341/omet12702 · Cited by 6
Fernando, H. A., Zibellini, J., Hsu, M. S. H., Seimon, R. V., Nguyen, A., & Sainsbury, A. (2015) · Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1586/17446651.2015.1001741 · Cited by 3
“bariatric surgery is increasingly being linked to bone loss [5,6], and some but not all studies suggest that even a milder form of obesity treatment, diet-induced weight loss, reduces BMD [7,17], particularly when physical activity is not an integral part of the program [7,18].”
BackgroundSelf-citationCirurgia bariátrica no tratamento da obesidade: impacto sobre o metabolismo ósseo
Sarmento, R. A., Casagrande, D. S., & Schaan, B. D. (2014) · Revista Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto · doi:10.12957/rhupe.2014.9811 · Cited by 3
Linden, B. C., & Barnett, S. J. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-04343-2_77 · Cited by 3
Obesity and Fractures: Between Black and White Aspects
Carşote, M., & Pereţianu, D. (2015) · Journal of Obesity & Weight loss Therapy · doi:10.4172/2165-7904.1000288 · Cited by 2
“Also the neurohormonal status is changed as well as bone turnover markers levels [76-78].”
BackgroundStapleton, J. R., Ard, J. D., Beavers, D. P., Cogdill, L. S., Fernandez, A., Howard, M. J., Justice, J. N., Lynch, S. D., Newman, J. J., Weaver, A. A., et al. (2023) · Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications · doi:10.1016/j.conctc.2023.101181 · Cited by 2
Metabolic Surgery for Dabetes Mellitus between Benefits and Risks
Fica, S. V. (2015) · Acta Endocrinologica (Bucharest) · doi:10.4183/aeb.2015.212 · Cited by 2
“The consequence of these is a substantial rise in parathyroid hormone concentrations, documented by many studies (52), which has deleterious consequences especially on cortical bone.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Brzozowska, M. M., Sainsbury, A., Eisman, J. A., Baldock, P. A., & Center, J. R.
- Affiliations
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research (AU)
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- Osteoporosis and Bone Biology Division Garvan Institute of Medical Research Sydney Australia
- Venue
- Obesity Reviews
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2012-10-25
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 52-67
- ISSN
- 1467-7881 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-789X
- OpenAlex
- W1909242889
- Cited by
- 128
- References
- 206
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 12
- FWCI
- 2.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Obesity Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (publishedVersion)
- The Sydney eScholarship Repository (The University of Sydney) (submittedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Bariatric Surgery and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Bone health and osteoporosis research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Bone Metabolism and Diseases
- Keywords
- bariatric surgery, bone loss, obesity, bone metabolism, nutritional deficiency, rapid weight loss, adipokines, gastrointestinal hormones, appetite regulation, energy homeostasis, bone homeostasis, abdominal obesity, bone marrow fat, osteoporosis, fracture risk
- MeSH terms
- Avitaminosis, Bone and Bones, Bone Resorption, Gastrointestinal Hormones, Humans, Nutritional Requirements, Nutritional Status, Obesity, Morbid, Osteoporosis, Weight Loss, Bariatric Surgery
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