Impact of maternal posttraumatic stress disorder and depression following exposure to the September 11 attacks on preschool children's behavior
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To evaluate whether conjoined maternal posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression are associated with increased behavioral problems among terrorism-exposed preschool children (N = 116; 18–54 months), this study compared clinically significant child behavioral problem rates among the preschool children of mothers with PTSD and depression, depression alone, and neither disorder. Behavioral problems were independently rated by mothers and preschool teachers. Maternal depression and PTSD, relative to maternal depression alone, and to neither disorder, were associated with substantially increased child problems. Notably, maternal depression and PTSD were associated with increased emotional reactivity (relative risk [RR] = 5.9 by mother’s and 3.4 by teacher’s reports) and aggressive behavior problems (RR = 11.0 by mother’s and RR = 5.9 by teacher’s reports). This was corroborated by teacher ratings. Implications for intervening with terrorism-exposed preschool children are discussed.
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Maternal PTSD and depression have been associated with increased emotional and behavioral vulnerability in children, including emotional reactivity and aggression.
“Maternal PTSD and depression have been associated with increased emotional and behavioral vulnerability in children, including emotional reactivity and aggression (42).”
From Epigenetic changes associated with multi-generational trauma: characterization, mechanisms, and therapeutics (2026) · cites this paper as [42]
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- Authors
- Chemtob, C. M., Nomura, Y., Rajendran, K., Yehuda, R., Schwartz, D., & Abramovitz, R.
- Affiliations
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (US)
- Jewish Board of Family and Children's Services (US)
- Corresponding author
- Chemtob, Claude M
- Venue
- Child Development
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2010-07-01
- Volume
- 81
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1129-1141
- ISSN
- 0009-3920 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-8624
- PMC
- PMC3124807
- OpenAlex
- W1557116257
- Cited by
- 229
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 72 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 10.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- Child Development (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (K01MH080062)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Keywords
- maternal depression, September 11 attacks, terrorism exposure, preschool children, child behavior problems, emotional reactivity, aggression, intergenerational trauma, mother-child relationship
- MeSH terms
- Child Behavior Disorders, Child, Preschool, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depression, Female, Humans, Infant, Life Change Events, Male, Maternal Behavior, Mothers, Parent-Child Relations, Risk, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Odds Ratio, September 11 Terrorist Attacks
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