Cited by 1,822Aging and Gerontology ResearchSocial and Intergroup PsychologyRetirement, Disability, and Employment

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Stereotype Embodiment: A Psychosocial Approach to Aging

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Levy, Becca·2009·Current Directions in Psychological Science

DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01662.xPMC PMC2927354

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Abstract

Researchers have increasingly turned their attention from younger individuals who hold age stereotypes to older individuals who are targeted by these stereotypes. The refocused research has shown that positive and negative age stereotypes held by older individuals can have beneficial and detrimental effects, respectively, on a variety of cognitive and physical outcomes. Drawing on these experimental and longitudinal studies, a theory of stereotype embodiment is presented here. It proposes that stereotypes are embodied when their assimilation from the surrounding culture leads to self-definitions that, in turn, influence functioning and health. The theory has four components: The stereotypes (a) become internalized across the life span, (b) can operate unconsciously, (c) gain salience from self-relevance, and (d) utilize multiple pathways. The central message of the theory, and the research supporting it, is that the aging process is, in part, a social construct.

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Longevity increased by positive self-perceptions of aging
Levy, B. R., Slade, M. D., Kunkel, S. R., & Kasl, S. V. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.83.2.261 · Cited by 1,508
Self-citation
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Longitudinal Benefit of Positive Self-Perceptions of Aging on Functional Health
Levy, B. R., Slade, M. D., & Kasl, S. V. (2002) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/57.5.p409 · Cited by 581
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Levy B.R., 2000, Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 33, 81
Spiro H., 2008, Connecticut Medicine, 72, 563

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“The stories in this co-design study revealed stereotypes that older adults themselves have internalized about their positioning in society and their interactions with technology (Levy, 2009; van den Hoonaard, 2018).”
Background
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Authors: Levy, B.
Affiliations: University of Bonn (DE)
Corresponding author: Levy, Becca
ORCID: Levy, Becca
Venue: Current Directions in Psychological Science
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2009-12
Volume: 18
Issue: 6
Pages: 332-336
ISSN: 0963-7214 (ISSN-L)
1467-8721
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01662.x
PMC: PMC2927354
OpenAlex: W2151262602
Cited by: 1,822
References: 25
Citations by year: 2026: 218 · 2025: 206 · 2024: 189 · 2023: 166 · 2022: 169 · 2021: 141 · 2020: 191 · 2019: 98 · 2018: 85 · 2017: 98 · 2016: 83 · 2015: 57 · 2014: 43 · 2013: 34 · 2012: 25
FWCI: 17.95
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Current Directions in Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute on Aging (K01AG001051, R01AG032284)
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL089314)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Social Sciences › Demography › Retirement, Disability, and Employment
Keywords: age stereotypes, older adults, self-definition, internalization of stereotypes, self-relevance, social construction of aging, health outcomes, cognitive function

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Stereotype Embodiment: A Psychosocial Approach to Aging

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