Cited by 743Decision-Making and Behavioral EconomicsNeural and Behavioral Psychology StudiesExperimental Behavioral Economics Studies

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 19 of the 19 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Decision Affect Theory: Emotional Reactions to the Outcomes of Risky Options

Mellers, Barbara A, Schwartz, Alan, Ho, Katty, Ritov, Ilana·1997·Psychological Science

DOI 10.1111/j.1467-9280.1997.tb00455.x

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

How do people feel about the outcomes of risky options? Results from two experiments demonstrate that the emotional reaction to a monetary outcome is not a simple function of the utility of that outcome Emotional responses also depend on probabilities and unobtained outcomes Unexpected outcomes have greater emotional impact than expected outcomes Furthermore any given outcome is less pleasant if an unobtained outcome is better We propose an account of emotional experiences associated with outcomes of decisions called decision affect theory It incorporates utilities expectations and counterfactual comparisons into hedonic responses Finally we show that choices between risky options can be described as the maximization of expected emotional experiences as predicted by decision affect theory That is people choose the risky option for which they expect to feel better on average

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1111/j.1467-9280.1997.tb00455.x

Cites

19 of 19 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

FOUNDATIONS OF STATISTICS
Anderson, N. H. (2001) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410600004-24 · Cited by 6,939
The Foundations of Statistics.
Good, I. J., & Savage, L. J. (1955) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A (General) · doi:10.2307/2343133 · Cited by 4,764
Mood and memory
Bower, G. H. (1981) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.36.2.129 · Cited by 4,154
Regret Theory: An Alternative Theory of Rational Choice Under Uncertainty
Loomes, G., & Sugden, R. (1982) · The Economic Journal · doi:10.2307/2232669 · Cited by 4,042
Norm theory: Comparing reality to its alternatives.
Kahneman, D. J., & Miller, D. T. (1986) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.93.2.136 · Cited by 3,247
Regret in Decision Making under Uncertainty
Bell, D. E. (1982) · Operations Research · doi:10.1287/opre.30.5.961 · Cited by 3,025
Feelings as information: informational and motivational functions of affective states
Schwarz, N. (1989) · OpenGrey (Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique) · Cited by 1,954
The Psychology of Preferences
Kahneman, D. J., & Tversky, A. (1982) · Scientific American · doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0182-160 · Cited by 1,771
The Theory of Statistical Decision
Savage, L. J. (1951) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/01621459.1951.10500768 · Cited by 1,262
Disappointment in Decision Making Under Uncertainty
Bell, D. E. (1985) · Operations Research · doi:10.1287/opre.33.1.1 · Cited by 1,260

Show all 19 references

Research works printed but not linked: 5

Baron J., 1994, Thinking and deciding
Chandler J.D., 1969, Behavioral Science, 14, 81
Janis I.L., 1977, Decision making
Mellers B.A., 1997, Predicting choices from emotions
Schwarz N., 1990, Handbook of motivation and cognition, 527

Sorted by citations

Items 601–700 of 743

A psychological mechanism of surprise impacts risky decision making
Liu, M., Liang, D., Fu, Y., Sun, J., & Wang, H. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-05598-7 · Cited by 1
Experience of regret is unaffected by concurrent working memory load
FitzGibbon, L., Putt, C., Feeney, A., McCormack, T., & Beck, S. R. (2024) · Routledge Open Research · doi:10.12688/routledgeopenres.18001.2 · Cited by 1
Game day guilt: how ingroup affiliation and identity threat influence indulgent food choices among sport fans
Chang, Y., Yoo, T., Warren, C., & Wann, D. L. L. (2024) · Sport Management Review · doi:10.1080/14413523.2024.2436713 · Cited by 1
The Impact of Health-Related Emotions on Belief Formation and Behavior
Jouini, E., & Napp, C. (2017) · Theory and Decision · doi:10.1007/s11238-017-9610-3 · Cited by 1
Partially Altruistic Choice in Presence of Consensus Bias
Sarkar, S., & Bose, A. S. (2018) · Journal of Quantitative Economics · doi:10.1007/s40953-018-0117-8 · Cited by 1
Learning from Mixed Feedback: Anticipation of the Future Reduces Appreciation of the Present
Meyvis, T., & Cooke, A. D. J. (2006) · Cited by 1
Status Quo Change vs. Maintenance as a Moderator of the Influence of Perceived Opportunity on the Experience of Regret
Karadoğan, F. (2010) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network) · Cited by 1
A Rational Choice Approach to Professional Crime Using a Meta-synthesis of the Qualitative Literature
Wholl, D. J. (2009) · Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida) · Cited by 1
Aeronautical decision making : experience, training and behaviour
Batt, R. (2005) · Otago University Research Archive (University of Otago) · Cited by 1
Implementation of operational environmental practices in the Ontario (Canada) wine industry : perceptions, constructs, intent.
Dima, C. (2010) · Cited by 1
Regret Once, Think Twice: The Impact of Experienced Regret on Risk ChoicePreprint
Raeva, D., & van Dijk, E. (2010) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 1
EMOTIONS AND THE PSYCHOLOGY OF SOCIAL CHESS: HOW OTHERS' INCIDENTAL AFFECT CAN SHAPE EXPECTATIONS AND STRATEGIC BEHAVIOR
Kausel, E. E. (2010) · UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona) · Cited by 1
An Investigation of the Dissolution of Romantic Relationships: The Impact of Affective Forecasting, Attachment, and Coping
Sheppard, K. E. (2012) · Libraries and Cultural Resources (University of Calgary) · doi:10.5072/prism/24918 · Cited by 1
PSI theory: expectancy-based reactions as a function of self-regulation
Garivaldis, F. J. (2017) · Figshare · doi:10.4225/03/58a65c30afa70 · Cited by 1
The Role of Emotional Attachment in Consumers’ Responses to Service Changes
Scott, M. L., & Mende, M. (2007) · ACR North American Advances · Cited by 1
An Examination of How Ratings of Airlines are Effected by Different Types of Information: A Mediation Analysis
Ozyurek, A. S. (2016) · PhDT · Cited by 1
Age differences in anticipatory emotion regulation
Sands, M. K. (2017) · doi:10.17760/d20252473 · Cited by 1
Human behavior and tipping point of bank runs
Huang, Q. (2019) · doi:10.32657/10220/47959 · Cited by 1
How Emotions Enter into Decision Making: A Novel Categorization of Types of EmotionsPreprint
Efendić, E. (2017) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/z2c8v · Cited by 1
Limited resources or limited luck? Why people perceive an illusory negative correlation between the outcomes of choice options despite unequivocal evidence for independencePreprint
Marciano, D., Krispin, E., Bourgeois‐Gironde, S., & Deouell, L. Y. (2018) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/6rkwd · Cited by 1
Positive emotion regulation: Forecasting the future, savoring the present and reminiscing about the past
Colombo, D. (2020) · Tesis Doctorals en Xarxa (Consorci de Serveis Universitaris de Catalunya) · doi:10.6035/14109.2020.762821 · Cited by 1
A Study on Influence of Financial Cognition on Personal Financial Planning of Indian HouseholdsPreprint
Mahapatra, M. S., & De, A. (2017) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3040807 · Cited by 1
People Take More Risk When Their Prospects are Tied to Future States of The WorldPreprint
Dietvorst, B. J., & Fei, L. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3955918 · Cited by 1
What You Get Is What You See: How the Evidence We Obtain Through Our Behavior Shapes Our Perception of the World
Harris, C. A. (2022) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) · doi:10.33540/873 · Cited by 1
Cognitive Theory of Emotion
Reisenzein, R. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-28099-8_496-1 · Cited by 1
Why so serious?
van Gaalen, A. (2023) · University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) · doi:10.33612/diss.574752301 · Cited by 1
The Differential Effects of Distinct Consumer Conflicts on Susceptibility to Maladaptive Behaviors: The Mediating Role of Psychosocial FactorsPreprint
Hajisafi, A. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4498284 · Cited by 1
Feedback vs. Risk: The Effect of Feedback for Giving under RiskPreprint
Schnider, R. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4637838 · Cited by 1
Examining Theories of Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex Function
Wheeler, E. Z. (2006) · D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh)
Contrast effects on sequence assessments
Ni, M. Z. (2010) · London School of Economics and Political Science Theses Online (London School of Economics and Political Science)
Motivation och intention att konsumera ekologiska varor
Schelin, A., & Staffansdotter, L. (2014) · Lund University Publications Student Papers (Lund University)
A Moral Contractual Approach to Labor Law Reform: A Template for Using Ethical Principles to Regulate Behavior Where Law Failed to do so Effectively
Eigen, Z. J., & Sherwyn, D. S. (2011) · bepress Legal Repository
Children’s thinking about regret and relief
Weisberg, D. (2011) · University of Birmingham Institutional Research Archive (University of Birmingham) · doi:10.13140/rg.2.2.24868.99208
Imaging
Koob, G. F., & Moal, M. L. (2006) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012419239-3/50045-x
Thinking and feeling like a lawyer: introducing knowledge about emotion into legal ethics education
Townsley, L. (2014) · UPT. Syiah Kuala University Library (Syiah Kuala University)
The role of counterfactuals in choice and outcome evaluation
Bonini, N., & Spagnolli, S. (2005)
Cultural Differences in Counterfactual Thinking and the Hindsight BiasPreprint
Gilbert, E. A. (2012) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2463528
Recommendations, Outcomes, and Trust
Schwartz, A. (2011) · Medical Decision Making · doi:10.1177/0272989x11420574
Self-citation
THE HUMAN LATERAL ORBITOFRONTAL CORTEX AND REPRESENTATIONS OF MOTIVATIONAL CONTEXT FOR ACTION: BASIC FINDINGS AND RELEVANCE FOR PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
Ursu, S. (2004) · D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh)
Joint Investigating the Roles of Anticipated Regret, Experienced Regret and Satisfaction on Service Retention
Chen, R., He, F., & Wang, Y. (2007) · International Conference on Service Systems and Service Management · doi:10.1109/icsssm.2007.4280119
Do people brace sensibly? Risk judgments, outcome importance, and risk prevalence
Dockery, K., & Shepperd, J. A. (2005) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e633942013-649
The Mere Forecasting Effect: How Focusing on the Future Influences Current Attitudes
Isaac, M. S., & Calder, B. J. (2009)
INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN EMOTION AND DECISION- MAKING
Heilman, R. M. (2011)
The role of regret and responsibility in
Nicolle, A. (2010)
Female superintendents’ perception of emotion and its impact on ethical decisions: a phenomenological study
Moulton, K. (2013) · ThinkTech (Texas Tech University)
Psychological Self-Other Overlap: Implications for Prosocial Behavior in Close Relationships.
Liu, M. Y. (2014) · Deep Blue (University of Michigan)
Where disappointment and regret collide: agency, emotion, and hindsight bias
Jonsson, E. M. (2019) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/ae77-m043
Affective Forecasts and Feedback-Seeking Behavior: An Investigation into the Behavioral Effects of Anticipated Emotion
O’Malley, A. L. (2009) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network)
Reference-Dependent Reservation Utility and the Comparison DiscountPreprint
Pierre, N. (2013) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2364443
Pushing The Margins: A Dynamic Model of Idiosyncrasy Credit In Top Management Team Behavior
Provaznik, B., Hughes, L., Avey, J. B., & null, N. (2009) · Journal of Business and Leadership · doi:10.58809/ezdk3944
Research report Outcome representations, counterfactual comparisons and the human orbitofrontal cortex: Implications for neuroimaging studies of decision-making
UrsuT, S., & Carter, C. S. (2005)
The Effect of Loss Aversion on the Principal-Agent ProblemPreprint
Pierre, N. (2014) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2378448
Affect, Affective Precision, and Primacy Effect in Stock Choices
Sagara, N., & Peters, E. M. (2007) · ACR North American Advances
Affect in judgement and decision-making : the role of context
Sevdalis, N. (2004) · OpenGrey (Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique)
Consumer Information Integration at Pre-Purchase
Dalman, M. D., & Min, J. (2015) · Advances in business information systems and analytics book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-4666-7272-7.ch017
Pragmatic Mental Imagery
Nánay, B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199695379.003.0005
Peer Reviewed Title: Artificial Intelligence as a Tool for Understanding Narrative Choices Author:
Andrew, P. (2016)
Adaptive Emotion Based Decision Model for a Social Robot
Sutinen, M. (2012)
Motivation and Counterfactual Thinking: The Moderating Role of Implicit Theories of Intelligence
Dyczewski, E. A. (2011) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network)
Does Reddit know better? The impact of emotions on Presidential approval rates of public opinion polls
Kruitwagen, M. M. (2017)
MEASLES MUMPS AND RUBELLA VACCINATION AND AUTISM: MISPERCEPTION/MISCOMMUNICATION VS. SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE. RESULTS OF A BLINDED ANONYMOUS ITALIAN SURVEY
Felice, C. D., Leoncini, S., Signorini, C., Cortelazzo, A., Marchigiani, E., Ciccoli, L., & Hayek, J. (2017) · Journal of the Siena Academy of Sciences · doi:10.4081/jsas.2016.6954
A Holistic Approach for Integrated Decision Making in Healthcare Systems
Huggins, A., Deb, S., Claudio, D., & Velázquez, M. A. S. (2013)
Managerial decision making processes and affective outcomes as a function of individual factors and self-efficacy beliefs
Myburgh, W. (2010) · Nelson Mandela University Research Repository
How different types of anticipated regret advertising messages interact with mood to influence purchase intention
Mia, W. (2017) · Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign)
Repeated Decision-making With High And Low Affect For Monetary And Social Resources
Ramirez, P. A. (2013) · UTA ResearchCommons (University of Texas Arlington)
Challenging Bipolarity in Persuasive Health Communication: Tests of the Activation Patterns and Consequences of the Approach-Avoidance Motivations Explaining Media Health Message Effects
Kim, S. Y. (2014) · University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (University of Minnesota)
Blinded by Boredom: Examining the Effect of Boredom on the Ability to Anticipate Meaningful Experience
Hunter, A. G. (2017) · YorkSpace (York University)
How Clients Benefit from Psychotherapy: An Exploration of Unanticipated Positive Outcomes
Ross, M. K. (2017) · ERA: Education and Research Archive (University of Alberta) · doi:10.7939/r3s46hj5f
Children Use Probability to Infer Other People's Happiness.
Doan, T., Friedman, O., & Denison, S. (2018) · eScholarship (California Digital Library)
Three papers on non-gaap earnings
McCoy, C. (2018)
Commensurability in decision making
Cooke, A. J. (2019) · University of Huddersfield Repository (University of Huddersfield)
Roald Amundsen in the Age of Polar Exploration: Entrepreneurship and Innovation in the Quest to Conquer the Northwest Passage
Gutmann, M. R. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-26090-3_8
A Conceptual Review of Demerit Points as Punishment and Social Necessity
Deventer, I. A. V. (2020) · Journal of Applied Learning & Teaching · doi:10.37074/jalt.2020.3.2.8
Gaming and the Arts of Storytelling
Jayemanne, D. (2019) · MDPI eBooks · doi:10.3390/books978-3-03921-232-3
Mood dynamics are associated with learning and not choicePreprint
Blain, B., & Rutledge, R. B. (2019) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/mbnca
Rational mechanisms can produce immoral evaluationsPreprint
Powell, D., & Horne, Z. (2018) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/s7fu2
Impact of Short-Term Exogenous Shocks on Taxpayer Behavior and Tax Evasion
Молодых, В. А. (2021) · Journal of Applied Economic Research · doi:10.15826/vestnik.2021.20.2.011
Giver's Impatience: A Self-Other Decision Model of Intertemporal ChoicesPreprint
Yang, A. X., & Urminsky, O. (2019) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3448191
Virtual reality environments for the study of decision-making processes in risky contexts through the use of physiological measures and behavioural responses
de-Juan-Ripoll, C. (2021) · RiuNet (Universitat Politècnica de València) · doi:10.4995/thesis/10251/171236
Delight or disappointment? A model of signal-based other-pleasing choice
Bose, A. S., & Sarkar, S. (2021) · Journal of Choice Modelling · doi:10.1016/j.jocm.2021.100327
A neurocomputational perspective on behavioral economics: A study of emotional processes.
Boqvist, S. (2011) · KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology)
Alliance Expectations and Alliance as Predictor of Therapy Engagement and Outcome
Greif, D. C. (2015) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network)
The Psychology and Evolution of Foraging Skills in Primates
Rosati, A. G. (2012) · DukeSpace (Duke University)
Neuropsychological Level of Trust
(2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108770880.007
Perception
Nánay, B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199695379.003.0003
Memory Modeling of Counterfactual RetrievalPreprint
Wang, F., Aka, A., & Bhatia, S. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3973729
How Do Emotions Respond to Outcome Values and Influence Choice?Preprint
Grimani, A., Yemiscigil, A., Wang, Q., & Vlaev, I. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4021709
Kopfkino: Phases of quarantine among asymptomatic SARS-COV-2 carriers in Germany
Uellner, F., Röhr, F., Denkinger, C. M., Bärnighausen, T., Deckert, A., Souares, A., & McMahon, S. A. (2022) · SSM - Qualitative Research in Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmqr.2022.100070
Introduction
Nánay, B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199695379.003.0001
Risk and emotion: measuring the effect of emotions and other visceral factors on decision making under risk
Mihalicz, M. G. (2021) · doi:10.32920/14668641
Pragmatic Representations
Nánay, B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199695379.003.0002
The role of personality and current mood in predicting behaviour and self-reported affective forecasts for social events
Besner, C. M. (2009) · doi:10.22215/etd/2009-09438
Literaturverzeichnis
(2007) · Deutscher Universitätsverlag eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-8350-9232-7_7
The Dimensionality of Anticipated Affective Reactions to Risky and Certain Decision Outcomes
Västfjäll, D., & Gärling, T. (2002) · Experimental Psychology (formerly Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie) · doi:10.1027//1618-3169.49.3.228
Risk and emotion: measuring the effect of emotions and other visceral factors on decision making under risk
Mihalicz, M. G. (2021) · doi:10.32920/14668641.v1
Action
Nánay, B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199695379.003.0004
Psikoterapistlerin Etik Kararları ile Duyguların ve Kişilik Eğilimlerinin İlişkisi
Kumova, F., & Bahçekapılı, H. G. (2021) · Ulakbilge Dergisi · doi:10.7816/ulakbilge-09-60-02
Vicarious Perception
Nánay, B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199695379.003.0006
Long-term, multi-event surprise enhances autobiographical memoryPreprint
Antony, J. W., Dam, J. V., Massey, J. R., Barnett, A. J., & Bennion, K. A. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.11.27.517985
When Goods Were Odds: Do People Prefer Uncertain Goods After Uncertainty Is Resolved?Preprint
Hu, B., Yin, S., & Moon, A. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4001081

Authors: Mellers, B. A., Schwartz, A., Ho, K., & Ritov, I.
Affiliations: The Ohio State University (US)
University of California, Berkeley (US)
Boston University (US)
Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (IL)
Corresponding author: Mellers, Barbara A
ORCID: Mellers, Barbara A
Schwartz, Alan
Ritov, Ilana
Venue: Psychological Science
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 1997-11
Volume: 8
Issue: 6
Pages: 423-429
ISSN: 0956-7976 (ISSN-L)
1467-9280
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.1997.tb00455.x
OpenAlex: W2125458573
Cited by: 736
References: 19
Citations by year: 2026: 18 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 41 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 39 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 39 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 47 · 2012: 31
FWCI: 7.75
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies
Keywords: potential outcomes, hedonic response, risk preferences

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Decision Affect Theory: Emotional Reactions to the Outcomes of Risky Options

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks