The DOI matches its Crossref record; 18 of the 18 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Symbolic Power of Money: Reminders of Money Alter Social Distress and Physical Pain
Abstract
People often get what they want from the social system, and that process is aided by social popularity or by having money. Money can thus possibly substitute for social acceptance in conferring the ability to obtain benefits from the social system. Moreover, past work has suggested that responses to physical pain and social distress share common underlying mechanisms. Six studies tested relationships among reminders of money, social exclusion, and physical pain. Interpersonal rejection and physical pain caused desire for money to increase. Handling money (compared with handling paper) reduced distress over social exclusion and diminished the physical pain of immersion in hot water. Being reminded of having spent money, however, intensified both social distress and physical pain.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Importantly, however, although monetary reinforcers have predominantly been operationalized and used as non-social stimuli, money is imbued with social connotations and exerts a substantial influence on pro-social behavior [64-66].”
From Social “wanting” dysfunction in autism: neurobiological underpinnings and treatment implications (2012) · cites this paper as [65]
Citations
Cites
Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063 · Cited by 32,433
The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation.
Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.117.3.497 · Cited by 23,245
Self-citationConservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress
Hobfoll, S. E. (1989) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.44.3.513 · Cited by 18,187
Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions
Panksepp, J. (1998) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195096736.001.0001 · Cited by 4,428
(1998) · Cited by 4,012
Does Rejection Hurt? An fMRI Study of Social Exclusion
Eisenberger, N. I., Lieberman, M. D., & Williams, K. D. (2003) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1089134 · Cited by 3,849
The PANAS-X: Manual for the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule - Expanded Form
Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1994) · doi:10.17077/48vt-m4t2 · Cited by 3,790
Why Does Social Exclusion Hurt? The Relationship Between Social and Physical Pain.
MacDonald, G., & Leary, M. R. (2005) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.131.2.202 · Cited by 1,712
The psychological consequences of money
Vohs, K. D., Mead, N. L., & Goode, M. R. (2006) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1132491 · Cited by 1,337
Self-citationSocial exclusion decreases prosocial behavior
Twenge, J. M., Baumeister, R. F., DeWall, C. N., Ciarocco, N. J., & Bartels, J. M. (2007) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.92.1.56 · Cited by 1,271
Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- 10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497 · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–383 of 383
Döring, T. F. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-09913-8_5 · Cited by 1
Encouraging Ideal Behavior By Imagining Luxury Consumption
Wilcox, K., Hagtvedt, H., & Kocher, B. (2012) · ACR North American Advances · Cited by 1
Shin, J.-E. (2019) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2019.1591343 · Cited by 1
Reminders of money increase patient empowerment
Whelan, J., & Goode, M. (2021) · Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences / Revue Canadienne des Sciences de l Administration · doi:10.1002/cjas.1650 · Cited by 1
A Review of Research on Behavioral Responses to Social Exclusion
高, 鑫. (2022) · Advances in Psychology · doi:10.12677/ap.2022.124119 · Cited by 1
Tang, T. L., Sutarso, T., Ansari, M. A., Lim, V. K. G., Teo, T. S. H., Arias-Galicia, F., Garber, I. E., Chiu, R. K., Charles‐Pauvers, B., Arocas, R. L., et al. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-15453-9.00019-x · Cited by 1
The Matthew Effect in Monetary Wisdom
Tang, T. L. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-15453-9.00021-8 · Cited by 1
Repetition suppression between monetary loss and social pain
Zhang, Y., Tan, H., & Luo, S. (2024) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-024-01852-0 · Cited by 1
Odwzorowanie wielkości monet jako wskaźnik subiektywnej wartości pieniędzy
Gąsiorowska, A. (2015) · doi:10.14659/pjoep.2014.06.03 · Cited by 1
Is there a European Shopping-Related Lifestyle?
Laaksonen, P., Hellén, K., Santos, C. R., González, J. I. A., Brockdorff, N., Zammit, C., Camillieri, L., Turley, D., Andronikidis, A. I., Avlonitis, G. J., et al. (2013) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-4666-2857-1.ch005 · Cited by 1
A Dynamic and Multi-Dimensional Approach to Consumer Well-Being
Carter, E. P. (2017) · CU Scholar (University of Colorado Boulder) · Cited by 1
The Influence of Different Meanings of Money Priming on Consumer’s Comparative Decision-Making
Zhou, H., & Wei, X. (2020) · Open Journal of Social Sciences · doi:10.4236/jss.2020.83016 · Cited by 1
Towards Consumer 4.0 Insights and Opportunities under the Marketing 4.0 Scenario
Martinez-Ruiz, M. P., & Moser, K. S. (2021) · Frontiers research topics · doi:10.3389/978-2-88966-485-6 · Cited by 1
Döring, T. F. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-38163-9_5 · Cited by 1
Tang, T. L. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-15453-9.09989-7 · Cited by 1
Tang, T. L., & Liu, H. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-15453-9.00007-3 · Cited by 1
Money and Finances, Psychology of
Jonas, E., Hansen, J., Walper, S., & Frey, D. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-097086-8.22011-4 · Cited by 1
Leo Rangell: The Journey of a Developed Freudian
Lynch, A. A., & Richards, A. D. (2010) · The Psychoanalytic Review · doi:10.1521/prev.2010.97.3.361 · Cited by 1
Moran, N. (2015) · VTechWorks (Virginia Tech) · Cited by 1
Customers as fellows: analyzing customer citizenship behavior in services marketing
Ferraz, S. B. (2018) · doi:10.11606/t.12.2018.tde-04072018-144431 · Cited by 1
Interacting online: Examining behaviour in a crowdfunding setting
Moy, N. (2020) · Queensland University of Technology · doi:10.5204/thesis.eprints.204263 · Cited by 1
Song, H., & Chun, S. Y. (2017) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3085498 · Cited by 1
Monetary Wisdom: Prospect Theory and the Meaning of Money (The Love of Money)
Tang, T. L. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-23514-1_1203-1 · Cited by 1
Neural Underpinnings of Risk Handling, Developing Preference and Choosing
Żurawicki, L. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-77829-5_3 · Cited by 1
The consequences of activation of categories associated with power and money
Kuzminska, A. O. (2014) · Problemy Zarządzania - Management Issues · doi:10.7172/1644-9584.45.5
Modulations physiologiques et comportementales de la douleur sociale
Cristofori, I. (2011) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/ff5b1976zc822z43e5z9e3cz1a05282d91c2
Monetary Effects on Fear Conditioning
Qu, C., Zhang, A., & Chen, Q. (2013) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/16.17.pr0.112.2.353-364
Thoughts of money soothe social rejection
Laursen, L. (2009) · Nature · doi:10.1038/news.2009.481
A Comparative Study of Effects of Time Priming and Money Priming on Pro-Social Behavior
Li, Y., & Ling, W. (2015) · Open Journal of Social Sciences · doi:10.4236/jss.2015.33027
Social context mismatch theory
Foad, C. M. G. (2016) · ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University)
Career Goals for Joining Law Enforcement and Subsequent Stress
Riggins, E. (2015) · ScholarWorks (Walden University)
Dong, L. G., & Lee, J.-E. (2014) · Journal of Distribution and Management Research · doi:10.17961/jdmr.17.1.201403.105
Choi, N. H. (2016) · Journal of Distribution Science · doi:10.15722/jds.14.4.201604.111
Individual Differences in the Social Psychology of Money
Tate, J. A. (2009) · California State University ScholarWorks (system-wide DSpace)
Jach, Ł. (2016) · Psychologia Ekonomiczna · doi:10.15678/pjoep.2016.09.02
The Classification and Progress of Money Priming Research
黄, 博. (2014) · Advances in Psychology · doi:10.12677/ap.2014.44078
Contingent self-esteem, materialism and well-being : the mediating effects of need for autonomy
Nagpaul, T. (2017) · DR-NTU (Nanyang Technological University) · doi:10.32657/10356/69599
The Relationship between Identity and Symbolic Consumption and Research Prospect
罗, 舒. (2017) · Advances in Social Sciences · doi:10.12677/ass.2017.63036
Dual Effect of Money PrimingPreprint
Kim, H. (2016) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2883050
Lee, J., & 김서아 (2014) · The Korean Journal of Consumer and Advertising Psychology · doi:10.21074/kjlcap.2014.15.1.171
When Social and Physical Pain Intersect in Humans
Borsook, T. K. (2012) · TSpace (University of Toronto)
Song, H., 천성용, & 김남희 (2017) · The Korean Journal of Consumer and Advertising Psychology · doi:10.21074/kjlcap.2017.18.3.487
Comparing Attentional Bias for Money in Different Money Profiles Using a Cueing Paradigm
Yong, Z., & Xiaolei, X. (2017) · Journal of Psychology Research · doi:10.17265/2159-5542/2017.06.005
onely people choose money over relationships in pursuit of happiness
김가영, Suh, E. M., & Lim, N. (2016) · 한국심리학회지 사회및성격 · doi:10.21193/kjspp.2016.30.1.001
심경옥, Jin, R. H., Young, K. J., & Chun, W. Y. (2017) · 한국심리학회지 사회및성격 · doi:10.21193/kjspp.2017.31.1.001
Shiro, Y., Ikemoto, T., Hayashi, K., Arai, Y.-C. P., Deie, M., & Ueno, T. (2018) · Journal of Pain Research · doi:10.2147/jpr.s175494
Data as Currency: Consumer Vs. Marketer Insights into the Value of Private Data
Xu, C. (2019) · Tuwhera (Auckland University of Technology)
van Laer, T. (2013) · SSRN Electronic Journal
Ramos, D. A. G. (2019) · Acta de Investigación Psicológica · doi:10.22201/fpsi.20074719e.2019.1.02
DETERMINATION OF THE UNIVERSITY EMPLOYEES’ MONEY BELIEFS AND DEMOGRAPHIC FEATURES
KÜBİLAY, B., & Kanat, E. (2020) · Finans Ekonomi ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi · doi:10.29106/fesa.774597
Essays on Enhancing Consumer Welfare
Donnelly, G. E. (2018) · Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University)
Symboliczna natura pieniędzy. Ujęcie psychologiczne
Zaleśkiewicz, T. (2012) · Chowanna · doi:10.31261/chowanna.2012.s.07
Nigus, H. Y. (2021) · Research Publications (Maastricht University) · doi:10.26481/dis.20210914hn
Social Ties and Money Priming in Bargaining Games and the Prisoner‘s Dilemma
Bühren, C., & Michailova, J. (2021) · International Journal of Applied Behavioral Economics · doi:10.4018/ijabe.2021100105
Tung, P. H., & Thanh, N. N. (2021) · International journal of business management and economic review · doi:10.35409/ijbmer.2021.3295
The Impact of extrinsic goals on romantic relationships :a theoretical approach
Law, W. (2013) · UR Research (University of Rochester)
Beck, H. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-08244-4_5
Les bases incarnées de l’institution monétaire
Bouguereau, B., & Bourgeois‐Gironde, S. (2022) · Social Science Information · doi:10.1177/05390184221081614
Collaborative Research for Excellence in Economics and Social Sciences
Dima, A. M. (2019) · Sciendo eBooks · doi:10.2478/9788366675322
Monetary Wisdom: The Love of Money, ASPIRE, and Unethical Behavioral Intention
Tang, T. L. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-23514-1_1252-1
The Study of the Relationship between Money Deprivation and Unethical Behavior
王, 鑫. (2021) · Advances in Psychology · doi:10.12677/ap.2021.112054
Priming congruence and COVID-19 vaccination intention: a mediation analysis
Lamy, L., Fischer‐Lokou, J., Guéguen, N., & Guegan, J. (2023) · Health Psychology Report · doi:10.5114/hpr/157228
Rich and Easy to Deceive? The Influence of Money Priming on the Ability to Detect DeceptionPreprint
Ende, L., & Reinhard, M. (2023) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202305.0953.v1
Monetary Wisdom: Prospect Theory and the Meaning of Money (The Love of Money)
Tang, T. L. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-22767-8_1203
Money Metaphors We Live By: Analyzing Chinese Comic Books based on CMA
Yajun, J., & Jiménez, L. P. Á. (2024) · International Journal of Literature Studies · doi:10.32996/ijts.2024.4.1.2
Rich and Easy to Deceive? The Influence of Money Priming on the Ability to Detect DeceptionPreprint
Ende, L., & Reinhard, M. (2024) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202305.0953.v2
Money is power: The love of money and materialism among Czech university students
Lemrová, S., Reiterová, E., Fatěnová, R., Lemr, K., & Tang, T. L. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-15453-9.00015-2
Tang, T. L., Sutarso, T., Ansari, M. A., Lim, V. K. G., Teo, T. S. H., Arias-Galicia, F., Garber, I. E., Chiu, R. K., Charles‐Pauvers, B., Arocas, R. L., et al. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-15453-9.00012-7
Hunger for money: Early-life hunger experiences increase individual's desire for money
Huang, X., & Li, Z. (2025) · Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics · doi:10.1016/j.socec.2025.102335
Du, X., Huang, T., Wu, S., Wang, X., & Chen, X. (2025) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2025.1524443
Analgesics effect of nostalgia: good memories of the past makes you feel less pain
Li, B., Ma, H., & Huo, Y. (2025) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-025-04408-8
Aziza, M. A., & Pervaiz, S. (2022) · UW Journal of Management Sciences · doi:10.56220/uwjms.v2i1.49
Additional file 1 of Repetition suppression between monetary loss and social pain
Zhang, Y., Tan, H., & Luo, S. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26736084
When rejection backfires: Social exclusion and economic decision-making in gamblers
Rabinovitz, S., & Nagar, M. (2026) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2025.00095
Ding, Y., He, C., Li, H., & Zhang, J. (2026) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2026.116083
Liu, V., Wong, A. H. K., Wang, P., & de Cruz, N. P. (2026) · Services Marketing Quarterly · doi:10.1080/15332969.2026.2653485
I am too stressed to speak up! Does financial stress impact employee voice?
Jawahar, I. M. “. (2026) · Personnel Review · doi:10.1108/pr-05-2025-0519
Mind over money: Money, overearning, and mindfulness
Christandl, F., & Merholz, T. (2026) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/apps.70128
Park, J. K., Gąsiorowska, A., & Kim, H. (2026) · International Journal of Advertising · doi:10.1080/02650487.2026.2749450
Metadata
- Authors
- Zhou, X., Vohs, K. D., & Baumeister, R. F.
- Affiliations
- Sun Yat-sen University (CN)
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Florida State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Zhou, Xinyue
- Vohs, Kathleen D.
- Venue
- Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2009-06
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 700-706
- ISSN
- 0956-7976 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-9280
- OpenAlex
- W2104750960
- Cited by
- 388
- References
- 18
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 33 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 32
- FWCI
- 26.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (RL1AA017541)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social Power and Status Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
- Keywords
- money, social exclusion, bodily pain, interpersonal rejection, social acceptance, pain and distress, cash handling, spending money
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Economics, Female, Hierarchy, Social, Humans, Male, Motivation, Pain, Power, Psychological, Mental Recall, Rejection, Psychology, Self Concept, Social Desirability, Symbolism, Pain Threshold
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review